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Eugene M. Landrum

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Eugene Manuel Landrum
BornFebruary 6, 1891
Pensacola, Florida, United States
DiedJuly 24, 1967 (aged 76)
Springfield, Illinois, United States
Buried
San Francisco National Cemetery, California, United States
Allegiance United States
Service / branch United States Army
Years of service1909–1951
Rank Major General
Service number0-4570
Unit Coast Artillery Corps
Infantry Branch
Commands7th Infantry Division
87th Infantry Division
90th Infantry Division
71st Infantry Division
Infantry Advanced Replacement Training Center, Camp Maxey, Texas
Battles / warsWorld War I
Russian Civil War
World War II
Korean War
AwardsArmy Distinguished Service Medal (2)
Navy Distinguished Service Medal

Major General Eugene M. Landrum (February 6, 1891 – July 24, 1967) was a senior United States Army officer. He is known primarily for defeating the Japanese in the Aleutian Islands Campaign at the start of World War II, being relieved as commander of the 90th Infantry Division shortly after the D-Day landings, and organizing the Pusan Perimeter to blunt the North Korean offensive during the Korean War.

Early life and military career

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Eugene Manuel Landrum was born in Pensacola, Florida, on February 6, 1891. He was educated in Florida and enlisted in the Alabama National Guard’s Company M of the 1st Regiment in 1909.[1] He joined the United States Army as a member of the Coast Artillery Corps on August 20, 1910, and quickly transferred to the Infantry Branch.[2] Landrum served in the 17th and 2nd Infantry Regiments, and attained the rank of sergeant.[3]

He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Infantry Branch, and was assigned to the 20th Infantry Regiment in November 1916.[4] He served initially in Hawaii, where he was promoted to first lieutenant.[5]

Shortly after the American entry into World War I, in April 1917, Landrum was assigned to the 43rd Infantry Regiment, and performed duty as aide-de-camp to Robert K. Evans in the Philippines.[6] Landrum later took part in action in Russia as part of American Expeditionary Force, Siberia.[7]

Between the wars

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After the war Landrum continued his army career, receiving promotion to captain and carrying out Infantry and Adjutant General assignments in Washington, D.C., and at forts including Leavenworth, Benning, and Lewis. He was promoted to major in 1927.[8][9][10] In the mid-1930s, he commanded the 23rd Forestry District of the Civilian Conservation Corps, with headquarters in Marion, Illinois.[11]

Landrum graduated from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff School in 1933 and the U.S. Army War College in 1936. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on April 1, 1938.[12][13]

World War II

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When the United States entered World War II in December 1941 Landrum was Chief of Staff of the 3rd Infantry Division at Fort Lewis, after receiving a temporary promotion to colonel in June 26.[14][13]

On March 12, 1942, he was promoted to temporary brigadier general[13] and was assigned as assistant division commander (ADC) of the 3rd Infantry Division until June when William W. Eagles succeeded him. Landrum served with the 7th Infantry Division in the Aleutian Islands campaign during combat as the United States reclaimed islands in the Aleutians which had been seized by the Japanese.[15][16][17][18] For his service in Alaska, Landrum received both the Army and Navy Distinguished Service Medals.[19][20][21]

Landrum was promoted to temporary major general on March 13, 1943[13] and commanded the 87th Infantry Division during its training in the United States. He relinquished command and went to Europe shortly before the June 1944 D-Day invasion, with U.S. First Army commander Omar Bradley, keeping Landrum unassigned and available to command a division on short notice.[22]

The 90th Infantry Division took part in the D-Day invasion, coming ashore on D-Day+1 and conducting combat activities in Normandy.[23] Major General J. Lawton Collins, commanding the VII Corps, became concerned that the 90th, which had not seen service in the war so far, was not performing effectively in combat. As a result, he relieved the division commander, Brigadier General Jay W. MacKelvie and assigned Landrum as his replacement.[24][25]

Landrum commanded the division during the rest of June and into August. During this period, he became involved in a verbal altercation with his ADC, Brigadier General Samuel Tankersley Williams, and requested that Williams be reduced in rank to colonel and reassigned. Landrum's superiors concurred, and the action was carried out. (Despite this, Williams remained in the army and was eventually promoted again to brigadier general in 1951, and advanced to lieutenant general before retiring in 1960.)[26] In August, Landrum's corps, army and army group commanders were still not satisfied with the performance of the 90th Division, and Landrum was relieved. He was succeeded by Major General Raymond S. McLain, and returned to the United States.[27]

Upon returning to the United States Landrum succeeded Robert L. Spragins as commander of the 71st Infantry Division during its mobilization and training before it departed for combat in Europe.[28][29] He did not remain in command when the division departed for Europe, but was reassigned to command the Infantry Advanced Replacement Training Center at Camp Maxey, Texas.[30]

Postwar

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Following World War II Landrum returned to his permanent rank of colonel and continued his career, including assignment as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Fifth Army in Chicago.[31][32][13]

Korean War

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During the Korean War Landrum served with Eighth Army, first as Deputy Chief of Staff and then Chief of Staff.[13]

At the time, commanders of numbered armies were not officially authorized deputies, so Landrum served as the de facto deputy for General Walton Walker, the Eighth Army commander.[33]

Walker, who had served with Landrum at Fifth Army, relied on him during organization of the Pusan Perimeter as Eighth Army organized the defensive action which enabled U.S. and South Korean forces to begin the counterattack that pushed the North Koreans north across the 38th Parallel. Walker, who always referred to Landrum as "General Landrum" in recognition of his temporary World War II rank, made Landrum responsible for finding replacement troops and reinforcements and employing them where they could be most effective.[34][35] Landrum received a second award of the Distinguished Service Medal to recognize his efforts in Korea.[36]

Landrum served until reaching the mandatory retirement age of 60. He retired at his wartime rank of major general in a ceremony at Fort Mason, California.[13][37]

Death and burial

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In retirement Landrum resided in San Jose, California.[38] He died in Springfield, Illinois, on July 24, 1967, and was buried at San Francisco National Cemetery, Section DE, Site 17-A.[39][40]

Family

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Landrum was married to Frances Richardson Yeater (1894–1961), the daughter of Charles Yeater.[41][42] Their children included son Eugene and daughter Marianna.[43]

References

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  1. ^ Alabama, National Guard Index Cards, 1897–1924 Record for Eugene M Landrum, 1909
  2. ^ U.S. Army, Register of Enlistments, 1798–1914, Record for Eugene M Landrum, 1910
  3. ^ David T. Zabecki, Chief of Staff: The Principal Officers Behind History's Great Commanders, 2008, pages 169-171
  4. ^ National Infantry Association, Infantry Journal, Volume 13, Part 2, 1917, page 613
  5. ^ United States Committee on Public Information, Official U.S. Government Bulletin, Volume 1, 1918, page 51
  6. ^ Government of the Philippines, Official Gazette, Volume 16, Part 2, 1918, page 1190
  7. ^ United States. Dept. of the Army. Historical Division, United States Army in World War II: The War Department, Volume 2, 1951, page 403
  8. ^ New York Times, Gen. Davis Assumes Direction of Bonus; Adjutant General Combines New Duties With Regular Ones of His Office, May 28, 1924
  9. ^ 1920 United States Federal Census, entry for Eugene M. Landrum
  10. ^ 1940 United States Federal Census, entry for Eugene M. Landrum
  11. ^ "Jefferson Barracks: Social Items from the Army Post". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, MO. January 21, 1934. p. 21.
  12. ^ David T. Zabecki, Chief of Staff: The Principal Officers Behind History's Great Commanders, 2008, pages 169-171
  13. ^ a b c d e f g "Biography of Major General Eugene Manuel Landrum (1891−1967), USA". generals.dk.
  14. ^ Army and Navy Journal, Inc., Army and Navy Journal, Volume 77, Issues 27–52, 1940, page 731
  15. ^ George L. MacGarrigle, Aleutian Islands, 1992, page 21
  16. ^ Keith D. Dickson, World War Two Almanac, 2008, page 193
  17. ^ Walter R. Borneman, Alaska, 2009, page 360
  18. ^ New York Times, General Sums Up Situation, May 30, 1943
  19. ^ Associated Press, The Evening Independent (St. Petersburg), Attu Conqueror Wins Decoration, August 12, 1943
  20. ^ Time magazine, Double DSM, Volume 42, 1943, page 53
  21. ^ Harry Gailey, War in the Pacific: From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay, 2011
  22. ^ New York Times, President Names 23 Major Generals, March 26, 1943
  23. ^ U.S. Army Center of Military History, Combat Chronicle, 90th Infantry Division Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine, accessed May 7, 2013
  24. ^ John C. McManus, The Americans at Normandy, 2005, page 99
  25. ^ "90th Infantry Division". Order of Battle of the US Army - WWII - ETO. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on January 27, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  26. ^ Benjamin L. Bradley, Searching For Competence: The Initial Combat Experience Of Untested U.S. Army Divisions In World War II, A Case Study Of The 90th Infantry Division, June–July 1944, 2005, page 9
  27. ^ Martin Blumenson, Masters of the Art of Command[permanent dead link‍], 1990, page 369
  28. ^ Headquarters, 71st Infantry Division, The History of the 71st Infantry Division, 1946, page 23
  29. ^ Spragins, Robert B.; Spragins, Charles E.; Spragins, Stewart V. (1965). "Memorial, Robert L. Spragins". westpointaog.org/. West Point, NY: West Point Association of Graduates. Archived from the original on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
  30. ^ David G. Chandler, James Lawton Collins, The D-Day Encyclopedia, 1994, page 340
  31. ^ Boston Globe, 212 Wartime Generals Reduced in Rank to Peacetime Colonels, March 8, 1946
  32. ^ Army and Navy Journal, Inc., Army and Navy Journal, Volume 86, Issues 1–26, 1948, page 273
  33. ^ Roy Edgar Appleman, United States Army in the Korean War, Volume 1, page 109
  34. ^ Uzal W. Ent, Fighting on the Brink: Defense of the Pusan Perimeter, 1996, page 213
  35. ^ Roy E. Appleman, Disaster in Korea: The Chinese Confront Macarthur, 209, page 336
  36. ^ Military Times, Hall of Valor, Distinguished Service Medal citation, Eugene Manuel Landrum, accessed May 7, 2013
  37. ^ Associated Press, Corpus Christi Times, Col. Landrum Retires, March 1, 1951
  38. ^ Army and Navy Journal Inc., Army, Navy, Air Force Journal, Volume 94, Issues 1–26, page 118
  39. ^ U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nationwide Gravesite Locator Archived 2019-06-01 at the Wayback Machine, accessed May 6, 2013
  40. ^ California, San Francisco Area Funeral Home Records, 1895–1985, entry for Major General Eugene M Landrum, 1967
  41. ^ Army and Navy Journal Incorporated, Army, Navy, Air Force Journal, Volume 98, Issues 27–52, 1961, page 1100
  42. ^ Walter Williams, Floyd Calvin Shoemaker, Missouri, Mother of the West, Volume 4, 1930, page 93
  43. ^ Nelle Morris Jenkins, Morris Genealogy, 1605 to 1959, 1959, page 33

External resources

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Military offices
Preceded by Commanding General 7th Infantry Division
May−June 1943 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Commanding General 87th Infantry Division
1943−1944 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Commanding General 90th Infantry Division
July–August 1944 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Commanding General 71st Infantry Division
October–November 1944 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Commanding General Infantry Advanced Replacement Training Center, Camp Maxey, Texas
1944–1946 		Succeeded by
Post deactivated
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