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Jay Nixon

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Jay Nixon
Nixon in 2016
Official portrait, 2008
55th Governor of Missouri
In office
January 12, 2009 – January 9, 2017
LieutenantPeter Kinder
Preceded byMatt Blunt
Succeeded byEric Greitens
40th Attorney General of Missouri
In office
January 11, 1993 – January 12, 2009
GovernorMel Carnahan
Roger Wilson
Bob Holden
Matt Blunt
Preceded byWilliam L. Webster
Succeeded byChris Koster
Member of the Missouri Senate
from the 22nd district
In office
January 7, 1987 – January 11, 1993
Preceded byClifford W. "Jack" Gannon[1]
Succeeded byWilliam McKenna[2]
Personal details
Born
Jeremiah Wilson Nixon

(1956-02-13) February 13, 1956 (age 68)
De Soto, Missouri, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
SpouseGeorganne Wheeler
Children2
EducationUniversity of Missouri (BA, JD)
Signature

Jeremiah Wilson "Jay" Nixon (born February 13, 1956) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 55th governor of Missouri from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 40th Missouri Attorney General from 1993 to 2009 and as a Missouri state senator from 1987 to 1993.

Born and raised in the city of De Soto, Nixon attended the University of Missouri and graduated with a degree in political science. He first entered politics at age 30 after he was elected to the Missouri Senate to represent Jefferson County. After an unsuccessful campaign for the U.S. Senate, he was elected Missouri Attorney General in 1992 and reelected in 1996. Following another failed U.S. Senate bid, he was reelected attorney general twice more in 2000 and 2004, serving a total of four terms, the longest tenure for an attorney general in state history.

In 2008, Nixon was elected governor in a landslide victory over Republican congressman Kenny Hulshof, and he was reelected in 2012. He was term limited in 2016 and was succeeded by Republican Eric Greitens. As of 2024, he is the most recent Democrat to serve as the governor of Missouri. After leaving public office he joined the Dowd Bennett law firm in St. Louis.[3]

Early life and education

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Nixon was born and raised in De Soto, Missouri. His mother, Betty Lea Nixon (née Wilson), was a teacher and president of the local school board, and his father, Jeremiah "Jerry" Nixon, served as the city's mayor. One of his three paternal great-grandfathers, Abraham Jonas, was an early Jewish settler in Illinois and friend of former President Abraham Lincoln (one of Nixon's paternal great-grandmothers was Jewish, though Nixon is Methodist).[4] His great-great-grandfather Charles Henry Jonas was the brother of Democratic U.S. Senator Benjamin F. Jonas of Louisiana and another, James Oscar Nixon, was a brother of U.S. Representative John Thompson Nixon of New Jersey. Another paternal ancestor, John Inskeep, served as Mayor of Philadelphia (from 1800 to 1801 and 1805 to 1806).

Nixon graduated with honors from the University of Missouri with a degree in political science.[5] He worked at various construction jobs before receiving his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Missouri School of Law.[6]

State legislature

[edit]
Nixon's portrait during his legislative tenure

In 1986, after a period of private practice in his hometown, Nixon ran for the Missouri Senate from a district in Jefferson County.[7] He won an upset victory in the Democratic primary against two longtime Jefferson County lawmakers[8] and defeated his Republican opponent, Larry Callahan, in the general election with 64 percent of the vote. When the new Congress convened on January 7, 1987, Nixon was the only freshman member.[9] Nine days after his swearing in, Nixon introduced his first piece of legislation with a bill that would allow schools to purchase satellite dishes in order to provide better broadcasts.[10] Later that year, he received an award as an outstanding legislator from the Judicial Conference of Missouri.[5]

In April 1987, Nixon expressed interest in running for the United States Senate in the 1988 election. Some members of the Missouri Democratic Party considered him a worthy candidate, given his upset victory for the state senate, but some remained critical of his lack of political experience.[8] Nixon made his decision official when he announced his candidacy on October 6.[11] He was endorsed by the National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare (NCPSSM); Nixon welcomed the endorsement, but opponents criticized him for accepting an endorsement from a group "that has been roundly condemned by Missouri newspapers for using scare tactics and misleading information".[12] Nixon lost the general election to Republican incumbent John Danforth by a wide margin. During the campaign, Danforth outspent Nixon 5–1 through Political Action Committees (PACs).[13]

In 1989, Nixon sponsored a bill that would mandate businesses with at least 25 employees to give pregnant workers maternity leave, but the Senate voted 17–16 against the bill.[14][15] Nixon re-introduced the legislation in 1990, and although the Senate approved the bill,[16] Governor John Ashcroft vetoed it.[17] Nixon was reelected in November 1990, defeating Richard Ford, a Republican from Cedar Hill.[18]

Missouri Attorney General

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Nixon announced in September 1991 that he would run for state Attorney General.[19] During the Democratic primary campaign, fellow Democrat Mike Wolff, a law professor who was also seeking the nomination, accused Nixon of using his political influence to get a consumer fraud complaint in 1988 dropped by then-Attorney General William Webster. Nixon denied Wolff's accusation and said that Wolff sounded "like a desperate candidate".[20] Nixon won the Democratic nomination and general election against Republican David Steelman.[21]

Nixon's portrait, 1993

As the state's Attorney General, Nixon created the Environmental Protection Division to enforce Missouri's environmental laws. Attorneys in this division take legal action to stop the pollution of the state's air, water and soil and to look after Missouri's agricultural interests. Successful litigation by the division has resulted in the cleanup of polluted sites and millions of dollars awarded to the state. His aggressive actions in the Attorney General's Office earned him national recognition. Barrister magazine[22] named him one of the 20 outstanding young lawyers in the nation, and the Missouri Jaycees selected him one of Ten Outstanding Young Missourians. Prior to becoming Attorney General, he was recognized by the Conservation Federation of Missouri[23] for his environmental work as a state senator.

In 1998, Nixon again unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate, losing in the general election to Kit Bond. During his tenure as Attorney General, Nixon oversaw the state's involvement in the court settlements that ended mandatory urban busing in St. Louis and Kansas City's public schools.[24] Nixon opposed the states desegregation programs, arguing that it would be a drain on states resources.[25] This angered African-American leaders in the state, who refused to endorse him.[26] Bond, a Republican, would go on to win a third of black voters, per exit polling.[27]

During the 2000 election season, Nixon filed a writ of prohibition to prevent Edward Joseph Manley III, a candidate for Jefferson County sheriff, from appearing on the Democratic primary ballot. He argued that Manley's 1980 conviction for assault with intent to kill disqualified him from running for the position as per state law.[28] Circuit court judge M. E. Williams, who had overseen the charges against Manley, ruled in favor of Nixon and removed Manley from appearing on the ballot.[29]

Nixon argued to reinstate Missouri's campaign contribution limits to the United States Supreme Court in Nixon v. Shrink (2000), which was successful on his part.[30]

In 2003, Nixon filed lawsuits against EchoStar and Xentel, two out-of-state businesses that allegedly made telemarketing calls to Missouri residents in violation of the state's "no call law".[31][32] The following year, a state judge ordered Xentel to pay $75,000 to the state of Missouri, which they did. However, the company continued to call consumers within the state. In 2008, Xentel agreed to settle the lawsuit and paid Missouri $80,000.[33]

The Missouri Information Analysis Center (MIAC) issued a report titled "The Modern Militia Movement" on February 20, 2009, informing the Missouri State Highway Patrol of several groups of people who could possibly be linked to domestic militia groups. According to the report, these groups included white Christians, supporters of third-party presidential candidates Ron Paul, Bob Barr, and Chuck Baldwin, as well as opponents of gun control, illegal immigration, abortion, the Federal Reserve System, and the Internal Revenue Service. Following a joint letter from Paul, Barr, and Baldwin condemning the report, Nixon and the MIAC issued an apology concerning the report and stated that it will no longer be displayed on any official state websites.[34]

Governor of Missouri

[edit]

2008 campaign

[edit]
Nixon campaigning in 2008
Main article: 2008 Missouri gubernatorial election

In November 2005, Nixon filed with the Missouri Ethics Commission to launch a gubernatorial campaign.[35] In a Research 2000 poll in January 2006, Nixon led over Republican Governor Matt Blunt by eight points.[36] Blunt announced on January 22, 2008, that he would not seek a second term. By the filing deadline on March 25, 2008, three Democratic and five Republican candidates had filed.[37]

Nixon won the Democratic nomination on August 5, the same day Kenny Hulshof won the Republican nomination.[38] Pre-election polling showed Nixon regularly leading Hulshof, and he eventually opened up a 20-point lead two days before the election.[39] On November 4, Nixon defeated Hulshof by a margin of 19 points. The election coincided with the 2008 presidential election, and despite Nixon's landslide win, Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama lost Missouri to Republican John McCain.

First term (2009–2013)

[edit]

Nixon was inaugurated as governor on January 12, 2009, sworn in by chief justice of the Missouri Supreme Court, Laura Denvir Stith.[40]

Nixon took office amid the Great Recession, and to combat this he focused on creating jobs, investing in education, and strengthening the state's economy while keeping the budget in balance.[41] In January 2009, Nixon proposed keeping the same funding level to public universities on behalf of the schools not increasing their tuition fees, which was generally met favorably.[42] Nixon also negotiated four tuition freezes for students at public higher education institutions.[43]

In July 2009, Nixon traveled to Iraq after the Department of Defense invited him to meet with U.S. soldiers. For security reasons, he did not disclose which military base he was staying at, other than it was in Kuwait.[44] He traveled to Germany that same month before returning to Missouri on July 22.[45]

Nixon speaking to President Barack Obama in 2012

Upon taking office, Nixon "began cutting spending almost immediately and has made repeated reductions to the budgets passed by the Legislature in subsequent years."[46] In 2010, Nixon was called the state's budget "cutter-in-chief" by the Associated Press for his efforts to reduce spending and right-size state government.[47] Some of Nixon's budget restrictions drew criticism and in 2011 Missouri State Auditor Tom Schweich filed suit arguing that Nixon lacked the constitutional authority to restrict spending.[48] Schweich's lawsuit was dismissed by the Missouri Supreme Court in 2013 but the following year the Missouri General Assembly passed and voters approved Amendment 10, granting legislators the ability to overrule a governor's budget restrictions.[49]

Nixon drew praise for his handling of EF-5 tornado that struck Joplin on May 22, 2011.[50] The Associated Press in 2011 called him "a ubiquitous commander of disasters."[51]

Aiming to revitalize the state's automotive manufacturing industry, Nixon created an Automotive Jobs Task Force and in 2011 called a special session of the General Assembly to pass the Missouri Manufacturing Jobs Act. On October 21, 2011 Ford confirmed that it would make a $1.1 billion investment in its Kansas City Assembly Plant and add 1,600 jobs at the facility.[52] On November 4, 2011 General Motors announced plans for a $380 million investment in its Wentzville plant outside St. Louis.[53] The St. Louis Post Dispatch editorialized that "key to both Ford and GM agreeing to expand in the state were incentives championed in last year's Legislative special session by Gov. Jay Nixon, a Democrat, and the then-leaders of the House and Senate, Ron Richard and Charlie Shields, both Republicans."[54]

Second term (2013–2017)

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Running on a platform of fiscal responsibility and bipartisanship, Nixon was handily reelected in 2012 over Republican Dave Spence.[55] He began his second term on January 14, 2013. In his inaugural address, he recalled Missouri's history as a Confederate State during the American Civil War while encouraging state Republicans and Democrats to unite for "the common good".[56] In 2013, he joined with nine mayors to establish July 15 as Social Media Giving Day, encouraging citizens to support charities via social media.[57]

Nixon watches a Missouri Tigers volleyball game at the Hearnes Center, 2013.

Nixon's second term came with crisis following the August 9, 2014, shooting death of 18-year-old Michael Brown by Darren Wilson, a police officer with the Ferguson police department. Brown's death sparked a series of violence and protests throughout the city. Nixon declared a state of emergency on November 17 and called in the National Guard to help restore peace and order.[58][59][60] However, the violence continued after Wilson was not indicted by a grand jury.[61][62] On November 27, Nixon reportedly rejected calls for a new grand jury to decide whether to charge Wilson over Brown's killing.[63] His gubernatorial approval ratings, which were routinely in the 50s, fell dramatically during the crisis, and by December his approval rating stood at just 28 percent.[64]

Following the death of State Auditor Tom Schweich, Nixon appointed Boone County Treasurer Nicole Galloway to fill the post in 2015.[65] Galloway later won a full term as state auditor in the 2018 general election.[66]

Nixon visiting an elementary school in 2014

On August 2, 2016, Michael Barrett, director of the Missouri State Public Defender System, called on Nixon to act as a public defender in a criminal assault case. Nixon's communications director, Scott Holste, questioned the authority of Barrett to do so.[67] The appointment followed a July 2016 legal action in which Barrett et al. challenged the constitutionality of restricting funds for indigent defense.[68]

In an open letter to Nixon, Barrett cited Missouri Revised Statues Section 600.042.5(1)[69] as well as the 6th and 14th amendments to the United States Constitution as reasons for the controversial action. Barrett blamed Nixon for the underfunding and understaffing of the public defender system and chose to appoint him because he was "the one attorney in the state who not only created the problem, but is in a unique position to address it."[70] According to Barrett, the funding for "resources that assist with delivering legal services" had increased between 5 and 6% since 2009, while costs over the same period had increased 18%. The case load had increased over 12% in the past year.[71] According to a 2008 report by the National Legal Aid & Defender Association, Missouri ranks 49th in per capita legal aid spending.[72] Ruth Petsch, Jackson County Missouri's chief public defender, cited the lack of funding for inadequate defense and 9 to 12 month delays in adjudication for indigent persons who often remain in jail and are unable to maintain active employment during that time.[73]

From November 2015 to November 2016, Missouri added 57,100 jobs, more than all eight of its neighboring states.[74]

Post-gubernatorial career

[edit]

Nixon left office on January 9, 2017, with the inauguration of his successor Eric Greitens. He was the first Missouri governor to complete two-full terms since John Ashcroft completed his second term in 1993. After leaving office, Jay Nixon State Park was opened in eastern Missouri.[75] In mid-April 2019, Nixon served as a visiting Menschel Senior Leadership Fellow at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.[76]

Nixon represented televangelist Jim Bakker in his lawsuit filed by Missouri Attorney General Eric Schmitt for allegedly selling false cures for the 2019-20 strains of coronavirus.[77]

Nixon was seen as a potential candidate for the U.S. Senate election in 2022, with support from national party leaders such as Chuck Schumer.[78] Ultimately, Nixon declined to run.[79]

In 2023, Nixon was recruited by the organization No Labels to secure ballot access in all 50 states.[80]

Personal life

[edit]
Georganne and Jay Nixon in 2011

After leaving office Nixon moved to University City, Missouri with his wife Georganne. The couple have two adult sons, Jeremiah and Will, both named after their father. Nixon is a Methodist.

Electoral history

[edit]

As Governor

[edit]
Missouri gubernatorial election, 2012[81]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Jay Nixon (incumbent) 1,485,147 54.68% −3.71%
Republican Dave Spence 1,157,475 42.62% +3.12%
Libertarian Jim Higgins 73,196 2.70% +1.59%
Missouri Gubernatorial Democratic Primary Election, 2012
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic Jay Nixon (incumbent) 270,140 85.99
Democratic William Campbell 25,775 8.20
Democratic Clay Thunderhawk 18,243 5.81
Missouri Gubernatorial Election 2008
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Jay Nixon 1,680,611 58.40
Republican Kenny Hulshof 1,136,364 39.49
Libertarian Andy Finkenstadt 31,850 1.11 −
Constitution Greg Thompson 28,941 1.01
Missouri Gubernatorial Democratic Primary Election 2008
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic Jay Nixon 304,181 85.0
Democratic Daniel Carroll 53,835 15.0

As Attorney General

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Missouri Attorney General Election 2004
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Jay Nixon (incumbent) 1,592,842 59.96
Republican Chris Byrd 1,000,503 37.66
Libertarian David R. Browning 43,538 1.64 −
Constitution David Fry 19,802 0.75
Missouri Attorney General Election 2000
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Jay Nixon (incumbent) 1,378,296 60.25
Republican Sam Jones 855,814 37.41
Libertarian Mitch Moore 53,363 2.33 −
Missouri Attorney General Election 1996
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Jay Nixon (incumbent) 1,243,091 59.42
Republican Mark Bredemeier 767,962 36.71
Constitution Kimberly Lowe 81,074 3.88
Missouri Attorney General Election 1992
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Jay Nixon 1,154,714 49.94
Republican David L. Steelman 1,064,814 46.05
Libertarian Mitchell J. Moore 92,576 4.00 −

U.S. Senate elections

[edit]
Missouri U.S. Senate Election 1998
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Kit Bond 830,625 52.68
Democratic Jay Nixon 690,208 43.77
Libertarian Tamara A. Millay 31,876 2.02 −
Constitution David Fry 15,368 0.97
Reform James F. Newport 8,780 0.56
Missouri U.S. Senate Democratic Primary Election 1998
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic Jay Nixon 200,339 66.5
Democratic James Askew 57,364 19.1
Democratic Daniel Dodson 19,257 6.4
Democratic Bob Buck 14,774 4.9
Democratic Andrew Ostrowski 9,389 3.1
Missouri U.S. Senate Election 1988
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican John Danforth 1,407,416 67.70
Democratic Jay Nixon 660,045 31.75
Libertarian John Guze 11,410 0.55 −

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Our Campaigns - MO State Senate 22 Race – Nov 04, 1986". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  2. ^ "Our Campaigns – MO State Senate 22 Race – Nov 06, 1990". OurCampaigns.com.
  3. ^ "Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon accepts job with St. Louis-area law firm". kansascity. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
  4. ^ "Jay Nixon". Nationaljournal.com. February 13, 1956. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  5. ^ a b Senator to seek office. The Star-Herald. October 15, 1987.
  6. ^ Lindecke, Fred W. (April 19, 1988). Nixon Tests Oratory At Jackson Day Rally. St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
  7. ^ "Biography of Missouri Governor Jay Nixon". Governor.mo.gov. November 4, 2008. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
  8. ^ a b Reilly, Mike (April 24, 1987). Democrats planning statewide comeback. Columbia Daily Tribune.
  9. ^ Democrat From Festus Will Be Only Newcomer In State Senate. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. November 6, 1986.
  10. ^ Satellite dishes plan. St. Joseph Gazette. January 17, 1987.
  11. ^ Lindecke, Fred W. (October 7, 1987). Jay Nixon Files To Run Against Danforth In '88. St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
  12. ^ Ball, Karen (June 25, 1988). Nixon backing prompts assault. Columbia Daily Tribune.
  13. ^ Wretched Campaign Excesses. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. November 11, 1988.
  14. ^ Leave Bill Backed For Maternity. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. March 8, 1989.
  15. ^ CAPITAL BRIEFS. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. March 16, 1989.
  16. ^ Young, Virginia (May 27, 1990). Bill Gives Leaves To Mothers. St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
  17. ^ Ashcroft vetoes maternity leave measure. The Kansas City Star. July 14, 1990.
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  27. ^ Freeman, Greg (November 5, 1998). "Bond's victory may signal a political shift for blacks". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 10. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
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  45. ^ State's top 3 leaders now out of state. The Springfield News-Leader. July 22, 2009.
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  54. ^ "Editorial: More good news for Missouri from automotive industry". St. Louis Post Dispatch. October 8, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
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  60. ^ Gibbons, Thomas (August 14, 2014). "Military veterans see deeply flawed police response in Ferguson". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  61. ^ Davey, Monica; Julie Bosman (November 24, 2014). "Protests Flare After Ferguson Police Officer Is Not Indicted". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  62. ^ Harlan, Chico (November 25, 2014). "After a night of violence in Ferguson, Nixon moves to prevent more destruction". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  63. ^ "Ferguson shooting: Governor 'rejects calls for second jury'". BBC News. November 27, 2014.
  64. ^ Kraske, Steve (December 6, 2014). POLITICAL NUMBERS SPEAK VOLUMES. The Kansas City Star.
  65. ^ Hancock, Jason. "Boone County's treasurer, Nicole Galloway, will become Missouri auditor". The Kansas City Star.
  66. ^ Fenske, Sarah. "Nicole Galloway Wins Missouri Auditor Race, a Lone Democrat in a Red State". Riverfront Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2018.
  67. ^ Reilly, Katie (August 13, 2016). "Missouri's Governor Cut Funding to the State's Public Defenders. So They Assigned Him a Case". Time. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  68. ^ Barrett, Michael (July 13, 2016). "Public Defender Files Legal Challenge to Governor's Withhold Actions". Missouri State Public Defender, Office of the Director. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
  69. ^ "600, Public Defenders". Missouri Revised Statutes. Missouri General Assembly. July 13, 2016. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
  70. ^ Barrett, Michael (August 2, 2016). "Letter to the Honorable Jay Nixon" (PDF). Missouri State Public Defender, Office of the Director. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  71. ^ Barrett, Michael (August 9, 2016). "Public Defender Response to Governor's Comments" (PDF). Missouri State Public Defender, Office of the Director. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  72. ^ Wallace, Jo-Ann (June 2008). "A Race to the Bottom: Evaluation: Trial-Level Indigent Defense Systems In Michigan" (PDF). National Legal Aid & Defender Association. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
  73. ^ Martin, Luke X. (August 11, 2016). "Missouri's Top Public Defender Doubles Down On Jay Nixon's Assignment". KCUR Public Radio. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  74. ^ "In new jobs, state excels". Washington Missourian. January 5, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  75. ^ Johnson, Wes (January 11, 2017). New 1,230-acre state park named for Nixon. The Springfield News-Leader.
  76. ^ "Jay Nixon, former Governor of Missouri". Voices in Leadership. March 26, 2019.
  77. ^ Salter, John (May 5, 2020). "Jim Bakker seeks dismissal of suit claiming he touted false virus cure". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on May 7, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  78. ^ Hancock, Jason (July 12, 2021). "Jay Nixon plans to headline Clay County Democrat event, fueling Senate speculation • Missouri Independent". Missouri Independent. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  79. ^ Hancock, Jason (July 29, 2021). "Jay Nixon Will Not Run For Missouri's Open U.S. Senate Seat In 2022". KCUR - Kansas City news and NPR. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  80. ^ Keller, Rudi (July 31, 2023). "Former Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon enlists in effort to build new political force • Missouri Independent". Missouri Independent. Archived from the original on July 31, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  81. ^ [2] Archived November 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jay Nixon.
Party political offices
Preceded by Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Missouri
(Class 1)
1988 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Democratic nominee for Missouri Attorney General
1992, 1996, 2000, 2004 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Missouri
(Class 3)
1998 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Democratic nominee for Governor of Missouri
2008, 2012 		Succeeded by
Legal offices
Preceded by Attorney General of Missouri
1993–2009 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Missouri
2009–2017 		Succeeded by
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas Former Governor Order of precedence of the United States Succeeded byas Former Governor
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