Paragyromitra infula
| Paragyromitra infula | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Pezizomycetes |
| Order: | Pezizales |
| Family: | Discinaceae |
| Genus: | Paragyromitra |
| Species: | P. infula
|
| Binomial name | |
| Paragyromitra infula (Schaeff.) X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang (2023)
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Paragyromitra infula | |
|---|---|
 | Smooth hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium attachment is not applicable |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is yellow to buff |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic or mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is deadly or choice |
Paragyromitra infula, commonly known as the hooded false morel or the elfin saddle, is a species of fungus in the family Discinaceae. The dark reddish-brown caps of the fruit bodies develop a characteristic saddle-shape in maturity, and the ends of both saddle lobes are drawn out to sharp tips that project above the level of the fruit body. The stipe is white or flushed pale brown, smooth on the outside, but hollow with some chambers inside.
P. infula is found in the Northern Hemisphere, usually in the late summer and autumn, growing on rotting wood or on hard packed ground. The species is considered inedible as it contains the toxic compound gyromitrin which, when metabolized by the body, is converted into monomethylhydrazine. The toxin may be removed by thorough cooking.
Taxonomy
[edit]The fungus was first described in 1774 by the German mycologist Jacob Christian Schäffer as Helvella infula (the original genus spelling was Elvela).[2] In 1849, Elias Magnus Fries established the genus Gyromitra, distinguishing it from Helvella based on a gyrose hymenium (marked with wavy lines or convolutions); the genus was based on the type species G. esculenta.[3] Later, in 1886, the French mycologist Lucien Quélet transferred the species to Gyromitra. The next few decades witnessed some lingering confusion as to the correct taxonomical placement of these fungi. In 1907, Jean Boudier moved both G. esculenta and H. infula into a newly created genus he called Physomitra; he retained the genus Gyromitra but "based it on an entirely different character so as to exclude from the genus the very species on which it was founded".[4] In an attempt to reconcile the confusion surrounding the naming and identity of the two mushrooms, Fred J. Seaver proposed that both were synonymous, representing variable forms of the same species.[4] His suggestion was not adopted by later mycologists, who identified various differences between the two species, including fruiting time as well as macroscopic and microscopic differences.[5][6] The species is now classified in the newly erected genus Paragyromitra.
The specific epithet is from the Latin infǔla, a heavy band of twisted wool worn by Roman officiants at sacrifices.[7] It is known more commonly as the elfin saddle[8] or the hooded false morel.[9] Additionally, P. infula is a member of a group of fungi collectively known as "false morels", so named for their resemblance to the highly regarded edible true morels of the genus Morchella. This group includes species such as Gyromitra esculenta (brain mushroom), Discina caroliniana (beefsteak mushroom) and Discina gigas (snow morel).
Description
[edit]The cap of the fruit body (technically an apothecium) is about 2.5–9 cm (1–3+1⁄2 in) wide and tall, reddish to orangish brown, and saddle-shaped[10] with 2–4 lobes. It is chambered or hollow within[10] and frequently develops blackish-brown spots on the surface. During the mushroom's development, the cap's periphery grows into the stipe below to form a hollow, roughly bell-shaped structure with the fertile spore-bearing surface (the hymenium) on the outside; as the surface growth of the hymenium continues to expand even after joining to the stipe, the hymenium can no longer follow and it arches up into folds and pads.[11]
The mostly hollow stipe is between 2–8 cm (3⁄4–3+1⁄8 in) high and 1–2.5 cm (3⁄8–1 in) thick, varying in color from reddish brown[10] to whitish or even bluish, but is typically lighter than the cap.[12] The stipe is minutely tomentose – covered with a layer of very fine hairs. The context (flesh) is 1–2 millimetres thick, brittle,[13] and whitish to brownish.[10] It lacks a notable odor or taste.
Ascospores are ellipsoidal in shape, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, with dimensions of 17–22 by 7–9 μm.[14] They are also biguttulate, containing two large oil droplets at either end. The spore-producing cells, the asci, are roughly cylindrical, eight-spored, operculate (opening by an apical lid to discharge the spores) and have dimensions of 200–350 by 12–17 |μm.[13] The diameter of the club-shaped paraphyses is 7–10 μm at the apex.
Similar species
[edit]Gyromitra esculenta has a wrinkled surface (similar to brainlike convolutions), not wavy or bumpy like P. infula. Paragyromitra ambigua is very similar in appearance, and although it is usually not possible to discern between the two species without examining microscopic characteristics,[15] P. ambigua is said to have more pronounced purple tints in the stipe[16] and has larger spores (about 22–30 μm long).[17] Discina brunnea is more stout with a white stem, with a wrinkled cap which usually lacks points.[10]
The saddle-shaped cap of P. infula might also lead to confusion with some species of the genus Helvella, but these latter fungi typically have grayer colors and thinner, fluted stipes (e.g. H. maculata which has distinctly white flesh).[10]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]P. infula is widely distributed throughout boreal, montane and coastal forests in North America.[18] The North American range extends north to Canada[19] and south to Mexico.[20] It has also been reported from South America,[21] Europe,[22] and Asia.[23]
The fungus can be found growing singly to scattered in or near coniferous woodland in autumn, often on rotten wood.[24][25] It is also commonly found on packed ground, such as beside country roads, or in campgrounds.[26] Associated conifers include Picea glauca, P. mariana, P. sitchensis, Pinus contorta, P. banksiana, P. monticola, Abies balsamea, A. grandis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Larix occidentalis, Thuja plicata, as well as the deciduous tree species Populus balsamifera, P. tremuloides, Acer macrophyllum, Alnus species, and Betula papyrifera.[27]
Toxicity
[edit]This fungus is inedible, as it contains the toxic compound gyromitrin,[14] which when digested is metabolized into monomethylhydrazine, a major component of rocket fuel.[28] However, a newer study from 2023 found no traces of gyromitrin in G. infula using a new chromatography method. [29]
Although much of the gyromitrin may be removed by parboiling with generous volumes of water, consumption is not advisable due to possible long-term health effects. There is evidence that even small doses of gyromitrin may have a cumulative carcinogenic effect.[28]
References
[edit]- ^ "Gyromitra infula (Schaeff.) Quél. 1886". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
- ^ Schaeffer JC. (1774). Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu Nascuntur Icones (in Latin). Vol. 4. p. 105.
- ^ Fries EM. (1849). Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae (in Latin). pp. 259–572.
- ^ a b Seaver FJ. (1920). "Photographs and descriptions of cup-fungi: VIII. Elvela infula and Gyromitra esculenta". Mycologia. 12 (1): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3753481. JSTOR 3753481.
- ^ Kanouse BB. (1948). "Studies in the genus Otidea". Mycologia. 41 (6): 660–77. doi:10.2307/3755023. JSTOR 3755023.
- ^ Groves JW, Hoare SC. (1953). "Notes on fungi from northern Canada. I. Hypocreales and Discomycetes". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 68: 1–8. doi:10.5962/p.341510.
- ^ Simpson DP. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell. p. 883. ISBN 978-0-304-52257-6.
- ^ Kuo M. "Gyromitra infula & Gyromitra ambigua". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ Evenson VS. (1997). Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains. Englewood, Colorado: Westcliffe Publishers. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-56579-192-3.
- ^ a b c d e f Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
- ^ Gäumann EA, Dodge CW. (1928). Comparative Morphology of the Fungi. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 347–48.
- ^ Wood M, Stevens F. "Gyromitra infula". California Fungi. MykoWeb. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ a b Wells VL, Kempton PE. (1968). "Studies on the fleshy fungi of Alaska II". Mycologia. 60 (4): 888–901. doi:10.2307/3757390. JSTOR 3757390.
- ^ a b Tylutki EE. (1979). Mushrooms of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest. Moscow, Idaho: University Press of Idaho. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-89301-062-1.
- ^ Kempton PE, Wells VL. (1973). "Studies on the fleshy fungi of Alaska. VI. Notes on Gyromitra". Mycologia. 65 (2): 396–400. doi:10.2307/3758111. JSTOR 3758111.
- ^ Weber NS, Smith AH. (1980). The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-472-85610-7.
- ^ Trudell S, Ammirati J. (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
- ^ Groves JW, Hoare SC. (1954). "Notes on fungi from northern Canada. I. Hypocreales and Discomycetes". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 68: 1–8. doi:10.5962/p.341510.
- ^ Schalkwijk-Barendsen HME. (1991). Mushrooms of Western Canada. Edmonton, Canada: Lone Pine Publishing. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-919433-47-2.
- ^ Medel R. (2005). "A review of the genus Gyromitra (Ascomycota, Pezizales, Discinaceae) in Mexico". Mycotaxon. 94: 103–10.
- ^ Kew Royal Botanic Gardens (1970). Fungus Flora of Venezuela and Adjacent Countries. Lubrecht & Cramer. ISBN 978-3-7682-0692-1.
- ^ Harmaja H. (1969). "A wider and more natural concept of the genus Gyromitra Fr". Karstenia. 9: 9–12. doi:10.29203/ka.1969.53.
- ^ Korf RP, Zhuang W. (1991). "A preliminary Discomycete flora of Macaronesia: Part 13, Morchellaceae, Helvellaceae". Mycotaxon. 40: 287–94.
- ^ Persson O, Nilsson S. (1978). Fungi of Northern Europe: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi). New York, New York: Penguin Books. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-14-063005-3.
- ^ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 803. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
- ^ Smith AH. (1975). A Field Guide to Western Mushrooms. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-472-85599-5.
- ^ Abbott SP. (1992). Systematic studies of the Helvellaceae in northern and northwestern North America. M.Sc. Thesis: University of Alberta (Canada). p. 53.
- ^ a b "Morels: a morsel after the fire" (PDF). University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009.
- ^ Dirks, Alden C.; Mohamed, Osama G.; Schultz, Pamela J.; Miller, Andrew N.; Tripathi, Ashootosh; James, Timothy Y. (2023-01-02). "Not all bad: Gyromitrin has a limited distribution in the false morels as determined by a new ultra high-performance liquid chromatography method". Mycologia. 115 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1080/00275514.2022.2146473. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 36541902.
External links
[edit]
- Mushroom Observer Photographs