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2024 Spanish floods

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For other floods in Spain in 2024, see 2024 European floods § Spain.
2024 Spanish floods
Aftermath of the floods at Sedaví, Horta Sud, with many wooden structures destroyed, numerous trees downed, and much of the area covered with mud
Date29 October 2024 (2024-10-29) – 8 November 2024 (2024-11-08)
LocationSpain (especially the Valencian Community, Castilla–La Mancha, and Andalusia)
CauseCold drop
Deaths223
Missing93
Property damage"substantial"

On 29 October 2024, torrential rain caused by an isolated low-pressure area at high levels brought over a year's worth of precipitation to several areas in eastern Spain, including the Valencian Community, Castilla–La Mancha, and Andalusia. The resulting floodwaters caused the deaths of 223 people,[1] with 93 missing[2][3] and substantial property damage.[4][5] It is one of the deadliest natural disasters in Spanish history.[6]

Though similar torrential rain events had happened in the past in the region, the flooding was likely more intense due to climate change, and the poor disaster response of the local government likely aggravated the human cost of the event. After the flooding, both the national government and volunteer and nonprofit organizations mobilized to help with cleanup and recovery.

Background

[edit]

Disastrous floods have been reported throughout the history of Valencia, from the 14th century up to the contemporary period.[7] The 1957 Valencia flood, caused by a three-day cold drop (Spanish: gota fría), overflowed the banks of the Túria river and devastated the city of Valencia.[8] (A cold drop in Spain and France usually leads to heavy autumn rains.)

The 1957 flood resulted in at least 81 fatalities.[8] In response, the government of Francisco Franco initiated a plan to reroute the Túria to the south of the city centre, three kilometres from its original course.[8][9] This project successfully protected the city centre, but did nothing to protect the towns to the south.[8] In 2008, a hydraulic infrastructure program was proposed to protect the southern towns, at a cost of about €200 million.[8] Very little of that program was ever implemented, leaving those towns vulnerable to severe flooding.[8]

In September 2019, floods killed six people in Vega Baja del Segura. To respond to future floods, the government of Ximo Puig established the Valencian Emergencies Unit (Valencian: Unitat Valenciana d'Emergències; Spanish: Unidad Valenciana de Emergencias). After the 2023 Valencian regional election, the government of Carlos Mazón shut down the unit, which it considered a "superfluous expense".[10]

On 25 October 2024, state agency AEMET meteorologist Juan Jesús González Alemán warned that the upcoming cold drop could become a high impact storm. This was initially ridiculed and described as "alarmism" on the social media platform X by climate change denialists.[11][12]

Ecological factors

[edit]

Valencia lies flat around a riverbed on an alluvial plain, which places it at high risk of flooding. When heavy rains coincide with a convective storm during which the sea level tends to rise, the flow is especially disturbed and flood risk is doubled. The areas where it rained the most have not been flooded, but those whose geography is more predisposed to accumulate water, like the peripheral municipalities, but not the city center, where the old riverbed was made into a park, the Turia Garden in 1986.[13]

The second morphological feature are the mountains of the Tertiary period.[14] Blocked from the continent by the cliffs, the clouds rapidly precipitate.[15] The town Oliva south of Valencia for example has experienced 20 intense floods since 1972.[16]

The third factor is the intense urbanisation of the coastal area. Impervious surfaces (such as roads and buildings[17]) impede water from penetrating the ground.[18] Water pools on level land,[19] and is further retained by the metre-high beach ridge.[20] When runoff is prevented and water gathers, flash flooding results.[21] Rising sea levels will further increase the drainage time to days or even weeks.[22]

From 1997-2007 there was intense construction activity, which proved non-sustainable.[citation needed] The unusually high temperature of the seawater after the 2024 summer facilitated the generation of clouds which travelled great vertical distances.[citation needed]

Flooding

[edit]

In the Valencian Community

[edit]
ECDM map showing rainfall in southeastern Spain during 29-30 October

Starting on 29 October 2024, a cold drop brought drastic flash flooding to southern and south-eastern Spain, primarily in the Valencia region.[23] At 06:42, the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) issued an orange weather warning for the south of Valencia. Less than 20 minutes later, the port of Valencia announced it would be shutting down.[24] At 07:36, the AEMET issued a red weather warning for the Valencian interior and upgraded its previous warning to the highest level. By this time, the Plana d'Utiel was already receiving heavy rain.[24] By 10:30, emergency services were rescuing people from their vehicles in Ribera.[24]

Horta Sud (top) and Ribera Alta (bottom), the two main affected comarques of the Valencian Community

At 11:30, the ravine in Chiva overflowed and flooded the municipality;[24] Chiva saw nearly 500 millimetres (20 in) of rainfall during the day.[23] At 11:45, emergency services alerted municipalities along the Magro River. At 12:00, the Magro burst its banks in Utiel,[24] which recorded 200 mm (7.9 in) of rainfall.[25] Utiel mayor Ricardo Gabaldon reported water levels three meters high, leaving several trapped and others missing.[26] The University of Valencia, who had suspended classes the day before due to forecast of heavy rainfall and had set up an emergency committee years ago, decided to suspend at noon all teaching, administrative, research and cultural activities at all campuses and university facilities.[27] At 12:20, emergency services alerted municipalities along the Poyo ravine. By the following hour, affected municipalities lost electricity and telephone services.[24] At noon, the Provincial Deputation of Valencia [es; ca] sent all of its workers home, citing the "very high risk to the population" of the cold drop. By 14:00, all of its offices were closed.[28] The Poyo ravine registered peaks of discharge of about 2,300 m3·s-1 in Paiporta.[29]

At 13:00, Valencian President Carlos Mazón held a press conference to claim the storm would dissipate by 18:00. But by 17:35, emergency services were already issuing alerts regarding the overflow of the Magro and Júcar rivers.[24] At 18:00, the town of Turís recorded 42 mm of precipitation in 10 minutes, and set the new Spanish record with 184.6 mm in one hour.[30][31] At 18:30, the Poyo burst its banks in Torrent and flooded downstream through several towns in Horta Sud. Many people died, while others sought refuge on the Autovía V-30 [es; ca] or in shopping centres.[24]

At 19:25, surging waters destroyed a bridge in Picanya.[24] It was not until 20:11 that the Generalitat Valenciana issued an ES-alert cell phone warning, advising Valencian citizens to remain indoors. At 20:36, the Spanish government's Military Emergencies Unit (UME) was requested in the Valencian Community.[24] At 21:00, Mazón reappeared to declare the floods an "unprecedented situation".[24] Around midnight on 30 October, Mazón's social media team deleted a tweet claiming the storm would dissipate.[32]

On 30 October 2024, the 1973 New Turia Riverbed surged to capacity, sparing Valencia's city proper.[29]

The South Plan [es; ca] is a new riverbed for the Turia built after the catastrophic 1957 flood, but it only protected the city proper of Valencia from major damage.[8][33][29] In the ground zero town of Paiporta alone, 62 people died.[34][35] The floods eventually affected all population centers in Horta Sud and most in Camp de Túria and Requena-Utiel.[36][37]

Other regions

[edit]
Storm clouds over Andalusia and Extremadura on 1 November 2024

In Andalusia, the storm caused landslides[38][39] and damage to buildings, roads, bridges and agricultural land.[40][41][42] Several people had to be rescued by the Civil Guard.[43] Meteorologists predicted further storms would hit the regions on 31 October 2024.[44]

The Region of Murcia was also flooded, although to a lesser degree than other regions.[45] Flooding also reached the Aragon provinces of Teruel and Zaragoza.[46]

Several videos taken of flash flooding showed civilians holding on to trees to resist the flood's rapid flow, with 30 people in Letur, Castilla–La Mancha trapped by floodwaters.[47] Two dead women and five missing people were reported in the municipality.[48] On 5 November it was increased to five dead.[49]

On the night of 3 November 2024 streets in Martorell, Castelldefels and Gavà in Barcelona were flooded by the rain.[50] Sitges and Tarragona were also affected.[51][52] On the evening of 8 November, torrential rains caused flooding in Cadaqués and Girona.[53]

Casualties and damage

[edit]

The floodwaters killed at least 223 people,[54] including 215 in the province of Valencia,[1] three more in Castile–La Mancha[55] and one in Andalusia.[56][57][58] According to AEMET chief climatologist José Ángel Núñez, most deaths occurred in localities with no rain.[59] A total of 78 municipalities registered at least one fatality. A total of 36,605 people were rescued nationwide.[60]

A man from Colombia, two people from China,[61][62] two Moroccans,[63][64] three people from the United Kingdom (including an elderly married couple) and five people from Romania (including a family of three) were among the dead.[65][66][67] 28-year-old football player José Castillejo [ca] was confirmed among the fatalities.[68]

Initially, around 2,000 people were declared missing in Valencia as of 3 November,[69] generally based on calls to an emergency number regarding missing family members.[70] By 5 November, that number had decreased to 89[71] and on 6 November then it increased to 93.[2][3] Five more were missing in Castilla–La Mancha,[48] and five deaths.[49] Among the missing were 16 members of Spain's Romanian community.[72] Many victims were trapped in their cars in underground garages due to the rapid rise in water levels.[73] Business executives Miguel Burdeos, Vicente Tarancón, Antonio Noblejas and José Luis Marín are among the missing people.[74]

Satellite image showing the storm over the Valencian region on the morning and afternoon on 29 October 2024.

The flooding significantly damaged buildings and infrastructure, derailing a high-speed train near Málaga but not injuring any of its nearly 300 passengers.[47] The high-speed railway line linking Valencia to Madrid was cut, while 232 kilometers of rail and road links required repair.[60] Over 100,000 cars were damaged. About 40,000 vehicles may be totalled since the damage and their age would not justify a repair.[75] Across Valencia, 1,800 businesses were destroyed and 4,500 others were damaged.[76] The Insurance Compensation Consortium recorded at least 116,000 insurance claims for flood damage with a total value of at least 3.5 billion euros ($3.8 billion), with 60% of the claims for cars and 31% for homes.[60]

Aftermath

[edit]
The facade of a residential building in Alginet destroyed by the storm

Spanish rail operator Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias is suspending all Valencia rail services until the situation normalizes.[77] This included suspensions for high-speed rail services from Valencia to Madrid, and all commuter train services in Valencia. Moreover, floods and subsequent crashes blocked parts of major highways Autovía A-3/E-901, Autovía A-7/E-15,[78] and other roads.[79] Metrovalencia suspended services, with the lines south of the city particularly badly affected. It was expected that it would take months to restore normal service.[80]

Empty meat shelves in a Mercadona on 31 October in Castellón after panic buying[81][82]

Twelve flights were diverted from Valencia Airport due to heavy rainfall and winds, while 10 more arrivals and departures there were cancelled.[citation needed] At Málaga Airport, numerous flights were cancelled or rerouted on 29 October,[83] until normal services resumed on 30 October.[43]

With the emergency number saturated by reported incidents, many people asked social media for help for themselves or family members.[84] The Circuit Ricardo Tormo race track in Cheste, Valencian Community was used as a relief centre, but with access roads damaged.[85][86][87] The Valencia MotoGP scheduled on 17 November was cancelled, with organisers planning to hold the event at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Montmeló, Barcelona.[88] The FIA Formula E Official Test and Women's Test, due on 4–7 November at the circuit, were postponed to 5–8 November at Circuito del Jarama in San Sebastián de los Reyes, Community of Madrid.[89][90][91]

The Valencia municipal government suspended all sports and classes for 30 October.[92] Football games in the Copa del Rey involving teams from the Valencia region on 30 October were postponed a week.[93] The Seville book fair was suspended on 29 and 30 October.[43] Five games in Valencia due on 2 and 3 November were postponed, including Valencia against Real Madrid.[94] Osasuna player Ante Budimir and Girona player Miguel Gutiérrez wore shirts carrying the caption "Be strong Valencia" during their respective La Liga matches on 2 November. The Osasuna squad, which won 1-0 against Real Valladolid, said it dedicated their victory to the flood victims and coach Vicente Moreno, who is from the affected town of Massanassa.[95] Starting the week of 5 November, a moment of silence was observed at all UEFA club matches for the victims of the floods.[96]

The electric grid suffered serious damage, and natural gas distribution services were precautionarily suspended.[97] The economic loss is expected to break the record of the 1983 Spanish floods.[98]

Over 100 people were arrested for theft and looting in the aftermath of the floods.[99]

Response

[edit]

Valencian government

[edit]

The Mazón administration was criticised for its disaster response. Compromís spokesperson Àgueda Micó [es; ca] held Mazón personally responsible for the deaths and "shirking his responsibilities".[100] Mazón's People's Party's leader Alberto Núñez Feijóo defended him, instead blaming AEMET for failing to alert promptly.[101] However, AEMET's timeline of events contradicted Feijóo: it first issued a weather red alert at 07:31 for northern inland Valencia and extended the warning to southern Valencia at 07:36; however, at 13:00, Mazón spoke to the press where he downplayed the storm and claimed it would dissipate by 18:00.[102] Several meteorologists said that Feijóo's blame of AEMET could engender distrust of the meteorological agency and further endanger people by delegitimising weather warnings.[103] Twenty Valencian civic organisations and trade unions also demanded Mazón's resignation.[104] The civil organisation "Justice for Valencia" opened a lawsuit against Mazón, as well as Emilio Argüeso and Salomé Pradas [es], under the charges of reckless homicide.[105] The General Confederation of Labour (CGT) also requested that the Valencian prosecutor's office investigate Mazón for criminal negligence.[106]

As of 2 November, the Valencian government had not declared the situation a "catastrophic emergency", the maximum state of emergency available to a regional government, which would have made Mazón personally and legally responsible for managing the emergency response, thus keeping legal blame to regional Minister of the Interior Salomé Pradas Ten [es; ca].[107]

On 4 November, in an interview with Cadena COPE, Mazón blamed the Spanish government and commanders of the Military Emergencies Unit (UME) for mismanaging the response to the flooding. He claimed that, at 15:21 on 29 October, he had requested the intervention of the UME in Utiel and Requena, and that the Hydrographic Confederation, under the direction of Environment Minister Teresa Ribera, had suppressed the alerts. This was swiftly denied by the Confederation, which stated that the regional government is responsible for issuing any alerts.[108] General Francisco Javier Marcos, the commander of the UME, also rejected Mazón's claims. He stated that the UME had mobilised 1,000 soldiers on the day of the floods, but that it was subject to the orders of the regional government, which directed the emergency response. He said the moment the Valencian government gave the order, the UME deployed to affected zones within minutes.[109]

Spanish government

[edit]

The Spanish government established a crisis committee to coordinate the national response to the disaster, with Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez publicly noting his monitoring of damage reports and missing persons updates. The Military Emergencies Unit deployed to Valencia to aid rescue efforts. Emergency responders needed helicopters to lift residents in Álora, Andalusia trapped by a nearby swollen river.[77] King Felipe VI expressed his "desolation and concern at the tragedy" and "together with the Queen, we wish to send our condolences to all the families affected who have lost loved ones and who still do not know what happened to their relatives" and held a video conference with the Military Emergency Unit.[110][111] On 31 October, the King offered the Royal Guard and the Royal Household Security Service to the competent authorities to assist with the tragedy.[112] Specifically, 195 royal guards and fifty civil guards with different specialties (divers, dog handlers and drone pilots, among others) were deployed.[113] Three days of mourning were declared nationwide, from 31 October to 2 November.[114] At the same time, over 30 October and 1 November, about 1,000 Spanish troops gradually deployed to the worst impacted areas.[26] During the first 48 hours of the response, the military rescued 4,800 people and provided aid to 30,000 more. On 2 November, Sánchez deployed 10,000 troops of the Spanish Army to the Valencian Community, in the largest peacetime military deployment in Spanish history.[5]

King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia were pelted with mud during their visit to Valencia after the floods.

King Felipe VI, Queen Letizia, and Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez visited the Valencia region to assess the damage and meet with those impacted on 3 November.[115] On arriving in Paiporta, the retinue was met with protests from the locals and volunteers, who hurled mud and chanted "murderers".[116][117] People expressed frustration over the perceived absence of adequate warnings and support from officials following the floods,[118] while protesters urged Pedro Sánchez and Carlos Mazón to resign.[119] The King had broken his own security cordon to approach the residents and attempt to talk to them.[120] Among the people that Felipe spoke to were a young man wearing a Blue Division t-shirt[121][122][123] and another who, according to Valencian journalist Miquel Ramos [es], is the leader of a local neo-Nazi group.[121][123] Queen Letizia was also pelted with mud, after going over to talk to residents.[124] Sánchez left the site after being hit with a shovel in the back and his official car was vandalised.[125] Two bodyguards were injured.[126] A scheduled visit by the delegation later in the day to Chiva was cancelled.[127] The prime minister later downplayed the attack as a "marginal act" and stated in a speech that: "the majority of the population wants a solution, commitments from the institutions, and what they want is to reject and marginalise any kind of violence that can be perpetrated".[128] A volunteer of the far-right organization "Revuelta" claimed responsibility for the attack; the far-right party Vox offered its legal services to the attackers.[129] The Civil Guard subsequently opened an investigation into the involvement of far-right groups in the altercation.[130] Three men from the province without known far-right links were arrested.[131]

On 4 November, opposition leader Alberto Núñez Feijóo called for prime minister Sánchez to declare a national state of emergency, which would involve the removal of the government of Carlos Mazón and the imposition of direct rule over the Valencian Community.[132] On 5 November, the Sánchez government approved a decree to provide €10.6 billion (amounting to €60,000 per household) in fiscal aid to people affected by the floods.[133]

Other regional governments

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President of the Government of Catalonia Salvador Illa voiced "support and solidarity" to everyone affected. The Support Group for Special Operations [ca] (GRAE) of the Corps of Firefighters of Catalonia was reportedly assembling in Terres de l'Ebre awaiting Valencian Government approval to help. On 30 October, GRAE once sent a medical team but was politically ordered back halfway, prompting GRAE members to decry Valencian regional president Carlos Mazón "prioritizing politics above rescuing and helping victims" but accepting firefighter help from the Community of Madrid and Asturias.[134] On 1 November, after 48 hours of refusing Catalan aid, they were finally allowed in.[135] Navarre and other regional governments also sent numerous resources.[136][137][138] On 2 November it was reported that two Super Puma rescue helicopters from Andalusia were returned home after not being assigned any tasks for two whole days since deployed, with the Junta de Andalucía repeatedly asking the Valencian government to assign them duties.[139][140]

Volunteers

[edit]
Queues of volunteers for clean-up in Valencia
Volunteers cleaning up in Benetússer, Alfafar and Catarroja

In the days after the flooding, without any government coordination, thousands of Valencian volunteers self-organized to help affected towns; bringing supplies, including food and water, and helping clean up the mud and debris.[141][142][143] As the Valencian government had not provided information for how to provide aid, and as police presence in the affected areas was minimal, volunteer groups were created autonomously to provide a response. The Valencian government attempted to discourage volunteer activities due to the danger of using damaged infrastructure,[142] while emergency services requested that volunteers not use vehicles.[142][141] Minister of Health Mónica García advised volunteers to wear personal protective equipment and long clothes, in order to prevent infection by contaminated waters.[144] Municipal governments in the affected areas themselves called for popular support from volunteers; in many towns affected by the floods, Valencian volunteers arrived before the Military Emergencies Unit (UME) or police.[142]

Volunteers also set up and organized diverse websites to help finding missing people, ask for help or collaborate with others in better organization.[145][146]

On 1 November, the Mazón government announced the creation of a volunteer platform, in an attempt to centralise the volunteer response.[147] Volunteers that attended the government-organised shifts reported "chaos" and "confusion" among the coordinators over the assignment of tasks and destinations; many volunteers disembarked their assigned buses and instead walked to the affected towns, returning to self-organisation.[148] Seven of the buses transported volunteers to clean up a shopping center, rather than any of the affected villages; the volunteers refused to disembark, with one volunteer saying "we refuse to clean a Zara, we are here to help people."[149] In response to orange weather warnings, on 3 November, the Valencian government imposed restrictions on freedom of movement, in particular setting the number of volunteers authorised to travel to Valencia’s southern suburbs to 2,000 and restricting access to 12 other localities;[150] volunteers disobeyed the restrictions and sought alternative routes to affected towns.[151] The restrictions coincide with the visit of the king and queen to the affected towns.[152]

Reaction

[edit]

International

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Many governments sent their solidarity with the Valencian people, such as Argentina,[153] Brazil,[154] Chile,[155] China,[156] Cuba,[157][158] Germany,[159] Greece,[160] Ireland,[161] Italy,[162] Japan,[163] Mexico,[164] United Kingdom,[165] Ukraine[166] and Uruguay.[167] President Nayib Bukele of El Salvador offered 300 paramedics and 20 tons of supplies.[168] On 1 November, French Minister of the Interior Bruno Retailleau reportedly offered firefighters, but Spanish Minister of the Interior Fernando Grande-Marlaska rejected them because the Valencian regional government is still managing the crisis without escalating to the central government.[169][170] The Moroccan, Portuguese and Venezuelan governments also offered their help,[171][172][173] while the government of Equatorial Guinea approved aid to be sent to Spain "to help dealing with the tragic consequences".[174]

Climatologists

[edit]

German climatologist Friederike Otto of the Centre for Environmental Policy said climate change undoubtedly aggravated the heavy rain.[175] Italian climatologist Stefano Materia also attributed the severity to climate change and called the current Mediterranean a "timebomb".[176] Climate Central analysed the floods to be influenced by rising temperature in the Atlantic Ocean.[177] According to a report by World Weather Attribution, climate change had made the rainfall in Spain 12% heavier and twice as likely.[178]

Fundraisers

[edit]

Numerous Twitch streamers, such as AuronPlay and Ibai Llanos, made a charity fundraising to collect money for basic consumer goods and help the victims.[179] Spanish role-playing server Marbella Vice II was reopened for the same purpose, to which streamers were invited to participate.[180] Espe in representation of Queens League helped the association Damos Nuestra Ilusión,[181] while Elxokas and Reven sent food to people affected.[182] TheGrefg did the same on Kick.[183]

Several companies made donations to aid the victims.[184] Real Madrid collected €1 million to help the victims,[185] while billionaire Amancio Ortega donated €4 million,[186] and Fundación La Caixa with more than five million.[187] On 4 November, 2024, Fundación Amancio Ortega gave an additional $100 million.[188] In the case of Mercadona, alongside Consum,[189] it collaborated sending necessity goods with Cáritas and Bancos de Alimentos.[190][191]

Environmentalists

[edit]

In Edinburgh, Scotland, an environmentalist group defaced SUVs in the city with the message "These cars kill Valencians" and left photographs of flood victims on the cars' windscreens. The group held SUV drivers partially responsible for the deaths caused in the floods, stating that "If SUVs were a country they’d be the 5th biggest world polluter".[192]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b L. B. (8 November 2024). "El Gobierno eleva a 223 los fallecidos en España, 215 de ellos en Valencia". 20 Minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  2. ^ a b Domínguez, Teresa (7 November 2024). "Los desaparecidos por la DANA en Valencia suben a 93". El Periódico (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  3. ^ a b Santos, Almudena (6 November 2024). "Ascienden a 93 los casos activos de desaparecidos en Valencia por la DANA". Las Provincias (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  4. ^ Evans, Holly; Cobham, Tara; Croft, Alex (2 November 2024). "Spain floods latest: 5,000 more soldiers deployed as satellite photos show extent of devastation". The Independent. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  5. ^ a b Jones, Sam (2 November 2024). "Spain floods: 10,000 troops and police drafted in to deal with disaster". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  6. ^ "Spain's deadliest floods in decades: Death toll reaches 205 as temporary morgue opens". ITVX. 1 November 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  7. ^ "La primera gran riada en la historia de Valencia fue en 1517: derribó tres puentes de cinco y hubo cientos de muertos" [The first major flood in the history of Valencia was in 1517: it destroyed three of the five bridges and left hundreds dead.]. El Español (in Spanish). 30 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Gallardo, Cristina; Niiler, Eric; De Avila, Joseph (2 November 2024). "How Deadly Flooding Ravaged Spain's Valencia Region". The Wall Street Journal.
  9. ^ Carrión, R.; Nicasio, B. (13 August 2007). "Hasta aquí llegó la riada" [This is where the flood came]. ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  10. ^ Martínez, Laura (30 October 2024). "Qué era la Unidad Valenciana de Emergencias, el servicio de coordinación que Mazón suspendió al llegar al Gobierno" [What was the Valencian Emergency Unit, the coordination service that Mazón suspended when he took office?]. elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  11. ^ "Un experto de AEMET avisó hace cinco días del peligro que suponía esta DANA y fue ridiculizado en redes sociales" [An AEMET expert warned five days ago of the danger posed by this DANA and was ridiculed on social networks]. elDiario.es (in Spanish). 30 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  12. ^ "Un experto de la AEMET avisó hace cinco días del riesgo de la DANA y fue ridiculizado en redes" [An AEMET expert warned of the danger posed by this DANA five days ago and was ridiculed on social media]. Cadena SER (in Spanish). 30 October 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  13. ^ Sangrà, Marta (31 October 2024). "History and geography of Valencia: why have some areas been flooded and others not?". Valencia Secreta. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  14. ^ Eguibar et al. 2021, p. 2.
  15. ^ Eguibar et al. 2021, p. 4-5.
  16. ^ Eguibar et al. 2021, p. 3.
  17. ^ Eguibar et al. 2021, p. 5.
  18. ^ Eguibar et al. 2021, p. 12.
  19. ^ Eguibar et al. 2021, p. 17.
  20. ^ Eguibar et al. 2021, p. 11.
  21. ^ Eguibar et al. 2021, p. 15.
  22. ^ Eguibar et al. 2021, p. 21.
  23. ^ a b "La peor gota fría en décadas devasta Valencia con al menos 70 víctimas mortales, decenas de desaparecidos y pueblos anegados" [Worst cold snap in decades devastates Valencia with at least 70 dead, dozens missing and villages flooded]. Artículo 14 (in Spanish). 30 October 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pitarch, Sergi (30 October 2024). "Cronología de una alerta que llegó tarde: "Cuando Utiel y Requena se inundan, se sabe lo que va a pasar después río abajo"" [Chronology of a warning that came too late: "When Utiel and Requena are flooded, you know what will happen next downstream"]. elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  25. ^ "At least 51 dead in Spain after heavy rain causes flooding". euronews. 30 October 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  26. ^ a b "More than 50 dead after torrential rain brings flash flooding to Spain". The Independent. 30 October 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  27. ^ "L'avís que sí que va arribar: la Universitat de València va constituir un comité de crisi per a suspendre les classes dilluns" (in Catalan). ElDiario.es. 3 November 2024.
  28. ^ Pitarch, Sergi (31 October 2024). "La Diputación de Valencia cerró sus centros de trabajo por la DANA seis horas antes de la alerta por SMS a la población" [The Deputation of Valencia closed its workplaces due to the DANA six hours before the SMS alert to the population]. elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  29. ^ a b c "El efecto embudo y el brutal caudal de la rambla del Poyo, claves en el desastre". Levante-EMV (in Spanish). 31 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  30. ^ Mínguez, Minerva (6 November 2024). "Turís registró el récord histórico de España con 184,6 l/m2 en solo una hora" [Turís registered the historical record of Spain with 184.6 l/m2 in just one hour]. levante-emv.com (in es). Levante-EMV. Retrieved 6 November 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  31. ^ https://x.com/avamet/status/1854224209796374531
  32. ^ "Mazón borra el tuit en el que el martes afirmaba que el temporal disminuiría de intensidad a las 18.00 horas" [Mazón deletes the tweet in which he stated on Tuesday that the storm would diminish in intensity at 18.00 hours.]. elDiario.es (in Spanish). 30 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  33. ^ Torres, Andoni (30 October 2024). "Así está el nuevo cauce del Turia a su paso por Valencia: una imagen nunca vista" [This is how the new Turia's riverbed in Valencia is: a never-seen-before image]. Las Provincias (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  34. ^ Kassam, Ashifa (31 October 2024). "'It was a trap': flood alert came too late for residents of Paiporta, Spain". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
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  133. ^ "Sánchez anuncia un plan de 10.600 millones con ayudas directas de 60.000 euros por vivienda para afectados por la DANA" [Sánchez announces a 10.6 billion plan with direct aid of 60,000 euros per home for those affected by the DANA]. elDiario.es (in Spanish). 5 November 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  134. ^ "Mazón va rebutjar l'ajut d'una unitat d'elit de bombers catalans i els va fer tornar" (in Catalan). 1 November 2024.
  135. ^ "València accepta finalment que els Bombers de Catalunya vagin a ajudar els pobles inundats" (in Catalan). Rac1. 1 November 2024.
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  139. ^ "Los helicópteros que la Comunitat Valenciana pidió a Andalucía vuelven dos días después al no asignarles trabajo" (in Spanish). eldiario.es. 2 November 2024.
  140. ^ "Los dos helicópteros que Andalucía mandó a Valencia regresan a sus bases tras no recibir tareas en dos días" (in Spanish). Diario Sur. 3 November 2024.
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  143. ^ "Decenas de miles de voluntarios se auto organizan para ayudar en la zona cero de la riada: "¿Qué comida podéis hacer en casa? ¿Cuántos sois? ¿Estáis bien?"" (in Spanish). El Mundo. 1 November 2024.
  144. ^ "Recomendaciones de Sanidad tras la dana: desechar alimentos húmedos y que los voluntarios usen mascarilla, guantes y ropa larga" [Health recommendations after the DANA: discard wet food and have volunteers wear masks, gloves and long clothing]. El País (in Spanish). 3 November 2024. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
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  152. ^ "La Generalitat prohíbe la entrada de voluntarios en doce municipios afectados por la Dana" [The Generalitat prohibits the entry of volunteers to twelve municipalities affected by the DANA]. El Salto (in Spanish). 2 November 2024. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  153. ^ "El Gobierno le ofreció ayuda humanitaria a España por las trágicas inundaciones". infobae (in European Spanish). 31 October 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  154. ^ @LulaOficial (30 October 2024). "As imagens das chuvas na Espanha causam espanto e nos unem em solidariedade aos espanhóis. Até o momento, mais de 60 pessoas morreram após as enchentes no sul e leste da Espanha. Os efeitos da crise climática são devastadores e têm atingido o Brasil e outros países. Precisamos de mais unidade nas ações entre os países do mundo para frear seu avanço. Em nome dos brasileiros, minha solidariedade ao presidente @sanchezcastejon e a todo o povo espanhol neste momento" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  155. ^ @GabrielBoric (31 October 2024). "Un abrazo gigante al pueblo español ante la tragedia desatada por las inundaciones en la Comunidad Valenciana, Albacete y sus alrededores. Le he escrito al presidente Pedro Sánchez para ponernos a disposición en lo que ellos estimen que podamos ayudarles. Mucha fuerza!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  156. ^ "El presidente de China, de parte del Gobierno chino y su pueblo, expresó sus condolencias profundas a las víctimas y solidaridad sincera con las familias afligidas y los heridos". X.com (in European Spanish). 2 November 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  157. ^ "Desde #Cuba, que batalla en su recuperación por impacto del ciclón Oscar, enviamos solidaridad y condolencias al pueblo y gobierno de #España por la pérdida de decenas de vidas y daños a la infraestructura, en #Valencia y otras comunidades autónomas por impacto de la #DANA".
  158. ^ "Expresamos nuestras condolencias y solidaridad con el pueblo y Gobierno de #España, en particular de las zonas afectadas por las fuertes inundaciones ocasionadas por evento meteorológico que ha provocado numerosas pérdidas de vidas humanas y cuantiosos daños económicos".
  159. ^ xavier (30 October 2024). "Los principales jefes de estado europeos se solidarizan con España por la DANA y ofrecen su apoyo". El Triangle (in European Spanish). Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  160. ^ @PrimeministerGR (30 October 2024). "Our hearts go out to the people of Spain as they endure the devastation caused by these catastrophic floods. I extend my deepest condolences to the families of the victims. Greece stands in solidarity with you during this difficult time" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  161. ^ "Taoiseach expresses Ireland's condolences to Spanish Prime Minister". www.gov.ie. 31 October 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  162. ^ "Mattarella y Meloni muestran su cercanía al pueblo español por inundaciones con 64 muertos". infobae (in European Spanish). 30 October 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  163. ^ @shigeruishiba (31 October 2024). "Me entristece profundamente conocer que muchas valiosas vidas se han perdido en las inundaciones en España. En nombre del Gobierno y del pueblo de Japón, expreso mis más sentidas condolencias por las personas que han perdido la vida y rezo por la pronta recuperación y la reconstrucción. Japón está con España. @sanchezcastejon" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  164. ^ García, Roger (4 November 2024). ""Apoyo de México siempre va a estar ahí": Sheinbaum se solidariza con España tras inundaciones". López-Dóriga Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  165. ^ @Keir_Starmer (1 November 2024). "My thoughts are with those who have lost their lives, their families and all those affected by the devastation caused by the extreme flooding in Spain. The UK stands with Spain during this difficult time" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  166. ^ @ZelenskyyUa (30 October 2024). "Condolencias a @sanchezcastejon y al pueblo español que enfrentan inundaciones devastadoras en Valencia y otras áreas. Cada vida humana es valiosa. Extendemos nuestro más profundo pésame a las familias y allegados de las víctimas. Ucrania se solidariza con España en este momento difícil. Nuestros pensamientos están con todas las comunidades afectadas. Este es el momento para que todos demostramos nuestro apoyo a España, porque nadie debería jamás quedarse solo de a cara a tales desafíos" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  167. ^ "Ante la situación de emergencia en Valencia y demás localidades españolas afectadas por tormentas e inundaciones". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  168. ^ "Spain Storm Disaster: Sánchez Faces Mounting Criticism over Response".
  169. ^ "Marlaska rechaza 200 bomberos ofrecidos por Francia por la DANA: "De momento no es necesario"" (in Spanish). elnacional.cat. 1 November 2024.
  170. ^ "Francia asegura que ofreció ayuda con el envío de 250 bomberos a Valencia y que España la rechazó: "Gracias, pero ahora no hace falta"" (in Spanish). El Mundo. 1 November 2024.
  171. ^ "Marruecos ofrece a España ayuda para hacer frente a las inundaciones en Valencia". SWI swissinfo.ch (in European Spanish). 30 October 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  172. ^ "Portugal ofrece "toda la ayuda necesaria" a España ante las últimas inundaciones". elDiario.es (in Spanish). 30 October 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  173. ^ "Maduro ofrece asistencia a España tras devastadoras inundaciones". www.eluniversal.com.co (in Spanish). 1 November 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  174. ^ @teonguema (5 November 2024). "Guinea Ecuatorial destinará un millón de euros al pueblo español en respuesta a las devastadoras inundaciones causadas por la #DANA y las trágicas consecuencias de este desastre. Esta decisión, que hemos adoptado hoy con urgencia, refleja nuestro firme compromiso de apoyo a los esfuerzos del gobierno español en estos momentos de crisis y ayuda humanitaria. Reiteramos nuestra voluntad de contribuir a la pronta recuperación de los damnificados y a la asistencia a las comunidades afectadas, reafirmando de este modo los lazos de solidaridad que nos unen" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  175. ^ Kassam, Ashifa; Ali, Faisal (1 November 2024). "Why were the floods in Spain so bad? A visual guide". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  176. ^ Niranjan, Ajit (30 October 2024). "Spain's deadly floods and droughts are two faces of the climate crisis coin". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  177. ^ "Analysis: Valencia floods fueled by ocean warming in the Tropical Atlantic linked to climate change". Climate Central. 31 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  178. ^ Hedgecoe, Guy (1 November 2024). "Trapped in cars and garages: Why Valencia floods proved so deadly". BBC News. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  179. ^ Martín Turrón, Mario (1 November 2024). "AuronPlay se suma a los múltiples apoyos a Valencia tras la DANA: "Quiero hacer algo benéfico"". Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  180. ^ Ayora, Víctor (3 November 2024). "Marbella Vice II abre sus puertas de nuevo para recaudar fondos por la dana". Movistar eSports (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  181. ^ Ayora, Víctor (3 November 2024). "El benéfico de Espe por la dana en la Queens League Américas cumple su primera parte". Movistar eSports (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  182. ^ Ayora, Víctor (2 November 2024). "Grefg, Ibai, Xokas, la Kings League... los streamers se vuelcan con los afectados por la dana". Movistar eSports (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  183. ^ Ayora, Víctor (2 November 2024). "El dinero del directo benéfico de Grefg por la dana irá a bienes de primera necesidad y ayuda animal". Movistar eSports (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  184. ^ Carreño, Paula (4 November 2024). "Las empresas se vuelcan con las víctimas de la DANA y multiplican sus donaciones". La Razón (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  185. ^ "El Real Madrid dona un millón de euros para ayudar a las víctimas de la DANA". Real Madrid (in Spanish). 31 October 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  186. ^ Europa Press (4 November 2024). "La Fundación Amancio Ortega dona 100 millones de euros a los afectados por la DANA". Onda Cero (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  187. ^ "La Fundación 'la Caixa' destina más de cinco millones a los afectados por la DANA". El Economista (in Spanish). 7 November 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  188. ^ Ugalde, R. (4 November 2024). "Amancio Ortega dona 100 millones de euros a los afectados por la DANA". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  189. ^ Merodio, Ana (4 November 2024). "Juan Roig, dueño de Mercadona, cambia el traje por las botas de agua para abrazar a las víctimas de la DANA". Hola (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  190. ^ Marzal, Miguel (2 November 2024). "Mercadona se vuelca con donaciones a los afectados por la Dana". Levante-El Mercantil Valenciano (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  191. ^ Marzal, Miguel (2 November 2024). "Consum colabora con Generalitat y ayuntamientos para el envío de alimentos a los afectados por la Dana". Levante-El Mercantil Valenciano (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  192. ^ Gayle, Damien (4 November 2024). "Edinburgh activists target SUVs in solidarity with Spain's flood victims". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 November 2024.

Bibliography

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