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Bi'ina

Coordinates: 32°55′46″N 35°16′22″E / 32.92944°N 35.27278°E / 32.92944; 35.27278
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Bi'ina
  • בענה‎
  • بعنة
Local council
Bi'ina is located in Northwest Israel
Bi'ina
Bi'ina
Bi'ina is located in Israel
Bi'ina
Bi'ina
Coordinates: 32°55′46″N 35°16′22″E / 32.92944°N 35.27278°E / 32.92944; 35.27278
Grid position175/259 PAL
Country Israel
DistrictNorthern
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total
8,629

Bi'ina or al-Bi'na[2] (also el-Baneh) (Arabic: البعنة) is an Arab town in the Northern District of Israel. It is located east of Akko. In 2003, Bi'ina merged with Majd al-Krum and Deir al-Asad to form the city of Shaghur, but was reinstated as a local council in 2008 after Shaghur was dissolved. Bi'ina has a mostly Muslim population (92%) with a small Christian minority (8%);[3] in 2022 its population was 8,629.[1]

History

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Classical antiquity

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Main article: Beth-Anath

Along with several other sites, Bi'ina was proposed as the location of ancient Beth-Anath mentioned in Egyptian and biblical texts.[4][Note 1] Archaeological evidence suggests that Bi'ina, though perhaps occupied in the Early Bronze Age, was no longer occupied in the Late Bronze Age.[7]

The old site of Bi'ina is thought to have been at the mound of Jelamet el-Bi'ina, less than a mile southeast of the present site of Bi'ina.[8] The word jélameh, meaning "hill, mound," is sometimes employed instead of tell.

Ottoman Empire

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In 1517 Palestine was conquered by the Ottoman Empire from the Mamluks. Around this time, possibly as early as 1510, the Sufi sheikh Muhammad al-Asad had settled in the monastery of the village of Dayr al-Bi'ina (also called Dayr al-Khidr, the 'St. George La Beyne' of the Crusaders). Under order of the Ottoman sultan Selim I (r. 1512–1520), a major patron of the Sufis, the Christian inhabitants of Dayr al-Bi'ina were expelled from the village, so that eventually a significant Muslim settlement could be established there under the auspices of Muhammad al-Asad and his followers. Dayr al-Bi'ina was thereafter called Deir al-Asad after the sheikh and the expelled Christians established the village of Bi'ina at its present site, about 0.5 kilometers (0.31 mi) to the south of Dayr al-Bi'ina. According to local tradition, the present Christian inhabitants of Bi'ina are the descendants of the expelled Christians.[9]

In 1596 Bi'ina was recorded in Ottoman tax registers as belonging to the nahiya (subdistrict) of Acre, part of Safed Sanjak. It had a population of 61 households; 46 Muslim and 15 Christian. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olives, cotton, goats or beehives, in addition to a press for grapes or olives; a total of 7,134 akçe.[10][11]

By the early 18th century the Banu Zaydan (or Zayadina) family held sway in the Shaghur area and their future leader, Zahir al-Umar, played a prominent role defending Bi'ina from a taxation campaign by the Ottoman governor of Sidon at some point between 1713 and 1718. The event helped establish Zahir's good reputation with the area's inhabitants.[12] By 1730, Zahir had gained control of Tiberias as its multazim (tax farmer) and within a few years moved to expand his domains. In 1740 Zahir besieged Bi'ina, by then a fortified village, but after failing to capture it, secured control of it by forming a pact with its headman, sealed by Zahir's marriage to the headman's daughter.[13][14]

After Zahir was slain in an imperial Ottoman campaign against him, the new, Acre-based governor of Sidon, Jazzar Pasha, moved to eliminate Zaydani control in the Galilee. Zahir's son Ali posed the main challenge to Jazzar's rule in the region and controlled several fortified villages in the central and eastern Galilee, including Bi'ina. After a string of victories against Ali, Jazzar gained control of the area in 1776.[15] A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799, during Jazzar's rule, by Pierre Jacotin showed the place, named as "El Bena",[16] while in 1838, el Ba'neh was noted as Greek Christian village in the Esh-Shagur district, located between Safad, Acca and Tiberias.[17]

In 1875 Victor Guérin noted that the population was divided between Druze and Greek Orthodox Christians. He listed a mosque and a Greek church, both of which were built on the sites of older churches.[18] In the late 19th century, it was described as a village of 300 Muslims and 100 Christians, surrounded by olives and arable land. Water was supplied by a spring.[19] A sarcophagus was also seen lying outside the town. Lieutenant Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund described the town under its name El-Baneh, and where he noted a spring and birket (reservoir).[19] A population list from about 1887 showed that B'aneh had 620 inhabitants; slightly more Muslims than Greek Catholic Christians.[20]

British Mandate

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In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al Ba'na had a population of 518; 311 Muslims and 207 Christians,[21] where all the Christians were Orthodox.[22] By the 1931 census the population had increased to 651; 441 Muslims and 210 Christians, in a total of 133 houses.[23]

In the 1945 statistics, Bi'ina had 830 inhabitants; 530 Muslims and 300 Christians.[24] They owned 14,839 dunams of land, while 57 dunams were public.[24][25] 1,619 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 5,543 used for cereals,[24][26] while 57 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[24][27]

Israel

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During Operation Hiram, 29–31 October 1948, the village surrendered to the advancing Israeli army. Many of the villagers fled north but some remained and were not expelled.[28] The village remained under martial law until 1966.

In 1981, a Bedouin neighborhood was created in the village, populated by members of the Sawaed tribe from Rame. In 2001, the village was spread out over an area of some 30 dunams (7.4 acres).[29]

Notable people

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Notes

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  1. ^ Those who dispute Albright's identification are Charles William Meredith van de Velde and Victor Guérin, who place the ancient site of Beth-anath in Ain Aata, Lebanon. Others place the ancient site in Bu'eine Nujeidat, while still others thought that Beth-anath ought to be identified with Safad el Batih in Lebanon.[5] Klein thought that Beth-anath was to be identified with Hinah.[6] Zvi Gal, in his article, "The Late Bronze Age in Galilee: A Reassessment," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 272 (Nov., 1988), pp. 79-84 writes: "Various sites have been suggested for this city: Bi'ina in the Beit Hakerem Valley, (Albright 1923: 19-20; Safrai & Safrai 1976), Ba'inah in the Beit Netophah Valley (Alt 1946: 55-57), Tel Roš (Amiran 1953: 125-26), and Tell el Ḥirbeh (Garstang 1931:244-45)."

References

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  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ from personal name, according to Palmer, 1881, p. 41
  3. ^ בענה 2014
  4. ^ W.F. Albright was a major proponent of this view (AASOR - 1921/1922, pp. 19–20). As for the Egyptian texts that mention Beth-Anath, see the Zenon Papyri. Cf. Stephen G. Wilson & Michel Desjardins, Text and Artifact in the Religions of Mediterranean Antiquity: Essays in honour of Peter Richardson, Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo Ontario 2000, p. 121, ISBN 0-88920-356-3
  5. ^ Shmuel Ahituv, Canaanite Toponyms in Ancient Egyptian Documents, Magnes Press: Jerusalem 1984 ISBN 9652235644, citing Aharoni (1957:70-74).
  6. ^ Klein, S. (1934), pp. 5–7
  7. ^ Gal, 1988, pp. 80–83
  8. ^ Albright (1923), p. 19
  9. ^ Layish 1987, pp. 61, 67–68, 70.
  10. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 191
  11. ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied from the Safad-district was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.
  12. ^ Philipp 2001, p. 31.
  13. ^ Philipp 2001, pp. 32–33.
  14. ^ Joudah 2013, p. 20.
  15. ^ Cohen 1973, pp. 93–97.
  16. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 166 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine.
  17. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. 133
  18. ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 445, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 150
  19. ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 150
  20. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 174
  21. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. 36
  22. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 50
  23. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 100
  24. ^ a b c d Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 4
  25. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 40
  26. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 80
  27. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 130
  28. ^ Morris, 1987, p. 226
  29. ^ Frankel, et al. (2001), p. 22

Bibliography

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