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2028 United States presidential election

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2028 United States presidential election
← 2024 November 7, 2028 2032 →
538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
 
Party Republican Democratic
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2028 electoral map, based on the results of the 2020 census.
Incumbent President

Donald Trump
Republican



2028 U.S. presidential election
Republican Party
Democratic Party
Related races
← 2024 2028 2032 →

Presidential elections are scheduled to be held in the United States on November 7, 2028,[1] to elect a president and vice president for a term of four years. The winners of the election are expected to be inaugurated on January 20, 2029.

After winning the 2016 and 2024 presidential elections, President Donald Trump is ineligible for a third term, due to the provisions of the Twenty-second Amendment. Trump's non-consecutive second term expires at noon on January 20, 2029, when the winners of the election will be inaugurated as the president and vice president of the United States.

Background

See also: 2024 United States presidential election and 2024 United States elections
Donald Trump will be term-limited once his second term ends at noon on January 20, 2029.

The Republican Party, represented by President Donald Trump and Vice President JD Vance, returned to power in the United States with a government trifecta in January 2025 following the 2024 election. Trump, who was elected president in 2016 but lost a re-election bid in 2020 to Joe Biden, defeated Vice President Kamala Harris, who began her campaign following President Joe Biden's exit from the 2024 election. Trump's victory was credited to a surge in inflation, a migrant crisis at the U.S.–Mexico border,[2] and a global anti-incumbent backlash.[3][4] Republicans also secured control of the Senate winning four seats and earning a three seat majority, while also retaining a House majority, despite losing two seats and dropping from a five seat to a three seat majority.[5]

Electoral system

The president and vice president of the United States are elected through the Electoral College, a group of 538 presidential electors who convene to vote for the president and vice president. The number of electors in the Electoral College is determined through the total number of senators and representatives with an additional three representatives for Washington, D.C.. Electors cast votes for the president and vice president; the winner is elected through a majority of 270 votes. If the election ends in a tie, a contingent election occurs, in which the House of Representatives votes on the president and the Senate votes on the vice president. Forty-eight states use a winner-take-all system in which states award all of their electors to the winner of the popular vote. In Maine and Nebraska, two votes are allocated to the winner of the popular vote, while each of the individual congressional districts have one vote. Electoral votes are certified by state electors in December and by Congress on January 6.[6]

Presidential candidates are selected in a presidential primary, conducted through primary elections or caucuses. The results of primary elections, ran by state governments, and caucuses, ran by state parties, bind convention delegates to candidates. The Democratic Party mandates a proportional allocation if a candidate receives at least fifteen percent in a given congressional district, while the Republican Party gives state parties the authority to allocate all of the delegates to a candidate within the "proportionality window", set by the first two weeks of March. After the window, state parties may set individual rules.[7] A brokered convention occurs when a candidate does not receive a majority of votes on the first round of voting,[8] or when a candidate withdraws.[9]

Article Two of the United States Constitution states that for a person to serve as president, the individual must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, be at least 35 years of age, and have been a United States resident for at least 14 years.[10]

Trump is ineligible to seek a third term,[11] as the Twenty-second Amendment forbids any person from being elected president more than twice.[12][13]

Electoral map

Main article: Red states and blue states
This map shows how partisan states are by the Cook Partisan Voting Index. Swing states are the states in lighter colors.

Most U.S. states are not highly competitive in presidential elections, often voting consistently for the same party due to longstanding demographic differences. In the Electoral College, this results in major-party candidates primarily focusing their campaigns on swing states, which can swing between parties from election to election. These states are critical for a presidential candidate's path to victory. For 2028, the expected swing states likely include the Rust Belt states of Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Michigan, as well as the Sun Belt states of Arizona, Georgia, Nevada, and North Carolina,[citation needed] all of which were narrowly won by Trump in 2024.[14][15][16] The Minnesota Star Tribune also reported that the close margin in Minnesota would make it specifically a very likely swing state,[17] and WMUR said the same about New Hampshire, which was Trump's closest loss and was "much more of a swing state".[18]

Red states, also known as the red wall or red sea, are states that consistently vote Republican at the national and state level. The red wall has rarely been broken, as these states almost never swing. The last significant breach of the red wall occurred in the 1992 United States presidential election. States formerly considered swing states, such as Florida, Iowa, and Ohio, voted for Trump in all three of his elections, with increasing margins in each election (and have become reliably red in other state and federal elections) which suggests that they are no longer swing states.[19][20][21] Blue states are states that consistently vote Democratic at the national and state level. The blue states in 2024 include what is sometimes called the blue wall,[22] as well as Colorado, New Hampshire, New Mexico, and Virginia, former swing states that have become reliably blue since 2008 even in Republican national victories.[23] Due to its recent record of voting Democratic even during Republican national wins, Nebraska's 2nd congressional district is also sometimes considered blue.[24]

Republican Party primaries

Candidates

Speculated by the media

Potential Republican candidates[a]


Ted Cruz

Ted Cruz has served as a U.S. senator from Texas since 2013. The runner-up to Donald Trump in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, Cruz has said that he expects to seek the presidency again at some point in the future. In October 2024, the Houston Chronicle described Cruz as being on a 'short list of Republicans rumored for a presidential run in 2028', but added that his hopes hinged on proving that he could attract voters outside of 'hard-line conservatives'.[25] The Texas Tribune posited following Cruz's reelection victory in November 2024 that he had kept his national ambitions alive, reporting that Brendan Steinhauser, a Texas GOP operative independent of Cruz's Senate campaign, argued that Cruz's comfortable win 'keeps him in the conversation nationally', adding that Cruz could springboard his coalition in Texas into a formidable presidential campaign.[26]

Ron DeSantis

Ron DeSantis has served as the governor of Florida since 2019 and previously ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 2024. He has been considered a possible candidate by Politico,[27] Florida Politics,[28][29] and The Latin Times.[30]

Tulsi Gabbard

Tulsi Gabbard is the director of National Intelligence and previously served as the U.S. representative from Hawaii's 2nd congressional district from 2013 to 2021. She ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2020 and joined the Republican Party in 2024.[31] Gabbard has been mentioned as a possible contender in 2028 by NPR,[32] Axios,[33] Florida Politics,[29] the Miami Herald,[34] and NJ.com.[35]

Nikki Haley

Nikki Haley was the runner-up in the Republican presidential nomination in 2024. She previously served as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 2017 to 2018, during the first Trump administration, and as Governor of South Carolina from 2011 to 2017. She has been considered a potential candidate by The Hill,[36] The Latin Times,[30] NBC News,[37] the Miami Herald,[34] Politico,[38] and KSAZ-TV.[39]

Brian Kemp

Brian Kemp has served as the governor of Georgia since 2019. Kemp opposed President Trump's claims of voter fraud in the 2020 election but was ultimately endorsed by Trump in Kemp's successful 2022 re-election campaign. Kemp has been mentioned as a potential candidate for federal office after being term-limited as governor, either for U.S. Senate in 2026 or for president in 2028.[40][41]

Kristi Noem

Kristi Noem is the United States Secretary of Homeland Security and previously served as the governor of South Dakota from 2019 to 2025. She considered running for the president in 2024 but decided against pursuing the nomination. She has been mentioned as a possible candidate by Politico[38] and the Minnesota Reformer.[42]

Vivek Ramaswamy

Vivek Ramaswamy is a billionaire businessman and founder of Roivant Sciences. He previously ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 2024. He has been mentioned as a possible contender by Politico,[38] NBC News,[37] The Latin Times,[30] and Florida Politics.[28]

However, he is expected to launch a bid for the 2026 Ohio gubernatorial election in February 2025.[43]

Marco Rubio

Marco Rubio is the United States Secretary of State and served as a U.S. senator from Florida from 2011 to 2025. Rubio sought the Republican nomination for president of the United States in 2016, losing to Donald Trump. Six former secretaries of state have been elected president of the United States, and Rubio has been mentioned as a potential candidate by Politico[38] and The Hill.[44][45]

Sarah Huckabee Sanders

Sarah Huckabee Sanders has served as the governor of Arkansas since 2023 and previously served as the 31st White House Press Secretary in the first Trump administration. She is the daughter of United States Ambassador to Israel-nominee and former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee who ran in the 2008 and 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries. She has been noted as a possible contender by NBC News,[37] KSAZ-TV,[39] and Politico.[38]

Tim Scott

Tim Scott has served as a U.S. senator from South Carolina since 2013 and ran for the nomination in 2024. He previously served as U.S. representative from South Carolina's 1st congressional district from 2011 to 2013. Scott has been considered as a possible candidate for president in 2028 by Axios,[46] NBC News,[37] and Politico.[38]

Elise Stefanik

Elise Stefanik is the nominee for United States Ambassador to the United Nations and has served as the U.S. representative from New York's 21st congressional district since 2015. She has been mentioned as a potential candidate by the Associated Press,[47] CBS News,[48] PBS News,[49] and the Washington Examiner.[50]

Donald Trump Jr.

Donald Trump Jr. is a businessman and member of the first family of the United States who has been regarded a potential presidential candidate by Politico,[38] the Miami Herald,[34] and The Hill.[51]

JD Vance

JD Vance has served as the vice president of the United States since 2025. He previously served as a U.S. senator from Ohio from 2023 to 2025. Vance is the front runner in the primary election, according to The Columbus Dispatch,[52] The Latin Times[30] and the Asbury Park Press.[53] The Hill stated that Vance's debate performance against Minnesota governor Tim Walz in October 2024 improved his status as a presidential contender.[54] In a February 2025 interview, President Trump stated that he did not see Vance as his successor, stating "he's very capable" and "it's too early, we're just starting."[55]

Glenn Youngkin

Glenn Youngkin has served as the governor of Virginia since 2022, and is barred by the state's constitution from seeking a second consecutive term. He has been noted as a possible candidate by Politico,[38] the Tampa Bay Times,[56] Axios,[46] and NBC News.[37]

Democratic Party primaries

Candidates

Expressed interest

Potential Democratic candidates who have expressed an interest in running[b]
Stephen A. Smith

ESPN sports television personality Stephen A. Smith stated in November 2024, following the election, that he would consider running if he had a reasonable chance of victory.[57] In February 2025, he stated on his podcast, The Stephen A. Smith Show, that he would entertain the idea of launching a presidential campaign.[58][59] His comments came after he was included in a Democratic primary nationwide poll, where he received 2%.[60]

Speculated by the media

Potential Democratic candidates[a]
Andy Beshear

Andy Beshear has served as the governor of Kentucky since 2019. He was previously on the shortlist to be the vice presidential nominee for the 2024 election,[61] and was seen as a potential replacement for President Joe Biden before he withdrew from the race. In October 2024, Beshear headlined an event for the New Hampshire Democrats, a key early primary state, where he promoted both himself and Vice President Kamala Harris to attendees, signaling his future aspirations.[62] Beshear was the most popular Democratic governor in the United States per the Morning Consult, fueling speculation that he may run for president.[63][64] In response to ongoing speculation about his political ambitions, Beshear has stated in an interview with WDKY-TV that he will "see what the future holds", without explicitly ruling out a potential presidential run.[65]

Cory Booker

Cory Booker has served as a U.S. senator from New Jersey since 2013 and ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2020. He previously served as mayor of Newark, New Jersey from 2006 to 2013. Booker has been mentioned as a possible candidate for president in 2028 by The Hill,[66][67] Politico,[68][69] and NBC News.[70]

Pete Buttigieg

Pete Buttigieg served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 2021 to 2025. Prior to becoming Secretary of Transportation, he served as mayor of South Bend, Indiana, from January 1, 2012, to January 1, 2020, and launched a 2020 presidential campaign. Buttigieg was also a contender to be Vice President Kamala Harris' running mate after she secured the Democratic nomination for president. U.S. News reports that Buttigieg is seen as the party's top 'communicator', appearing on conservative television defending President Biden's policies. This report also hinted that Buttigieg might also run for governor of Michigan in 2026 to replace term-limited governor Gretchen Whitmer.[71] After Buttigieg's radio talk show appearances in New Hampshire and Cleveland to address infrastructure plans for the future, there has been speculation that Buttigieg might be making early campaign stops for the governor race in Michigan as well as the presidential election.[38] Buttigieg confirmed in February 2025 that he was considering a Senate run after dismissing a run for governor.[72]

Roy Cooper

Roy Cooper served as the governor of North Carolina from 2017 to 2025. He was considered a potential contender to be the vice presidential nominee for the 2024 election but removed himself from consideration.[73] Politico has also referred to Cooper as a potential contender for the 2028 Democratic Party's presidential nomination.[74] In an interview with The New York Times in December 2024, Cooper stated that "everything is on the table" and that he was interested in running for public office again.[75]

Rahm Emanuel

Rahm Emanuel served as the U.S. Ambassador to Japan from 2022 to 2025. He also served as mayor of Chicago from 2011 to 2019. Emanuel has been regarded as a potential candidate by Politico[76] and The Independent.[77]

Ruben Gallego

Ruben Gallego has served as a U.S. senator from Arizona since 2025. He also previously served as U.S. representative from Arizona's 3rd congressional district from 2015 until 2025. Gallego was listed as a potential candidate by both Politico,[38] NBC News,[70] and The Advocate[78] as Gallego was the only battleground state Democratic Senate candidate that outpaced Harris in vote share by more than half of a percentage point and performed particularly well with Latino men, a key demographic that Democrats struggled with in 2024.[38] The New York Times called him a good candidate that could win over working-class voters.[79]

Kamala Harris

Kamala Harris served as the vice president of the United States from 2021 to 2025. She became the nominee for president in the 2024 presidential election after Biden withdrew his bid, losing to Donald Trump.[80] Harris, who has the largest donor network in the Democratic Party, may run for the presidency again in 2028 according to The New York Times,[80] as well as Politico[69] and The Guardian,[81] although her loss in the previous election could potentially give her a disadvantage.[80] According to USA Today, Harris intended to run in 2028 before Biden's withdrawal.[82] In November 2024, Politico reported that Harris is considering running for president in 2028 or for governor of California in 2026.[83]

Ro Khanna

Ro Khanna has served as the representative of California's 17th congressional district since 2017. Khanna has shown interest[84] in running to be the "president on his vision" of Progressive Capitalism "one day"[85] and is known as the representative of Silicon Valley in Congress.[86] He served as the co-chair of Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign.[84] He has been described as a progressive but ideologically to the right of democratic socialists like Bernie Sanders and AOC. Khanna has been proposed as a potential 2028 candidate by multiple news outlets, including The New Yorker,[87] The Hill,[66] Politico,[62][38] and NBC News.[70]

Amy Klobuchar

Amy Klobuchar has served as a U.S. senator from Minnesota since 2007. A candidate in the 2020 Democratic primaries, NBC News speculated in November 2024 that she may consider another run in 2028.[70] Politico also listed Klobuchar as a potential candidate in December 2024.[68]

Chris Murphy

Chris Murphy has served as a U.S. senator from Connecticut since 2013. NBC News speculated in November 2024 that he may consider a run for president in 2028.[70] The Guardian and The Hill also listed Murphy as a potential candidate.[88][66]

Gavin Newsom

Gavin Newsom has served as the governor of California since 2019. Newsom has been viewed as a contender for the 2028 presidential election by The Orange County Register,[89] The New York Times,[90] Politico,[69] and The Washington Post after he garnered national attention by December 2023,[91] and he was seen as a potential replacement for Biden after his withdrawal from the 2024 election by The New York Times.[92] According to The New York Times, Newsom was considering a bid for the presidency by September 2023.[93]

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez has served as the representative of New York's 14th congressional district since 2019. Ocasio-Cortez has been proposed as a potential candidate by many sources.[94] Politico noted that Ocasio-Cortez "has a prominent following from younger, diverse people".[95] According to Politico, there is also speculation amongst media outlets that have begun for Ocasio-Cortez being a potential candidate for president in 2028.[94] Pundits for Spectrum News NY1 proposed Ocasio-Cortez would be a "formidable contender" if she decided to make a run for the White House.[96] Monica Crowley said Ocasio-Cortez enjoyed "real grassroots support" due to her prominence on social media,[97] while Slate's Ben Mathis-Lilley wrote in November 2024 that Ocasio-Cortez "might already have an opening to be the front-runner for the 2028 nomination".[98]

Jon Ossoff

Jon Ossoff has served as a U.S senator from Georgia since 2021. In November 2024, NBC News mentioned him as well as junior senator Raphael Warnock as potential contenders for 2028, noting that the two could underscore their ability to succeed electorally in a state thought to be tough for Democrats. Of Ossoff concerning the 2028 election, longtime Democratic strategist Jared Leopold said, "Another guy no one talks about, by the way, is Ossoff, because he kind of keeps quiet, but he's great."[70] In January 2025, The Advocate referred to Ossoff as a possible candidate, saying that his ability to mobilize young and diverse voters in addition to his media savviness as well as his focus on key issues, "positions him as a rising leader with nationwide appeal".[78]

Dean Phillips

Dean Phillips served as the representative of Minnesota's 3rd congressional district from 2019 to 2025. Phillips ran a campaign against Biden in the 2024 Democratic presidential primaries.[99] Phillips received the second-highest number of delegates to the 2024 Democratic National Convention of any candidate in the primaries.[100] In an interview with CBS Minnesota, Phillips was asked about his future political aspirations. He ruled out a bid for the U.S. Senate or the governor's office in 2026 but said, "never say never" regarding another presidential campaign in 2028.[101] The HuffPost reported that after the election, Phillips said of his White House bid, “I would do it a thousand times again.”[102] Phillips has also been suggested as a potential third party or independent candidate, and has personally advocated for the establishment of a center-left third party.[103]

Jared Polis

Jared Polis has served as the governor of Colorado since 2019. He has been mentioned as a potential candidate by Politico[38] and NBC.[70]

JB Pritzker

JB Pritzker has served as the governor of Illinois since 2019. Pritzker is a potential Democratic contender, according to the Chicago Sun-Times[104], Bloomberg[105] and Politico.[106] In 2023, Pritzker declined to speak directly with representative Dean Phillips regarding his effort to try to convince him to enter the Democratic Party presidential primary race to oppose Biden.[107][108]

Gina Raimondo

Gina Raimondo served as the United States Secretary of Commerce from 2021 to 2025, and served as the governor of Rhode Island from 2015 to 2021. Raimondo was mentioned as a potential replacement for Biden before he withdrew from the 2024 election.[109] In an interview with 60 Minutes, she did not rule out a future presidential run.[110] The Washington Examiner,[50] GOLOCALProv,[111] and Rhode Island PBS mention her as a potential 2028 candidate, although she may intend to run for another term as governor in Rhode Island.[112]

Josh Shapiro

Josh Shapiro has served as the governor of Pennsylvania since 2023. Shapiro has been seen as a critical figure in Pennsylvania by Democratic strategists and officials, according to Politico,[69] and as a politician who could garner votes from white working-class voters, according to CNN.[113] He was said to be a front-runner in the primary by The Philadelphia Inquirer[114] and the Asbury Park Press.[53] According to The New York Times, Shapiro was seen as a potential replacement for Biden.[92]

Tim Walz

Tim Walz has served as the governor of Minnesota since 2019. Having been Kamala Harris' running mate in 2024, Walz is considered a prospective candidate, with Politico discussing Walz as a possible contender in November 2024, quoting an anonymous Harris staffer as saying, "When Democrats start talking about 2028, six months ago, Walz's name wouldn't have been on the list, now it might be on the top."[69] In January 2025, The Advocate described him as 'an appealing candidate', crediting his ability to connect with rural and urban voters alike, as well as his experience governing a politically diverse state.[78]

Raphael Warnock

Raphael Warnock has served as U.S senator from Georgia since 2021. In November 2024, he was mentioned along with fellow Georgia Senator Jon Ossoff by NBC News as potential contenders for 2028, noting that the two could underscore their ability to succeed electorally in a state thought to be tough for Democrats.[70] In December 2024 he was noted for being a potential candidate with "national promise" by Politico.[38] Later that month The Guardian praised him for his oratory skills and noted his progressive policy stances on healthcare and voting rights.[88]

Gretchen Whitmer

Gretchen Whitmer has served as the governor of Michigan since 2019. Whitmer was listed as a potential 2028 Democratic candidate for president by the Associated Press in January 2025.[115] Also, Politico mentioned Whitmer as a potential candidate for the 2028 Democratic presidential nomination in December 2024.[68] Whitmer was a top contender to be Biden’s running mate in 2020, and since then, her political star has risen.[116] In 2023, Whitmer declined to speak directly with representative Dean Phillips regarding his effort to try to convince her to enter the Democratic Party presidential primary race to oppose Biden.[107][108]

Declined to be candidates

The following individuals stated that they would not run for president:

Third-party and independent candidates

Potential candidates

Potential third-party and independent candidates

Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has served as the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services since February 2025.[118] He ran as a Democratic presidential candidate before launching an independent presidential bid in the 2024 presidential election. Before entering office, he was an environmental lawyer, author, and anti-vaccine activist. When asked about a potential candidacy in the 2028 presidential election, Kennedy expressed an openness to running,[119][better source needed] and has been considered a possible candidate by various organizations.[120][121]

Dean Phillips

Dean Phillips served as the representative of Minnesota's 3rd congressional district from 2019 to 2025. Phillips ran a campaign against Biden in the 2024 Democratic presidential primaries[99] and received the second-highest number of delegates to the 2024 Democratic National Convention of any candidate in the primaries.[100] In an interview with CBS Minnesota, Phillips was asked about his future political aspirations. He ruled out a bid for the U.S. Senate or the governor's office in 2026 but said, "never say never" regarding another presidential campaign in 2028.[101] The HuffPost reported that after the election, Phillips said of his White House bid, “I would do it a thousand times again.”[102] Phillips has also been suggested as a potential third party or independent candidate, and has personally advocated for the establishment of a center-left third party.[103]

Declined to be candidates

The following individuals stated that they would not run for president:

Timeline

Main article: Timeline of the 2028 United States presidential election

Opinion polling

Republican primary

Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size[c] Ted
Cruz 		Ron
DeSantis 		Nikki
Haley 		Robert F.
Kennedy Jr. [d] 		Vivek
Ramaswamy 		Marco
Rubio 		Donald
Trump[e] 		Donald
Trump Jr. 		JD
Vance 		Other Undecided
Echelon Insights February 10–13, 2025 466 LV 4% 10% 8% — 5% 4% — — 39% 10%[f] 20%
McLaughlin & Associates January 22–27, 2025 453 (LV) — 8% 2% — 3% 3% — 21% 27% 11%[g] 24%
January 20, 2025 Second inauguration of Donald Trump
McLaughlin & Associates December 11–16, 2024 463 (LV) — 9% 4% – 4% 2% — 21% 25% 9%[h] 24%
Morning Consult December 6–8, 2024 994 (RV) — 9% 6% 5% 5% 1% — 30% 30% 19%[i] —
Emerson College November 20–22, 2024 420 (RV) 1% 5% 2% 2% 3% 1% 23% — 30% 9%[j][k] 28%
Echelon Insights November 14–18, 2024 483 (LV) 5% 8% 9% — 9% 5% — — 37% 9%[l] 18%
November 5, 2024 2024 United States presidential election held.
Echelon Insights July 19–21, 2024 456 (LV) 4% 14% 9% — 10% 2% — 25% 16%[m] 21%
Echelon Insights January 16–18, 2024 832 (RV) — 27% 19% — 18% — — 1% 18%[n] 17%

Democratic primary

Statewide

California
Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size[c] Cory
Booker 		Pete
Buttigieg 		Kamala
Harris 		Amy
Klobuchar 		Gavin
Newsom 		Josh
Shapiro 		Gretchen
Whitmer 		Other Undecided
Capitol Weekly February 6, 2025 681 V 5% 15% 15% 6% 27% 6% 6% 20%[o] —

Nationwide

Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size[c] Pete
Buttigieg 		Kamala
Harris 		Gavin
Newsom 		Alexandria
Ocasio-Cortez 		Josh
Shapiro 		Tim
Walz 		Other Undecided
Echelon Insights February 10–13, 2025 447 (LV) 10% 36% 6% 5% 3% 9% 21%[p] 10%
McLaughlin & Associates January 22–27, 2025 414 (LV) 9% 33% 7% 6% 3% 3% 23%[q] 22%
January 20, 2025 Second inauguration of Donald Trump
McLaughlin & Associates December 11–16, 2024 428 (LV) 12% 35% 7% 3% 5% 5% 18%[r] 19%
Emerson College November 20–22, 2024 400 (RV) 4% 37% 7% 1% 3% 1% 16%[s] 35%
Echelon Insights November 14–18, 2024 457 (LV) 6% 41% 8% 4% 7% 6% 12%[t] 16%
Morning Consult November 15–17, 2024 1,012 (V) 9% 43% 8% 4% 5% 7% 23%[u] —
November 5, 2024 2024 United States presidential election held.
Morning Consult/Politico May 28–29, 2024 3,997 (RV) 10% 21% 10% — 3% — 12%[v] 41%
Echelon Insights January 16–18, 2024 499 (RV) 13% 33% 11% — 2% — 12%[w] 29%

General election

JD Vance vs. Kamala Harris

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[c] 		JD
Vance
(R) 		Kamala
Harris
(D) 		Undecided
January 20, 2025 Second inauguration of Donald Trump
On Point/SoCal Strategies December 23, 2024 656 (A) 41% 43% 16%
American Pulse Research & Polling December 17–20, 2024 661 (LV) 46% 47% 7%

JD Vance vs. Gavin Newsom

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[c] 		JD
Vance
(R) 		Gavin
Newsom
(D) 		Undecided
January 20, 2025 Second inauguration of Donald Trump
On Point/SoCal Strategies December 23, 2024 656 (A) 37% 34% 29%

JD Vance vs. Josh Shapiro

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[c] 		JD
Vance
(R) 		Josh
Shapiro
(D) 		Undecided
January 20, 2025 Second inauguration of Donald Trump
On Point/SoCal Strategies December 23, 2024 656 (A) 37% 34% 29%

JD Vance vs. Gretchen Whitmer

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size[c] 		JD
Vance
(R) 		Gretchen
Whitmer
(D) 		Undecided
January 20, 2025 Second inauguration of Donald Trump
On Point/SoCal Strategies December 23, 2024 656 (A) 40% 33% 26%

Notes

  1. ^ a b Individuals listed below have been mentioned as potential 2028 presidential candidates in at least two reliable media sources in the last six months.
  2. ^ Individuals listed below have personally expressed an interest in seeking the 2028 Democratic Party presidential nomination in at least two reliable media sources in the last six months.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Key:
    A – all adults
    RV – registered voters
    LV – likely voters
    V – unclear
  4. ^ Registered Independent, left Democratic Party in 2023
  5. ^ Ineligible per 22nd Amendment to the Constitution
  6. ^ Kristi Noem and Sarah Huckabee Sanders with 2%; Doug Burgum, Josh Hawley, Tim Scott, and Glenn Youngkin with 1%; Katie Britt and Elise Stefanik with <1%; "Someone else" with 2%
  7. ^ Tulsi Gabbard with 3%; Gregg Abbott & Glenn Youngkin with 2%; Larry Hogan, Kristi Noem, Sarah Huckabee Sanders & Tim Scott with 1%
  8. ^ Tim Scott with 3%; Tulsi Gabbard, Sarah Huckabee Sanders & Glenn Youngkin with 2%; Greg Abbott, Tom Cotton, Kristi Noem & Rick Scott with 1%; Larry Hogan & Elise Stefanik with <1%
  9. ^ Greg Abbott, Tucker Carlson, Brian Kemp, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, and Glenn Youngkin with 1%; Someone else with 5%; Would not vote with 4%
  10. ^ Tulsi Gabbard and Candace Owens with 1%; Elon Musk, and Glenn Youngkin with <1%; Someone else with 5%
  11. ^ Musk is not eligible to serve as president as he is not a natural-born citizen
  12. ^ Sarah Huckabee Sanders with 2%; Josh Hawley, Tim Scott, Glenn Youngkin, and Kristi Noem with 1%; Katie Britt, Doug Burgum, and Elise Stefanik with 0%; Someone else with 3%
  13. ^ Sarah Huckabee Sanders with 3%; Josh Hawley, and Tim Scott with 2%; Katie Britt, Byron Donalds, and Glenn Youngkin with 1%
  14. ^ Tucker Carlson with 6%; Greg Abbott with 3%; Kari Lake and Glenn Youngkin with 2%; Tom Cotton, Byron Donalds, Josh Hawley, Brian Kemp, and Elise Stefanik with 1%; Katie Britt with 0%
  15. ^ JB Pritzker with 1%; Ruben Gallego and Wes Moore with <1%; "Other" with 18%
  16. ^ Gretchen Whitmer with 4%; Mark Cuban with 3%; Cory Booker, Jasmine Crockett, John Fetterman, JB Pritzker, and Raphael Warnock with 2%; Andy Beshear, Ruben Gallego, and Jared Polis with 1%; Wes Moore and Stephen A. Smith with <1%; "Someone else" with 1%
  17. ^ Amy Klobuchar & Gretchen Whitmer with 3%; Cory Booker, Wes Moore, & Stephen A. Smith with 2%; Phil Murphy, Jared Polis, JB Pritzker, & Beto O'Rourke with 1%, Deval Patrick with <1%
  18. ^ JB Pritzker, Gretchen Whitmer & Beto O'Rourke with 3%; Cory Booker with 2%; Amy Klobuchar, Wes Moore, Phil Murphy & Deval Patrick with 1%; Jared Polis with <1%
  19. ^ Gretchen Whitmer with 3%; Michelle Obama and Bernie Sanders with 2%; Hakeem Jeffries, Wes Moore, JB Pritzker, Jon Stewart, and Rashida Tlaib with 1%; Andy Beshear and Mark Kelly with <1%; Someone else with 4%
  20. ^ Gretchen Whitmer with 3%; J.B. Pritzker, Andy Beshear, and Cory Booker with 2%; Jared Polis and Wes Moore with 1%; Someone else with 1%
  21. ^ Gretchen Whitmer with 3%; Cory Booker, Amy Klobuchar, Elizabeth Warren, and Andy Beshear with 2%; Wes Moore, JB Pritzker, and John Fetterman with 1%; "Someone else" with 3%; "Would not vote" with 6%
  22. ^ Mark Kelly and Gretchen Whitmer with 4%; "Someone else" with 7%
  23. ^ J. B. Pritzker and Gretchen Whitmer with 3%; John Fetterman, and Raphael Warnock with 2%; Andy Beshear and Wes Moore with 1%

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