1900 United States presidential election in Georgia
 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 County Results
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Elections in Georgia |
|---|
 |
The 1900 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 6, 1900, as part of the wider United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
Following Reconstruction, Georgia would be the first former Confederate state to substantially disenfranchise its newly enfranchised freedmen and many poor whites, doing so in the early 1870s.[1] This largely limited the Republican Party to a few North Georgia counties with substantial Civil War Unionist sentiment – chiefly Fannin but also to a lesser extent Pickens, Gilmer and Towns.[2] The Democratic Party served as the guardian of white supremacy against a Republican Party historically associated with memories of Reconstruction, and the main competition became Democratic primaries, which were restricted to whites on the grounds of the Democratic Party being legally a private club.[3] This restriction was originally done by local laws and from 1898 by statewide party laws.[4]
However, politics after the first demobilization by a cumulative poll tax was chaotic. Third-party movements, chiefly the Populist Party, gained support amongst the remaining poor white and black voters in opposition to the planter elite.[5] The fact that Georgia had already substantially reduced its poor white and black electorate two decades ago, alongside pressure from urban elites in Atlanta,[5] and the decline of isolationism due to the success of the Spanish–American War,[6] meant the Populist movement substantially faded in the late 1890s,[7] especially after the dominant Democratic Party instituted a statewide requirement to use primaries rather than conventions.[4]
Georgia was won by the Democratic nominees, former U.S. Representative and 1896 Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan and his running mate, former Vice President Adlai Stevenson I. They defeated the Republican nominees, incumbent President William McKinley of Ohio and his running mate Theodore Roosevelt of New York. Bryan won the state by a margin of 38.64%.
Neither candidate campaigned in the state, despite McKinley’s efforts to establish the GOP amongst white southerners during the preceding election.[8] Polls just before election day gave Bryan a majority of between forty thousand[9] and sixty thousand,[10] and this proved accurate, for Bryan won by nearly forty-seven thousand votes or by thirty-eight percent. Bryan even won fifty-nine percent of the ballots in what was typically the state’s most Republican county – Fannin – possibly due to his opposition to imperialist adventures in the Pacific. He is alongside Samuel J. Tilden and Jimmy Carter one of only three post-Civil War candidates to win a majority in Fannin County.
With 66.86% of the popular vote, Georgia would prove to be Bryan's fifth strongest state in the 1900 presidential election only after South Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana and Florida.[11] Bryan had previously defeated McKinley in Georgia four years earlier and would later win the state again in 1908 against William Howard Taft.
Results
[edit]| 1900 United States presidential election in Georgia[12] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Democratic | William Jennings Bryan | 81,180 | 66.86% | 13 | |
| Republican | William McKinley (inc.) | 34,260 | 28.22% | 0 | |
| People's | Wharton Barker | 4,568 | 3.76% | 0 | |
| Prohibition | John G. Woolley | 1,402 | 1.15% | 0 | |
Results by county
[edit]| County | William Jennings Bryan[13] Democratic |
William McKinley[13] Republican |
Wharton Barker[13] Populist |
John Granville Woolley[13] Prohibition |
Margin | Total votes cast | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Appling | 477 | 50.37% | 446 | 47.10% | 4 | 0.42% | 20 | 2.11% | 31 | 3.27% | 947 |
| Baker | 478 | 84.45% | 87 | 15.37% | 1 | 0.18% | 0 | 0.00% | 391 | 69.08% | 566 |
| Baldwin | 500 | 81.30% | 76 | 12.36% | 35 | 5.69% | 4 | 0.65% | 424 | 68.94% | 615 |
| Banks | 402 | 50.50% | 269 | 33.79% | 110 | 13.82% | 15 | 1.88% | 133 | 16.71% | 796 |
| Bartow | 891 | 50.20% | 823 | 46.37% | 33 | 1.86% | 28 | 1.58% | 68 | 3.83% | 1,775 |
| Berrien | 509 | 80.67% | 101 | 16.01% | 10 | 1.58% | 11 | 1.74% | 408 | 64.66% | 631 |
| Bibb | 1,897 | 86.66% | 250 | 11.42% | 9 | 0.41% | 33 | 1.51% | 1,647 | 75.24% | 2,189 |
| Brooks | 429 | 77.44% | 103 | 18.59% | 19 | 3.43% | 3 | 0.54% | 326 | 58.84% | 554 |
| Bryan | 246 | 58.99% | 165 | 39.57% | 0 | 0.00% | 6 | 1.44% | 81 | 19.42% | 417 |
| Bulloch | 767 | 78.99% | 178 | 18.33% | 10 | 1.03% | 16 | 1.65% | 589 | 60.66% | 971 |
| Burke | 620 | 79.49% | 157 | 20.13% | 0 | 0.00% | 3 | 0.38% | 463 | 59.36% | 780 |
| Butts | 563 | 80.77% | 104 | 14.92% | 20 | 2.87% | 10 | 1.43% | 459 | 65.85% | 697 |
| Calhoun | 289 | 71.71% | 97 | 24.07% | 13 | 3.23% | 4 | 0.99% | 192 | 47.64% | 403 |
| Camden | 350 | 54.69% | 210 | 32.81% | 64 | 10.00% | 16 | 2.50% | 140 | 21.88% | 640 |
| Campbell | 350 | 60.03% | 233 | 39.97% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 117 | 20.07% | 583 |
| Carroll | 1,270 | 64.57% | 697 | 35.43% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 573 | 29.13% | 1,967 |
| Catoosa | 399 | 70.49% | 144 | 25.44% | 8 | 1.41% | 15 | 2.65% | 255 | 45.05% | 566 |
| Charlton | 168 | 71.79% | 64 | 27.35% | 1 | 0.43% | 1 | 0.43% | 104 | 44.44% | 234 |
| Chatham | 3,352 | 78.41% | 916 | 21.43% | 0 | 0.00% | 7 | 0.16% | 2,436 | 56.98% | 4,275 |
| Chattahoochee | 114 | 45.97% | 117 | 47.18% | 16 | 6.45% | 1 | 0.40% | -3 | -1.21% | 248 |
| Chattooga | 601 | 55.70% | 440 | 40.78% | 19 | 1.76% | 19 | 1.76% | 161 | 14.92% | 1,079 |
| Cherokee | 535 | 46.81% | 550 | 48.12% | 42 | 3.67% | 16 | 1.40% | -15 | -1.31% | 1,143 |
| Clarke | 672 | 73.93% | 199 | 21.89% | 34 | 3.74% | 4 | 0.44% | 473 | 52.04% | 909 |
| Clay | 271 | 71.13% | 81 | 21.26% | 26 | 6.82% | 3 | 0.79% | 190 | 49.87% | 381 |
| Clayton | 346 | 61.90% | 179 | 32.02% | 27 | 4.83% | 7 | 1.25% | 167 | 29.87% | 559 |
| Clinch | 290 | 58.47% | 203 | 40.93% | 0 | 0.00% | 3 | 0.60% | 87 | 17.54% | 496 |
| Cobb | 1,156 | 73.35% | 311 | 19.73% | 70 | 4.44% | 39 | 2.47% | 845 | 53.62% | 1,576 |
| Coffee | 402 | 39.57% | 614 | 60.43% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -212 | -20.87% | 1,016 |
| Colquitt | 310 | 57.62% | 217 | 40.33% | 2 | 0.37% | 9 | 1.67% | 93 | 17.29% | 538 |
| Columbia | 215 | 80.22% | 42 | 15.67% | 4 | 1.49% | 7 | 2.61% | 173 | 64.55% | 268 |
| Coweta | 1,063 | 81.64% | 232 | 17.82% | 6 | 0.46% | 1 | 0.08% | 831 | 63.82% | 1,302 |
| Crawford | 344 | 86.43% | 30 | 7.54% | 17 | 4.27% | 7 | 1.76% | 314 | 78.89% | 398 |
| Dade | 235 | 69.53% | 73 | 21.60% | 21 | 6.21% | 9 | 2.66% | 162 | 47.93% | 338 |
| Dawson | 224 | 52.96% | 194 | 45.86% | 1 | 0.24% | 4 | 0.95% | 30 | 7.09% | 423 |
| De Kalb | 756 | 72.34% | 216 | 20.67% | 46 | 4.40% | 27 | 2.58% | 540 | 51.67% | 1,045 |
| Decatur | 1,007 | 73.24% | 260 | 18.91% | 102 | 7.42% | 6 | 0.44% | 747 | 54.33% | 1,375 |
| Dodge | 541 | 71.37% | 211 | 27.84% | 3 | 0.40% | 3 | 0.40% | 330 | 43.54% | 758 |
| Dooly | 720 | 84.81% | 3 | 0.35% | 22 | 2.59% | 104 | 12.25% | 616[a] | 72.56% | 849 |
| Dougherty | 360 | 91.84% | 29 | 7.40% | 0 | 0.00% | 3 | 0.77% | 331 | 84.44% | 392 |
| Douglas | 345 | 46.75% | 300 | 40.65% | 77 | 10.43% | 16 | 2.17% | 45 | 6.10% | 738 |
| Early | 355 | 80.50% | 42 | 9.52% | 41 | 9.30% | 3 | 0.68% | 313 | 70.98% | 441 |
| Echols | 130 | 77.38% | 38 | 22.62% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 92 | 54.76% | 168 |
| Effingham | 387 | 83.77% | 65 | 14.07% | 8 | 1.73% | 2 | 0.43% | 322 | 69.70% | 462 |
| Elbert | 782 | 93.54% | 7 | 0.84% | 33 | 3.95% | 14 | 1.67% | 749[b] | 89.59% | 836 |
| Emanuel | 513 | 47.54% | 444 | 41.15% | 111 | 10.29% | 11 | 1.02% | 69 | 6.39% | 1,079 |
| Fannin | 533 | 59.22% | 367 | 40.78% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 166 | 18.44% | 900 |
| Fayette | 471 | 74.06% | 141 | 22.17% | 17 | 2.67% | 7 | 1.10% | 330 | 51.89% | 636 |
| Floyd | 1,450 | 67.92% | 638 | 29.88% | 31 | 1.45% | 16 | 0.75% | 812 | 38.03% | 2,135 |
| Forsyth | 318 | 50.08% | 270 | 42.52% | 38 | 5.98% | 9 | 1.42% | 48 | 7.56% | 635 |
| Franklin | 530 | 51.86% | 176 | 17.22% | 297 | 29.06% | 19 | 1.86% | 233[b] | 22.80% | 1,022 |
| Fulton | 5,075 | 74.35% | 1,676 | 24.55% | 8 | 0.12% | 67 | 0.98% | 3,399 | 49.79% | 6,826 |
| Gilmer | 502 | 50.45% | 493 | 49.55% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 9 | 0.90% | 995 |
| Glascock | 157 | 64.61% | 62 | 25.51% | 10 | 4.12% | 14 | 5.76% | 95 | 39.09% | 243 |
| Glynn | 674 | 71.86% | 254 | 27.08% | 6 | 0.64% | 4 | 0.43% | 420 | 44.78% | 938 |
| Gordon | 637 | 52.95% | 504 | 41.90% | 48 | 3.99% | 14 | 1.16% | 133 | 11.06% | 1,203 |
| Greene | 493 | 60.49% | 303 | 37.18% | 7 | 0.86% | 12 | 1.47% | 190 | 23.31% | 815 |
| Gwinnett | 1,052 | 63.45% | 373 | 22.50% | 200 | 12.06% | 33 | 1.99% | 679 | 40.95% | 1,658 |
| Habersham | 589 | 67.01% | 218 | 24.80% | 32 | 3.64% | 40 | 4.55% | 371 | 42.21% | 879 |
| Hall | 880 | 72.97% | 262 | 21.72% | 31 | 2.57% | 33 | 2.74% | 618 | 51.24% | 1,206 |
| Hancock | 526 | 95.29% | 16 | 2.90% | 3 | 0.54% | 7 | 1.27% | 510 | 92.39% | 552 |
| Haralson | 458 | 38.13% | 666 | 55.45% | 61 | 5.08% | 16 | 1.33% | -208 | -17.32% | 1,201 |
| Harris | 636 | 57.30% | 422 | 38.02% | 47 | 4.23% | 5 | 0.45% | 214 | 19.28% | 1,110 |
| Hart | 639 | 73.36% | 185 | 21.24% | 29 | 3.33% | 18 | 2.07% | 454 | 52.12% | 871 |
| Heard | 548 | 93.52% | 32 | 5.46% | 2 | 0.34% | 4 | 0.68% | 516 | 88.05% | 586 |
| Henry | 639 | 59.78% | 378 | 35.36% | 51 | 4.77% | 1 | 0.09% | 261 | 24.42% | 1,069 |
| Houston | 798 | 89.76% | 81 | 9.11% | 4 | 0.45% | 6 | 0.67% | 717 | 80.65% | 889 |
| Irwin | 700 | 53.76% | 583 | 44.78% | 2 | 0.15% | 17 | 1.31% | 117 | 8.99% | 1,302 |
| Jackson | 836 | 51.32% | 477 | 29.28% | 302 | 18.54% | 14 | 0.86% | 359 | 22.04% | 1,629 |
| Jasper | 630 | 93.61% | 32 | 4.75% | 6 | 0.89% | 5 | 0.74% | 598 | 88.86% | 673 |
| Jefferson | 394 | 72.29% | 128 | 23.49% | 9 | 1.65% | 14 | 2.57% | 266 | 48.81% | 545 |
| Johnson | 276 | 41.63% | 321 | 48.42% | 50 | 7.54% | 16 | 2.41% | -45 | -6.79% | 663 |
| Jones | 408 | 69.62% | 166 | 28.33% | 9 | 1.54% | 3 | 0.51% | 242 | 41.30% | 586 |
| Laurens | 942 | 62.67% | 395 | 26.28% | 152 | 10.11% | 14 | 0.93% | 547 | 36.39% | 1,503 |
| Lee | 269 | 63.59% | 149 | 35.22% | 2 | 0.47% | 3 | 0.71% | 120 | 28.37% | 423 |
| Liberty | 248 | 41.82% | 304 | 51.26% | 37 | 6.24% | 4 | 0.67% | -56 | -9.44% | 593 |
| Lincoln | 173 | 80.84% | 4 | 1.87% | 28 | 13.08% | 9 | 4.21% | 145[b] | 67.76% | 214 |
| Lowndes | 444 | 60.08% | 277 | 37.48% | 5 | 0.68% | 13 | 1.76% | 167 | 22.60% | 739 |
| Lumpkin | 410 | 56.87% | 308 | 42.72% | 0 | 0.00% | 3 | 0.42% | 102 | 14.15% | 721 |
| Macon | 464 | 67.84% | 182 | 26.61% | 24 | 3.51% | 14 | 2.05% | 282 | 41.23% | 684 |
| Madison | 754 | 90.41% | 66 | 7.91% | 9 | 1.08% | 5 | 0.60% | 688 | 82.49% | 834 |
| Marion | 280 | 65.27% | 116 | 27.04% | 31 | 7.23% | 2 | 0.47% | 164 | 38.23% | 429 |
| McDuffie | 178 | 38.12% | 289 | 61.88% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -111 | -23.77% | 467 |
| McIntosh | 259 | 51.80% | 211 | 42.20% | 18 | 3.60% | 12 | 2.40% | 48 | 9.60% | 500 |
| Meriwether | 734 | 72.24% | 234 | 23.03% | 31 | 3.05% | 17 | 1.67% | 500 | 49.21% | 1,016 |
| Miller | 183 | 78.21% | 19 | 8.12% | 29 | 12.39% | 3 | 1.28% | 154[b] | 65.81% | 234 |
| Milton | 308 | 63.24% | 116 | 23.82% | 55 | 11.29% | 8 | 1.64% | 192 | 39.43% | 487 |
| Mitchell | 465 | 62.42% | 274 | 36.78% | 0 | 0.00% | 6 | 0.81% | 191 | 25.64% | 745 |
| Monroe | 810 | 89.01% | 92 | 10.11% | 8 | 0.88% | 0 | 0.00% | 718 | 78.90% | 910 |
| Montgomery | 608 | 71.95% | 232 | 27.46% | 0 | 0.00% | 5 | 0.59% | 376 | 44.50% | 845 |
| Morgan | 484 | 66.57% | 222 | 30.54% | 15 | 2.06% | 6 | 0.83% | 262 | 36.04% | 727 |
| Murray | 361 | 45.18% | 360 | 45.06% | 73 | 9.14% | 5 | 0.63% | 1 | 0.13% | 799 |
| Muscogee | 1,245 | 81.91% | 272 | 17.89% | 0 | 0.00% | 3 | 0.20% | 973 | 64.01% | 1,520 |
| Newton | 790 | 71.36% | 294 | 26.56% | 18 | 1.63% | 5 | 0.45% | 496 | 44.81% | 1,107 |
| Oconee | 251 | 49.70% | 148 | 29.31% | 93 | 18.42% | 13 | 2.57% | 103 | 20.40% | 505 |
| Oglethorpe | 625 | 94.55% | 20 | 3.03% | 9 | 1.36% | 7 | 1.06% | 605 | 91.53% | 661 |
| Paulding | 496 | 37.46% | 609 | 46.00% | 215 | 16.24% | 4 | 0.30% | -113 | -8.53% | 1,324 |
| Pickens | 295 | 32.63% | 599 | 66.26% | 6 | 0.66% | 4 | 0.44% | -304 | -33.63% | 904 |
| Pierce | 267 | 46.76% | 290 | 50.79% | 10 | 1.75% | 4 | 0.70% | -23 | -4.03% | 571 |
| Pike | 759 | 78.98% | 168 | 17.48% | 20 | 2.08% | 14 | 1.46% | 591 | 61.50% | 961 |
| Polk | 490 | 31.67% | 1,019 | 65.87% | 21 | 1.36% | 17 | 1.10% | -529 | -34.20% | 1,547 |
| Pulaski | 631 | 94.04% | 26 | 3.87% | 8 | 1.19% | 6 | 0.89% | 605 | 90.16% | 671 |
| Putnam | 331 | 95.94% | 8 | 2.32% | 0 | 0.00% | 6 | 1.74% | 323 | 93.62% | 345 |
| Quitman | 173 | 66.54% | 84 | 32.31% | 2 | 0.77% | 1 | 0.38% | 89 | 34.23% | 260 |
| Rabun | 244 | 77.46% | 70 | 22.22% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.32% | 174 | 55.24% | 315 |
| Randolph | 602 | 82.58% | 108 | 14.81% | 19 | 2.61% | 0 | 0.00% | 494 | 67.76% | 729 |
| Richmond | 2,045 | 88.84% | 215 | 9.34% | 29 | 1.26% | 13 | 0.56% | 1,830 | 79.50% | 2,302 |
| Rockdale | 393 | 62.28% | 184 | 29.16% | 52 | 8.24% | 2 | 0.32% | 209 | 33.12% | 631 |
| Schley | 221 | 51.40% | 163 | 37.91% | 44 | 10.23% | 2 | 0.47% | 58 | 13.49% | 430 |
| Screven | 488 | 48.46% | 376 | 37.34% | 133 | 13.21% | 10 | 0.99% | 112 | 11.12% | 1,007 |
| Spalding | 782 | 90.20% | 82 | 9.46% | 0 | 0.00% | 3 | 0.35% | 700 | 80.74% | 867 |
| Stewart | 471 | 72.24% | 170 | 26.07% | 7 | 1.07% | 4 | 0.61% | 301 | 46.17% | 652 |
| Sumter | 780 | 77.53% | 216 | 21.47% | 8 | 0.80% | 2 | 0.20% | 564 | 56.06% | 1,006 |
| Talbot | 405 | 77.29% | 107 | 20.42% | 11 | 2.10% | 1 | 0.19% | 298 | 56.87% | 524 |
| Taliaferro | 216 | 55.53% | 100 | 25.71% | 60 | 15.42% | 13 | 3.34% | 116 | 29.82% | 389 |
| Tattnall | 738 | 50.03% | 611 | 41.42% | 106 | 7.19% | 20 | 1.36% | 127 | 8.61% | 1,475 |
| Taylor | 298 | 76.61% | 79 | 20.31% | 4 | 1.03% | 8 | 2.06% | 219 | 56.30% | 389 |
| Telfair | 568 | 80.68% | 122 | 17.33% | 0 | 0.00% | 14 | 1.99% | 446 | 63.35% | 704 |
| Terrell | 679 | 73.33% | 213 | 23.00% | 25 | 2.70% | 9 | 0.97% | 466 | 50.32% | 926 |
| Thomas | 1,146 | 70.96% | 432 | 26.75% | 19 | 1.18% | 18 | 1.11% | 714 | 44.21% | 1,615 |
| Towns | 295 | 46.90% | 326 | 51.83% | 4 | 0.64% | 4 | 0.64% | -31 | -4.93% | 629 |
| Troup | 837 | 90.00% | 60 | 6.45% | 29 | 3.12% | 4 | 0.43% | 777 | 83.55% | 930 |
| Twiggs | 321 | 84.70% | 56 | 14.78% | 0 | 0.00% | 2 | 0.53% | 265 | 69.92% | 379 |
| Union | 417 | 49.47% | 397 | 47.09% | 25 | 2.97% | 4 | 0.47% | 20 | 2.37% | 843 |
| Upson | 468 | 59.85% | 133 | 17.01% | 173 | 22.12% | 8 | 1.02% | 295[b] | 37.72% | 782 |
| Walker | 752 | 54.81% | 566 | 41.25% | 43 | 3.13% | 11 | 0.80% | 186 | 13.56% | 1,372 |
| Walton | 836 | 62.25% | 385 | 28.67% | 108 | 8.04% | 14 | 1.04% | 451 | 33.58% | 1,343 |
| Ware | 601 | 84.89% | 107 | 15.11% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 494 | 69.77% | 708 |
| Warren | 317 | 50.24% | 230 | 36.45% | 73 | 11.57% | 11 | 1.74% | 87 | 13.79% | 631 |
| Washington | 720 | 64.75% | 282 | 25.36% | 82 | 7.37% | 28 | 2.52% | 438 | 39.39% | 1,112 |
| Wayne | 363 | 60.00% | 213 | 35.21% | 20 | 3.31% | 9 | 1.49% | 150 | 24.79% | 605 |
| Webster | 204 | 75.28% | 66 | 24.35% | 1 | 0.37% | 0 | 0.00% | 138 | 50.92% | 271 |
| White | 191 | 57.88% | 100 | 30.30% | 21 | 6.36% | 18 | 5.45% | 91 | 27.58% | 330 |
| Whitfield | 587 | 52.27% | 412 | 36.69% | 106 | 9.44% | 18 | 1.60% | 175 | 15.58% | 1,123 |
| Wilcox | 407 | 63.69% | 228 | 35.68% | 2 | 0.31% | 2 | 0.31% | 179 | 28.01% | 639 |
| Wilkes | 581 | 89.80% | 4 | 0.62% | 57 | 8.81% | 5 | 0.77% | 524[b] | 80.99% | 647 |
| Wilkinson | 422 | 67.95% | 184 | 29.63% | 10 | 1.61% | 5 | 0.81% | 238 | 38.33% | 621 |
| Worth | 599 | 55.93% | 430 | 40.15% | 20 | 1.87% | 22 | 2.05% | 169 | 15.78% | 1,071 |
| Totals | 81,201 | 66.87% | 34,255 | 28.21% | 4,575 | 3.77% | 1,402 | 1.15% | 46,946 | 38.66% | 121,433 |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ In this county where Woolley ran second ahead of McKinley, margin given is Bryan vote minus Woolley vote and percentage margin Bryan percentage minus Woolley percentage.
- ^ a b c d e f In this county where Barker ran second ahead of McKinley, margin given is Bryan vote minus Barker vote and percentage margin Bryan percentage minus Barker percentage.
References
[edit]- ^ Mickey, Robert W.; Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944-1972, p. 76 ISBN 1400838789
- ^ Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 208, 210 ISBN 9780691163246
- ^ Springer, Melanie Jean; How the States Shaped the Nation: American Electoral Institutions and Voter Turnout, 1920-2000, p. 155 ISBN 022611435X
- ^ a b Kousser, J. Morgan; The Shaping of Southern Politics Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910, p. 217 ISBN 0-300-01973-4
- ^ a b Mickey, Robert W.; ‘The Beginning of the End for Authoritarian Rule in America: Smith v. Allwright and the Abolition of the White Primary in the Deep South, 1944-1948’; Studies in American Political Development, Vol. 22 (Fall 2008), pp. 143-182.
- ^ Coleman, Kenneth; Georgia History in Outline, p. 85 ISBN 0820304670
- ^ Perman, Michael; Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908; p. 274 ISBN 0807860255
- ^ ‘Georgia’, in ‘An Election Forecast: The Situation as Viewed by Both Parties’; The Norfolk Landmark, November 4, 1900, p. 1
- ^ ‘A Republican Victory’; Orleans County Monitor, November 7, 1900, p. 1
- ^ ‘Bryan’s Expected Majority in Georgia about 55,000’; The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, November 5, 1900, p. 2
- ^ "1900 Presidential Election Statistics". Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
- ^ "1900 Presidential General Election Results – Georgia". Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas.
- ^ a b c d Géoelections; Popular Vote at the Presidential Election for 1900 (.xlsx file for €30)
