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Jaba', Jerusalem

Coordinates: 31°51′27″N 35°15′40″E / 31.85750°N 35.26111°E / 31.85750; 35.26111
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This article is about the Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate. For other uses, see Jaba.
Jaba’
Municipality type D (Village council)
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicجبع
Jaba', Jerusalem from the north
Jaba', Jerusalem from the north
Jaba’ is located in State of Palestine
Jaba’
Jaba’
Location of Jaba’ within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°51′27″N 35°15′40″E / 31.85750°N 35.26111°E / 31.85750; 35.26111
Palestine grid174/140
StateState of Palestine
GovernorateJerusalem
Government
 • TypeVillage council
Elevation
[1]
664 m (2,178 ft)
Population
 (2017)[2]
 • Total
3,921
Name meaningThe hill[3]

Jaba’ (Arabic: جبع) is a Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate of the State of Palestine, located northeast of Jerusalem in the central West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 3,921 in 2017.[2]

Location

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Jaba' is located 9.12 kilometers (5.67 mi) north-west of Jerusalem. It is bordered by Mikhmas and 'Anata to the east, Mikhmas to the north, Ar Ram to the west, and Geva Binyamin, Hizma and 'Anata to the south.[1]

Toponymy

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E. H. Palmer noted in 1881 that the name Jaba' might be derived from the Hebrew: גבעה, lit. 'hill'.[3]

History

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Jaba' is securely identified with the ancient Geba of the tribe of Benjamin.[4] Guérin, Clermont-Ganneau, and Conder & Kitchener of the PEF were among the first to suggest that identification during the 19th century.[5][6] The identification is based on the biblical description of Geba as being just across the wadi from Michmash (present-day Mukhmas), and on archeological findings which show that the site was heavily populated during the Iron Age II and the Hellenistic period.[7][4]

Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been also found in Jaba'.[8]

Ottoman era

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In 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine, and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared as [Jaba] al-Battih, located in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Al-Quds. The population was 51 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, olive trees, fruit trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 9,442 akçe. 1/6 of the revenue went to a Muslim charitable endowment.[9][10][11]

In 1838, it was a Muslim village, located in the area immediately north of Jerusalem.[12] That year Robinson further noted it as a small village, and half in ruins. There were occasional large hewn stones, indicating antiquity. He also noted a small building, having the appearance of an ancient church, and a square tower.[13] Robinson thought Jaba' was ancient Gibeah[12] but most scholars today identify it with Tell el-Ful.

In 1863 Guérin noted: "Thirty of the houses only are standing. On the highest point of the plateau on which they are placed is a little fort or Burj, the lower courses of which, if they are not ancient, are at least built of ancient stones. Here and there cisterns and caves cut in the rock show the antiquity of the place. There is also an old wall of great square stones, only a few vestiges of which remain."[14] An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that the village had a population of 100, in a total of 35 houses, though the population count included only men.[15][16]

Clermont-Ganneau, during his 1873 visit to the village, was informed by local residents that they originated from the region east of the Jordan. The village's shrine was dedicated to Neby Ya'kub, the biblical patriarch Jacob, who, as per local account, visited the village in the guise of an elderly man riding a white horse. Ganneau also documented a couple of their legends, one of which claimed that Jaba' was once the abode of Sultan esh-sh'hadeh, "the king of the profession of faith" or "king of martyrdom." Another legend, told by an old fellah who received it from his ancestors and Christians in Bethlehem, recounted a narrative akin to that of the Levite's Concubine.[17]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it as "A village of moderate size standing on a rocky knoll. On the north is a deep valley (Wady Suweinit); on the south the ground falls less abruptly, but is very rocky; on the west the ridge is flat; and on the east is a plain extending for about 1 1/2 miles, and about 1/2 mile wide north and south. This plain is open arable land, extending to the brink of the precipitous cliffs on the north. The village has caves beneath, at the foot of the knoll [...] and there are olives on the west, north, and south. There is a central high house like a tower in the village.[6]

They further noted: "There is a large cave beneath the village on the east, about 20 to 30 paces square, with a passage on the left at the back, extending 15 paces. This is partly cut, partly natural, with a double entrance. A second like it is said to exist nearer the village. West of the village, by the old road, are cisterns, rock-cut, and in one case roofed with a rubble tunnel-vault."[18]

In 1896 the population of Dscheba was estimated to be about 204 persons.[19]

British Mandate era

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In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Juba had a population of 229, all Muslims,[20] increasing in the 1931 census to 286 Muslim inhabitants, in 53 inhabited houses.[21]

In the 1945 statistics Jaba had a population of 350 Muslims[22] with 13,407 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[23] Of this, 282 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 3,794 used for cereals,[24] while 24 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[25]

Jordanian era

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In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Jaba' came under Jordanian rule.

The Jordanian census of 1961 found 415 inhabitants in Jaba'.[26]

Post-1967

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After the Six-Day War in 1967, Jaba' came under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 546, 8 of whom originated from the Israeli territory.[27]

After the 1995 accords, about 5% of the village land was classified as Area B, the remaining 95% as Area C.[28] Israel has confiscated village land for the construction of two Israeli settlements: 1,139 dunums for Giva’ Ben Yamin, 545 dunums for Shi’ar BenYamin, as well as for a military checkpoint, with additional land requisitioned for the Israeli West Bank barrier.[29]

Shrine of Nabi Yaqub

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Within Jaba' is a shrine called Nabi Yaqub (نبي يعقوب‎, "prophet Jacob") or Sidna Yaqub (سيدنا يعقوب‎, "our lord Jacob"), which locals believe is the tomb of the patriarch Jacob, who, according to local tradition, used to appear sitting on a white female horse. This identification is solely local, as Islamic tradition generally identifies the tomb of Jacob in the Cave of the Patriarchs, in Hebron.[30] The site believed to be Jacob's tomb is situated beneath the village's mosque, in a cave where locals show his tomb and claim it leads to Jerusalem. People from the area used to visit the site, make vows, and swear under the branches of the old olive tree located there.[30]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b Jaba' Village Profile, ARIJ, p. 4
  2. ^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  3. ^ a b Palmer, 1881, p. 296
  4. ^ a b Finkelstein, Israel (2018). Hasmonean realities behind Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles. SBL Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-88414-307-9. OCLC 1081371337.
  5. ^ Guerin, 1869, pp. 67-69
  6. ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 9
  7. ^ I., Finkelstein. The forgotten kingdom : the archaeology and history of Northern Israel. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-58983-910-6. OCLC 949151323.
  8. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 844
  9. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 116, has not identified it
  10. ^ Toledano, 1984, p. 294, has Jaba al-Battikh at location 35°15′30″E 31°51′30″N. He further thinks the name could come from the nearby cave of Mugarat al-Battikh (cave of the melon), see Palmer, 1881, p. 322
  11. ^ Ben-Arieh, 1985, p. 90 Archived 2020-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ a b Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. 122
  13. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 2, pp. 113-114; 316
  14. ^ Guerin, 1869, pp. 67-68; as given in Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 94
  15. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 153. It was also noted to be in the Bire area
  16. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 127 also noted 35 houses
  17. ^ Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, vol 2, p. 279
  18. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 94
  19. ^ Schick, 1896, p. 121
  20. ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
  21. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 40
  22. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 24
  23. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57
  24. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 102
  25. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 152
  26. ^ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 23
  27. ^ Perlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  28. ^ Jaba' Village Profile, ARIJ, p. 16
  29. ^ Jaba' Village Profile, ARIJ, pp. 17-18:'The Israeli government has confiscated lands in Jaba' village to construct Israeli bypass road including road 60 and road 437, connecting Israeli settlements in the area with neighboring settlements. Buffer zones created by the Israeli occupation forces, extending to 75m on either side of the bypass roads, are more problematic and threatening than the road itself.Israeli authorities have also confiscated part of the village’s land to establish a military base on the western side of the village.
  30. ^ a b Tal, Uri (2023). Muslim Shrines in Eretz Israel: History, Religion, Traditions, Folklore. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-965-217-452-9.

Bibliography

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