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==Demographics==
==Demographics==
According to the 2001 [[Census of India]], the population of this region was 3,005,898.<ref name="poptn"/> The majority of the population in Tulu Nadu are [[Tulu people|Tuluvas]]. Other ethnic groups include [[Konkani people|Konkani]]s, and [[Beary]]s, as well as a number of Kannada speakers in Udupi district (Brahmavar/Kundapur/Byndore talukas).
According to the 2001 [[Census of India]], the population of this region was 3,005,898.<ref name="poptn"/> The majority of the population in Tulu Nadu are [[Tulu people|Tuluvas]]. Other ethnic groups include [[Konkani people|Konkani]]s, and [[Beary]]s, in Udupi district (Brahmavar/Kundapur/Byndore talukas).


==Language==
==Language==

Revision as of 04:04, 16 October 2013

Tulu Nadu
Region
Landscape of a Tulu Nadu village
Landscape of a Tulu Nadu village
Combined map of Karnataka and part of northern Kerala
Combined map of Karnataka and part of northern Kerala
Tulu Nadu is in the far southwest on this map.
Tulu Nadu is in the far southwest on this map.
CountryIndia
StatesKarnataka and Kerala
DistrictDakshina Kannada , Udupi and Kasaragod
Area
[1][2]
 • Total10,432 km2 (4,028 sq mi)
Population
 (2001)[3]
 • Total3,957,071
 • Density356.1/km2 (922/sq mi)
Languages
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Telephone code0824, 0825
ISO 3166 code[[ISO 3166-2:IN|]]
Vehicle registrationKA19, KA20, KA21, KL14
No. of districts3
Largest cityMangalore

Tulu Nadu is a Tulu-speaking region spread over parts of present Karnataka and Kerala States of India. It consists of the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka and the northern parts of the Kasaragod district of Kerala up to the Payaswini River.[3] Mangalore (Kudla/Kodial/Mangalapuram), Udupi (Odipu) and Kasaragod (Kasrodu) are its important cities.

History

Main article: History of Tulu Nadu
Landscape of a Tulu Nadu village

At the time around 3rd Century BCE to 4th Century CE, Tulu Nadu was inhabited by a people referred to as the Konkilankocar or Kōcar in Sangam period works.[4] These are believed to be the same people as the Satyaputras of the Asokan inscriptions.[4]

Historically, Tulu Nadu included the two separate lands of Haiva and Tuluva. The Ballal Kings of Sullia had ruled this area around 1100 years back. Madhvacharya in the 13th century built the eight monasteries (Matha) in Udupi.[citation needed]

During the rule of Vijayanagara Tulu nadu was administered in two parts – Mangaluru Rajya and Barakuru Rajya. Tulunad was the original homeland of the dynasty that founded the Vijayanagar Empire based in eastern Karnataka. Tulu Nadu was governed by feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire until the 17th century. The longest reigning dynasty of Tulu Nadu was the Alupas. They were the feudatories of the prominent dynasties of Karnataka. The Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi was the earliest, under which the Alupas flourished. Later the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Hoysalas of Durasamudra and Rayas of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas, however, were independent and their subordination was nominal at best. They ruled until the Vijayanagara kings totally dominated the Tulu Nadu from 14th to the 17th centuries. The region became extremely prosperous during Vijayanagara period with Barkur and Mangalore gaining importance. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Keladi Nayakas of Ikkeri controlled much of Tulu Nadu.

A typical house in Tulu Nadu, with the roof constructed using Mangalore tiles

Over the following many centuries, more ethnic groups migrated to the area. Konkanis and Goud Saraswat Brahmins arrived by sea, as Mangalore was a major port that served not only the Portuguese but also the Arabs for maritime trades. Jains were already a prominent group and even today are uniquely preserved in Tulu Nadu. Though small in number, the Jains left behind indelible reminders of their glory with temples (bastis) in (Moodabidri) and monolithic statues of Bahubali in Karkala, Venoor and Dharmasthala. In the 16th century there was a large influx of Catholics to Tulu Nadu from Goa. They built educational institutes and contributed to the development of education in the region.[citation needed] The Muslim community of Tulu Nadu were basically Arab traders who married local women and settled there.[citation needed] Some of them speak the Beary language, which is a mix of Tulu and Malayalam and others speak Urdu.

Under Portugal, the region was called the Missao do Sul (Mission of the South).In the 18th, it was conquered by Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore. After the British defeated Haidar's successor Tipu Sultan in 1799, the region was attached to the Madras Presidency before being reverted to the state of Mysore in the aftermath of independence. Mysore has since been renamed Karnataka. At the end of 18th century, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan controlled the region. Mangalore played a prominent role in Tipu’s battles with the British. The British gained full control in 1801, after Tipu's death in 1799. The British ruled the region with Madras (now Chennai) as its headquarters. Tipu conquered the region and the British conquered it from him. Under the British, the region was organised into the districts of North Canara and South Canara respectively.

When the states were reorganised on linguistic basis in the 1956, Tulu Nadu (South Canara) which was earlier a part of Madras Presidency and North Canara which was a part of Bombay Presidency became part of the newly formed Mysore state, which was later renamed as Karnataka. Kasargod became part of the newly formed state of Kerala. The Tuluvas began demanding official language status for Tulu and a separate state named Tulu Nadu for themselves. Organisations like the Tulu Rajya Horata Samiti have taken up the cause of the Tuluvas and meetings and demonstrations were held at towns like Mangalore and Udupi to voice their demand.[5][6]

Demographics

According to the 2001 Census of India, the population of this region was 3,005,898.[3] The majority of the population in Tulu Nadu are Tuluvas. Other ethnic groups include Konkanis, and Bearys, in Udupi district (Brahmavar/Kundapur/Byndore talukas).

Language

Main article: Tulu language

The most widely spoken language in Tulu Nadu is the Tulu language, which belongs to the Dravidian family of languages, and whose native speakers are referred to as Tuluva. The number of Tulu speakers was estimated to be about 1.7 million in 2001,[7][8] although some sources quote as many as 3 million.[9] The other languages spoken in Tulu Nadu include Konkani, Marathi, Malayalam, Koraga, and Beary.[9]

The Tulu alphabet, also known as the Tigalari script, bears partial similarity to the Malayalam script. It was used by Tuluvas for centuries, before it was eventually replaced by the Kannada script. Most Tulu classics are in Tulu script, with a few in other scripts. This script was used by Brahmins.[10]

Geography and climate

Tulu Nadu lies along the Konkan Coast.[11] Tulu Nadu is bounded on the west by the Arabian Sea and on the east by the Western Ghats. Tulu Nadu spans an area of 8,441 km2 (3,259 sq mi), roughly 4.4 per cent of the total geographical area of present-day Karnataka.

Tulu Nadu also experience heavy rainfalls during Monsoon season. The coastal area of Tulu Nadu is very rich with respect to rainforests and backwaters. The region has a tropical climate; summer and winter months experience similar temperate conditions, with average temperatures ranging from 24 °C to 33 °C.

Culture

Monolith of Bahubali in Venur
A Yakshagana artist portraying a rakshasa (demon)
Monolith of Bahubali in Karkala
Chaturmukha Basadi, Karkala
Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodabidri

The Yakshagana is a night-long dance and drama performance practised in Tulu Nadu with great fanfare.[12][13] Piliyesa is a unique form of folk dance in the region fascinating the young and the old alike, which is performed during Marnemi (as Dussehra is called in Tulu) and Krishna Janmashtami.[14] Karadi Vesha (Bear Dance) is one more popular dance performed during Dasara in Tulu Nadu.[15] Bhuta Kola (Spirit worship), which is usually done at night is practised here. Kambala (Buffalo race) is conducted in water filled paddy fields. Korikatta (Cockfight) is another favourite sport for the people. Nagaradhane (Snake worship) is practised in the Tulu Nadu according to the popular belief of the Naga Devatha to go underground and guard the species on the top.[16]

Udupi cuisine is popular across South India, mostly due to Udupi restaurants, which are primarily vegetarian. Apart from Southern India, there are famous Udupi Hotels in Mumbai and New Delhi too.

Economy

Historically, Tulu Nadu was primarily dependent on agriculture and fishing. The main crops grown were rice, Bengal gram, horse gram, vegetables and fruits. Plantation crops like coconut, areca nut, cocoa, cashew nut, and pepper are also grown. In the early 20th century, the Mangalore tile industry, cashew nut processing, and the banking industry grew substantially. Tulu Nadu is called "the cradle of Indian banking".[citation needed] Five major banks of India (Syndicate Bank, Canara Bank, Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank and Karnataka Bank) have their origins here. In the early part of the 21st century the area has been transforming itself into a hub of the information technology and medical services industries. There has been large-scale decline in agriculture and related industries due to the non-availability of labour and preference for white-collar jobs. Agricultural land is being converted to commercial and real estate properties, and environmental pollution is increasing drastically due to large-scale deforestation and increase in automobile use. A public sector petroleum refinery (MRPL) was established in the 1990s. Some chemical plants (e.g., fertilizers and pesticides) have been established. Tulu Nadu contributes the second highest revenue to Karnataka state after the city of Bangalore. This region has an international airport at Mangalore which is well connected to the rest of India and middle eastern countries. New Mangalore port (NMPT) is one of the major port of India is located at Panambur, Mangalore.

Education

Tulu Nadu is the most prominent Educational Hub on the western coast of India. There are hundreds of professional colleges in Tulu Nadu. Thousands of students from all over India and countries abroad study in these institutions. Mangalore and Manipal are the major cities that accommodate these students. National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK, Surathkal, owned by Central Government) is ranked as the best engineering college in Karnataka and is one among the top ten engineering colleges of India. KMC Manipal is one among the top ten Medical Colleges in India and stands at sixth position[17][18]

Throughout Mangalore(Dakshina Kannada) and Udupi Districts, Christians/Protestant missions run many educational institutions offering basic education from l.k.g. to Academic degrees and professional education such Medical (e.g. Father Muller's Medical College), Engineering (e.g. St Joseph Engineering College) and Management education (St Aloysius Management College).

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ "Tourism in DK District". National Informatics Centre, Karnataka State Unit. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  2. ^ "Tour to Udupi". Tourism of India. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  3. ^ a b c "Census GIS India". Census of India. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  4. ^ a b Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra; Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ (1978). The Cilappatikaram. South India Saiva Siddhanta Works Pub. Society. p. 37.
  5. ^ "News Headlines". Daiji World. 21 October 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  6. ^ "Tulu organisations to meet soon". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 6 March 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  7. ^ "Census of India - Statement 1". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  8. ^ Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009), "Tulu", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.), SIL International, retrieved 12 November 2009.
  9. ^ a b D.N.S. Bhat (1998). Sanford B. Steever (ed.). The Dravidian Languages. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 0-415-10023-2.
  10. ^ "Tulu Language and Script". shivallibrahmins.com. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  11. ^ Lozupone, Patsy; Beehler, Bruce M.; Ripley, Sidney Dillon (2004). Ornithological gazetteer of the Indian subcontinent. Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International. p. 82. ISBN 1881173852.
  12. ^ "Yakshagana". SZCC, Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
  13. ^ Plunkett, Richard (2001). South India. Lonely Planet. p. 53. ISBN 9781864501612.
  14. ^ Stanley G. Pinto (26 October 2001). "Human 'tigers' face threat to health". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  15. ^ Stephen D'Souza. "What's in a Name?". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  16. ^ "Nagarapanchami Naadige Doddadu". Mangalorean.com. 18 August 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  17. ^ "Top ten Medical Colleges of India". Tack-in.com. 31 July 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  18. ^ "Top Medical Colleges in India". Knowurcollege.com. Retrieved 26 May 2013.

Further reading

  • Bhat, P. Gururaja (1975). "Studies in Tuluva history and culture: (from the pre-historic times upto the modern)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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