1939 Liechtenstein putsch

1939 Liechtenstein putsch
Date	24 March 1939
Location	Schaan, Liechtenstein47°10′43″N 9°31′20″E / 47.17861°N 9.52222°E
Result	Coup failed German invasion failed to materialize; VDBL leadership arrested or fled;
Belligerents
German National Movement in Liechtenstein; Supported by:; Nazi Germany (unofficial)	Progressive Citizens' Party; Patriotic Union; House of Liechtenstein
Commanders and leaders
Theodor Schädler; Alfons Goop	Franz Josef II; Josef Hoop Third Josef Hoop cabinet; ; Anton Frommelt;
Strength
40 or more	Unknown

The 1939 Liechtenstein putsch, also known as the Annexation putsch (German: Anschlussputsch) was an unsuccessful coup d'état by the German National Movement in Liechtenstein (Volksdeutsche Bewegung in Liechtenstein or VDBL) on 24 March 1939 designed to provoke Liechtenstein's annexation by Nazi Germany.

The plan was for members of the VDBL to march on Vaduz and seize control of the government, which was hoped would cause clashes between them and the government. German troops from Feldkirch would then move into Liechtenstein in response to a call for help and incorporate the country into Germany. The plan failed as the VDBL was stopped by opponents and most members were arrested or fled. Following World War II, several people were charged for their actions during the coup, of which seven were convicted.^[1]

Background

Formation of a Liechtenstein Nazi party

A Nazi swastika being hoisted in Vaduz, around 1938.

Nazi groups had existed in Liechtenstein since 1933, primarily due to the rise of Nazi Germany and the introduction of anti-Jewish laws in Germany, which caused Liechtenstein to experience a large Jewish immigration.^[2]^[3] As a result, there was continuing antisemitic agitation in Liechtenstein throughout the 1930s. Most notably, the Rotter kidnapping was designed to be an impetus for the formation of an organized Nazi group in Liechtenstein, but it instead weakened such efforts for a time.^[4]

The 1938 Anschluss of Austria provided an impetus for the formation of the German National Movement in Liechtenstein (VDBL). In line with the Anschluss, the VDBL advocated the integration of Liechtenstein into Nazi Germany,^[5] and was associated with the slogan, Liechtenstein den Liechtensteinern! (Liechtenstein for the Liechtensteiners!), which conveyed a sense of racial right-wing populism in opposition to Franz Josef II, the ruling prince of Liechtenstein.^[6] Its membership included many members of the former Liechtenstein Homeland Service, which had merged with the Patriotic Union in January 1936.^[6]

Shortly after the Anschluss of Austria, the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle, in connection with the VBDL planned for the VBDL to be democratically elected into power via funding from Germany, then it would end the customs union with Switzerland and align towards Germany, leading to an eventual annexation of Liechtenstein into Germany. The plans were reportedly supported by Joseph Goebbels.^[7] They were personally blocked by Adolf Hitler on 18 March 1938 as he did not want to complicate relations with Switzerland.^[8]

Politics prior to the coup

It has been speculated that Franz I had given the regency to Franz Joseph on 31 March 1938 as he did not wish to remain in control of the principality if Nazi Germany were to invade, primarily because his wife Princess Elsa of Liechtenstein was of Jewish origin.^[9]^[10] In the same month, the governing Progressive Citizens' Party and opposition Patriotic Union formed a coalition, which was designed to avoid political deadlock while there was an ongoing threat from Nazi Germany, and more importantly, to prevent the VBDL from gaining any seats within the Landtag.^[11]^[12]^[13] Proportional representation was unanimously introduced to Liechtenstein on 18 January 1939, as was a point of compromise between the two parties.^[14] On 11 March of the same year, Franz Joseph, in agreement with both parties, disbanded the Landtag and called for early elections.^[15]^[16]

The elections was only intended to be used as a means to distribute a roughly equal number of seats in the Landtag between the two parties, as such it became known as the "silent election" as no actual voting took place.^[17] This was allowed to due to article thirty of the new proportional representation law, which states that"If one or more parties, representing at least 80% of the votes cast in the previous legislative elections, form a joint list of candidates, these, excluding the other candidates proposed by other parties, are declared elected, if fewer than 400 persons registered on the electoral lists do not object in writing within 14 days.".^[14] The clause was enacted due to both party's desire to not hold an election campaign period that would jeopardize the recently-formed coalition government and allow for the VBDL to be able to gain support.^[15] This scheduled election is believed to be the primary motivation for the coup, as many within the VBDL saw it as a last hope to gaining power within the country.^[16]

Preparation and coup

Franz Josef II (centre) with members of the German and Liechtenstein government outside the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, 2 March 1939.

The plan was drawn up by Nazi authorities in Feldkirch and the leader of the VDBL Theodor Schädler, although not backed by the German government itself. The plan was for members of the VDBL to march on Vaduz and seize control of the government, which it was hoped would cause clashes between them and the government. German troops from Feldkirch would then move into Liechtenstein in response to a call for help and incorporate the country into Germany.^[1] It has also been speculated that the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle was involved in the coup.^[18] It was originally planned for 22 March 1939, in the same month of a visit by Franz Joseph II and Josef Hoop to Berlin where they met Hitler and Joachim von Ribbentrop, but it was delayed until the 24th. This is accredited with removing the element of surprise from the preparations, as, reportedly, employees of the Deutsche Reichsbahn informed Swiss authorities of German troops amassing in Feldkirch.^[19]

In the late evening of 24 March, approximately 40 members of the VDBL marched from Nendeln towards Vaduz.^[1] In front of Schaan, opponents had gathered to stop them and the VDBL were convinced to turn back by government councillor Anton Frommelt who also blocked their telephone lines, in addition to aid from Ferdinand Risch.^[1]^[20]^[21] Some VDBL members subsequently gathered outside of Schaan under the leadership of Theodor Schädler, but many others were prevented from leaving their homes by opponents. Further coup participants were supposed to close the Triesen-Balzers road and the Vaduz-Sevelen Rhine bridge in the wake of the German invasion, though the invasion did not happen as it was blocked on Hitler's orders following intervention by Alois Vogt.^[1]^[22] Instead, VDBL members resorted to burning swastikas in order to provoke an intervention from Nazi Germany.^[1]

Vogt later met Schädler, where he explained that the German invasion would not happen, and that he would allow the Swiss border police to open fire on the VBDL demonstrators should they not stand down. Realizing that the coup was a failure, many of coup's participants were arrested or fled. However, many were prevented by border guards in both Switzerland and Nazi Germany once they gained news of the attempted coup.^[19]

Aftermath

After the coup's failure, 36 out of the over 100 participants fled to Feldkirch, and another 76 people were arrested and questioned, with about 50 of them being charged.^[1]^[23]^[24] However, out of fear of German intervention, they were all released in December 1939 on condition that they leave Liechtenstein.^[1] It is not known exactly why Hitler decided against intervening in the coup, though it has been speculated that he had little interest in Liechtenstein, and that he did not want to provoke a war with Switzerland.^[19]

During the attempted coup, a large majority of Jews living in Liechtenstein fled the country to Switzerland, though most returned in the days following its failure. The coup was unpopular with most people in Liechtenstein and it generated a strong sense of patriotic unity.^[1] This caused the Liechtenstein Loyalty Association to heighten its operations against the VDBL and launch a petition to reaffirm Liechtenstein's independence, which received 2492 signatures.^[25]^[26]

The VDBL was effectively defunct after the coup until it was relaunched by Alfons Goop in 1940.^[27] After World War II, twelve coup participants were put on trial on charges of high treason, of which seven were convicted in 1946.^[1] Alois Batliner, Franz Beck, and Josef Frick were each sentenced to five years in prison, while Egon Marxer and Goop were sentenced to 2.5 years, and Alois Kindle, Hermann Marxer, and Josef Gassner each received suspended two-month sentences. During the war, Batliner had served in the Schutzpolizei, while Marxer and Goop had served in the Waffen-SS on the Eastern Front.^[28]^[29]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011). "Anschlussputsch". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ "Nazi Group Formed in Lichtenstein". The New York Times. 3 July 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
^ "Regierungschef Josef Hoop orientiert den Landtag über einen Entwurf für ein Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetz". Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein (in German). 29 May 1933. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
^ "Rotter-Entführung". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ Gustaf Adolf von Metnitz (1941). Hundert Millionen Deutsche schaffen Raum (in German). NS.-gauverlag Steiermark. p. 15.
^ ^a ^b Marxer, Wilfried (31 December 2011). "Volksdeutsche Bewegung in Liechtenstein (VDBL)". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ Geiger 2007, pp. 141–142.
^ Geiger 2007, pp. 142–143.
^ "NAZIS IN CABINET IN LIECHTENSTEIN; Prince Franz Joseph, the New Ruler, Names Them Though Pledging Independence HITLER MOVEMENT GAINS Its Growing Strength Was One Reason for Abdication of Franz 1, Old Sovereign". The New York Times. 1 April 1938. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
^ "Prince Franz of the 'Postage Stamp State' Retires". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1 May 1938. p. 76. Archived from the original on 21 April 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Parties in Liechtenstein 1921–1943". Prince and People: Liechtenstein Civics (in German). 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
^ Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011). "Märzkrise". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
^ Marxer, Wilfred (31 December 2011). "Koalition". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Gesetz vom 18. Januar 1939 - über die Einführung des Verhältniswahlrechtes". Liechtensteinische Landesverwaltung (in German). Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
^ ^a ^b Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011). "Stille Wahl". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b Geiger 2000, pp. 327–331.
^ Nohlen & Stöver 2010, p. 1179.
^ Geiger, Peter (31 December 2011). "Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (VoMi)". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Geiger 2000, pp. 364–408.
^ Vogt-Frommelt, Rita (31 December 2011). "Frommelt, Anton". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
^ Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011). "Risch, Ferdinand". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
^ Schremser, Jürgen (31 December 2011). "Vogt, Alois". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
^ "Liechtenstein Jails Nazi For Attempt at Uprising". The New York Times. 27 April 1939. Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ "27 April 1939". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 27 April 1939. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
^ "Ninety-Five Per Cent of Voters in Liechtenstein Reject Union with Nazis". Lawrence Journal-World. 3 April 1939. Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
^ Marxer, Wilfried (31 December 2011). "Heimattreue Vereinigung Liechtenstein". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
^ Geiger, Peter (31 December 2011). "Goop, Alphonse". Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (in German). Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
^ "Das Kriminalgericht führt die Schlussverhandlung im Prozess gegen die Putschisten durch". www-e--archiv-li.translate.goog. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
^ "Goop Alfons, Dr. phil., Politiker, Altphilologe, Lehrer, Sportpionier". www.e-archiv.li. Archived from the original on 7 September 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2023.