Angolans in Namibia
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Northeastern Namibia, especially along the Okavango River | |
| Languages | |
| Portuguese, Oshiwambo[1] |
There are various communities of Angolans in Namibia.
Migration history
[edit]As Angola and Namibia are neighbours, there has historically been a great deal of cross-border movements between the two countries.[2] There were formerly large numbers of immigrants from southeast Angola at Mangarangandja and Sarasungu, east of Rundu along the Okavango River; however, they were relocated to Kaisosi and Kehemu in the 1970s.[3] These early migrants tend to identify themselves as "Nyemba".[4] Many early migrants were of Ovambo ethnicity, an ethnic group found on both sides of the border.[5]
In 1989, as Namibia prepared to form a new independent government and Namibians in self-imposed exile in Angola returned to their homeland, hundreds of Angolans, including Angolans of Portuguese descent, came along with them, fleeing renewed fighting in the Angolan Civil War.[6] The number of Angolan refugees had grown to 2,069 by 1996 and to 7,612 by 1999.[7] Roughly 2,300 of those lived at Kahenge in the border area, with another 5,000 at Osire near Otjiwarongo in central Namibia. Efforts that year by the Namibian government to move newly-arriving refugees away from the border area to Osire camps were not well received; new arrivals preferred to remain in areas where they had familial and ethnic ties, despite the danger of attack from Angola and the poor facilities in the camp at Kahenge.[8] At the peak in 2001, statistics of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) showed 30,881 Angolan refugees in the country.[7] Between January and July 2004, 7,035 Angolans who had taken refuge in Namibia during the Angolan Civil War had returned to Angola; the UNHCR aimed to repatriate a total of 14,000 that year.[9] By 2005, the number of Angolan refugees remaining in the country had dropped sharply to 4,666 people.[7]
Though even during the period of conflict, the border remained fairly permeable, the return of peace saw an increase in border crossings.[10] Between 1999 and 2003, the number of foreign citizens arriving from Angola at the Oshikango border post nearly doubled from 143,992 to 267,504. The flow of Angolans into Namibia is much larger than the reverse flow of Namibians into Angola.[2] Most cross the border on business or for visiting family members for short-term trips; only about 9% of these border-crossers stay in Namibia longer than six months.[11] Some young labour migrants also cross the border from Angola into Namibia for temporary or seasonal work, especially on Namibian farms.[12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Nangulah & Nickanor 2005, p. 4, 7
- ^ a b Nangulah & Nickanor 2005, p. 1
- ^ Brinkman 2009, p. 275
- ^ Brinkman 2009, p. 285
- ^ Nangulah & Nickanor 2005, p. 4
- ^ "Angolans Reported Escaping Into Namibia", The New York Times, 1989-06-12, retrieved 2009-09-12
- ^ a b c UNHCR 2005, p. 2
- ^ Cauvin, Henry E. (1999-11-26), "A Flood of War Refugees From Angola Strains Namibia", The New York Times, retrieved 2009-10-13
- ^ Dentlinger, Lindsey (2004-08-17), "Angolan refugees may be airlifted home", The Namibian, retrieved 2009-09-12
- ^ Nangulah & Nickanor 2005, p. 5
- ^ Nangulah & Nickanor 2005, p. 3
- ^ Nangulah & Nickanor 2005, p. 25
Sources
[edit]- Nangulah, Selma M. W.; Nickanor, Ndeyapo (2005), Crush, Jonathan (ed.), Northern Gateway: Cross Border Migration Between Namibia and Angola (PDF), Migration Policy Series, vol. 38, Southern African Migration Project, ISBN 1-919798-92-7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06, retrieved 2009-10-13
- Namibia, Statistical Yearbook Country Data Sheets, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2005
- Brinkman, Inge (2009), "Landscape and Nostalgia: Angolan Refugees in Namibia Remembering Home and Forced Removals", in Bollig, Michael; Bubenzer, Olaf (eds.), African Landscapes: Interdisciplinary Approaches, Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation, vol. 4, Springer, pp. 275–294, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78682-7_10, ISBN 978-0-387-78681-0
Further reading
[edit]- Brinkman, Inge; Fleisch, Axel, eds. (1999), "Grandmother's Footsteps": Oral Tradition and south-east Angolan Narratives on the Colonial Encounter, History, Cultural Traditions and Innovations in Southern Africa, vol. 7, ISBN 978-3-89645-056-2. A series of oral accounts by Angolan immigrants to Namibia about the colonisation of their home country
- Brinkman, Inge (1999), "Violence, Exile and Ethnicity: Nyemba Refugees in Kaisosi and Kehemu (Rundu, Namibia)", Journal of Southern African Studies, 25 (3): 417–40, doi:10.1080/030570799108597, PMID 21995000
- Brinkman, Inge (2000), "Ways of Death: Accounts of Terror from Angolan Refugees in Namibia", Africa, 70: 1–24, doi:10.3366/afr.2000.70.1.1, hdl:1854/LU-5816655