List of wars involving Nigeria
This is a list of wars involving the Federal Republic of Nigeria and its predecessor states.
Other conflicts
[edit]- Mbaise Rebellion Battles against the British 1902–1917 – In 1900, the British created the Southern Nigeria Protectorate. The resistance to British colonisation from the people of modern mbaise and igbo's throughout Eastern Nigeria is well documented.
- Bende Onitsha Hinterland Expedition 1905–1906 – The Bende Onitsha Hinterland Expedition is also referred to as the Ahiara Expedition due to the impact it had on the area. There was a lot of hostility between the British and the people of Mbaise following the Aro Expedition.
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Kingdom of Benin (1180-1897)
[edit]| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Idah war (1515-1516) | Kingdom of Benin | Igala Kingdom | Victory
|
Oyo Empire (1682–1833)
[edit]| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Battle of Dahomey (1728) |
Oyo Empire | Dahomey | Victory |
| Battle of Atakpamé | Ashanti Empire | Victory
| |
| Battle of Tabkin Kwatto (1804) |
Sultanate of Gobir | Sokoto Caliphate | Decisive Fulani victory |
| Fulani War (1804–1808) |
 Sokoto Caliphate
|
Hausa Kingdoms | Fulani victory
|
| Battle of Oyo Ile | Oyo Empire | Nupe | Decisive Oyo victory
|
Battles (1901–1902)
[edit]- Battles in the Oguta/Owerri area (November 1901)
- Battles of Esu Itu (December 1901)
- Anglo-Aro war (December 1901)
- Battle of Edimma (January 1902)
- Battle of Ikotobo (January 1902)
- Battle of Ikorodaka (February 1902)
- Battle of Bende (March 1902)
Colonial Nigeria/British Republic (1800–1960)
[edit]
First Nigerian Republic (1960–1979)
[edit]| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Congo Crisis (1960–1964) |
 Congo-Léopoldville ONUC
|
 Katanga South Kasai Belgium
|
Victory
|
| South African Border War
(1966–1990) |
Military stalemate
| ||
| 1966 Nigerian coup d'état (1966) |
 Government of Nigeria
|
Rebel Army Officers
|
Government Victory
|
| 1975 Nigerian coup d'état
(1975) |
 Armed Forces faction
|
Coup succeeds
| |
| 1976 Nigerian coup d'état attempt
(1976) |
Military government
|
Armed Forces faction
|
Coup fails
|
Civil War (1967–1970)
[edit]| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) |
 Nigeria Egypt
|
 Biafra
|
Victory
|
| Operation UNICORD (1967) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Victory |
| Midwest Invasion of 1967 (1967) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Victory |
| First Invasion of Onitsha
(1967) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Biafran victory |
| Operation Tiger Claw
(1967) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Nigerian victory |
| Fall of Enugu (1967) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Victory |
| Second Invasion of Onitsha (1968) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Victory |
| Abagana Ambush (1968) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Indecisive |
| Invasion of Port Harcourt (1968) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Victory |
| Operation OAU (1968) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Defeat |
| Operation Hiroshima (1968) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Victory |
| Siege of Owerri (1968–1969) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Defeat |
| Operation Leopard (1969) (1969) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Victory |
| Invasion of Umuahia (1969) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Victory |
| Operation Tail-Wind
(1970) |
Nigeria
|
Biafra
|
Decisive Nigerian victory
|
Second Nigerian Republic (1977–1991)
[edit]| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shaba I (1977) |
 Zaire Morocco Egypt France Belgium |
 Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)Supported by: |
Victory
|
| Chadian–Libyan conflict
(1978) |
 Anti-Libyan Chadian factions
Inter-African Force |
 Libya
Supported by: |
Victory |
| 1983 Nigerian coup d'état
(1983) |
Nigeria
|
Nigeria Rebel Officers
|
Coup succeeds
|
| Chadian–Nigerian War
(1983) |
Nigeria
|
Chad
|
Victory |
| 1985 Nigerian coup d'état
(1985) |
Military government
|
Armed Forces faction
|
Coup succeeds |
| First Liberian Civil War (1990–1997) |
 Liberia ULIMO ECOMOG
|
NPFL INPFL
|
Indecisive (ECOMOG mission successful)[15]
|
Third Nigerian Republic (1992–1999)
[edit]| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Operation Restore Hope[citation needed]
(1992–1993) |
|
United Somali Congress | UN operational success |
| Sierra Leone Civil War (1993–2002) |
 Sierra Leone ECOMOG United Kingdom UNAMSIL
|
 RUF NPFL AFRC
|
Victory
|
| 1998 Monrovia clashes
(1998) |
 Johnson's forces (ex-ULIMO-J)
Limited involvement:
|
Liberian government (Taylor loyalists)
|
Stalemate |
Fourth Nigerian Republic (1999–present)
[edit]| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) |
 Algeria
|
 GSPC (until 2007)
 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (from 2014)
|
Ongoing |
| Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present) |
Nigeria
|
 MEND NDPVF NDLF
|
Ongoing
|
| Operation Juniper Shield
(2007–present) |
Algeria
|
al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
(2007–present) (2012–17)
(2017–present) Supported By: (2009–15) (2011–13) ISIL
|
Ongoing |
| Bakassi conflict
(2009) |
 Democratic Republic of Bakassi
Pro-Nigerian militia |
 Cameroon
|
Ongoing |
| Somali Civil War (2009–present) |
 Somalia
|
Al-Shabaab
Islamic State in Somalia Supported by: |
Ongoing |
| Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) |
Nigeria Cameroon Chad Niger Turkey
|
 Boko Haram Ansaru
|
Ongoing |
| 2009 Boko Haram uprising
(2009) |
 Nigerian Government
|
Boko Haram
|
Violence quelled |
| War on terror
(2009) |
Main countries:
Other participant countries:
|
Terrorist groups: | Ongoing |
| Nigerian bandit conflict(2011–Present) | Nigeria
Vigilante groups |
Various gangs
Alleged involvement |
Ongoing |
| Northern Mali conflict (2012–present) |
 Mali
|
ISIL
|
Ongoing |
| Operation Serval part of 2012 Northern Mali conflict and the War on Terror (2013–2014) |
Mali
MNLA |
Islamic militants | Victory |
| Military intervention against ISIL (2014–present) |
 United States
|
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Boko Haram
 al-Nusra Front
|
Ongoing |
| Chibok ambush
(2014) |
Nigeria
|
 Boko Haram
|
Defeat |
| 2015 West African offensive
(2015) |
Multinational Joint Task Force STTEP (foreign mercenaries)[48][49] | ISIL
|
Multinational Joint Task Force victory |
| Invasion of the Gambia (2017) |
 Senegal Nigeria Ghana Mali Togo Coalition 2016
|
Gambia MFDC
|
Victory
|
| Chad Basin campaign (2018–2020) | Multinational Joint Task Force (MJTF)
Self-defense militias[62] |
Islamic State
Boko Haram
|
Partial Multinational Joint Task Force victory |
| Orlu Crisis (16-28 January 2021) |
Nigeria
|
 IPOB
|
Ceasefire Nigerian troops intervention repulsed |
| Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 2021–present |
Nigeria
|
Biafra Seperaists
|
Ongoing |
| Anambra Ambush (2023) |
Nigeria
|
IPOB
|
Defeat
Suspected Biafra seperaists victory Ambush Successful |
| 2023 Nigerien Crisis |  Government of Niger
Supported by:
|
Supported by: |
Defeat
*French withdrawal in December. |
Peace agreements
[edit]Peace agreements signed
[edit]- Banjul III Agreement (1990-10-24)
- Bamako Ceasefire Agreement (1990-11-28)
- Banjul IV Agreement (1990-12-21)
- Lomé Agreement (1991-02-13)
- Yamoussoukro IV Peace Agreement (1991-10-30)
- Geneva Agreement 1992 (1992-04-07)
- Cotonou Peace Agreement (1993-07-25)
- Akosombo Peace Agreement (1994-09-12)
- Accra Agreements/Akosombo clarification agreement (1994-12-21)
- Abuja Peace Agreement (1995-08-19)
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Nigeria established bilateral military relations with PLAN in 1976, and thereafter plied that movement with millions of dollars in direct financial contributions and logistical support.[6] During the 1980s, PLAN arms were airlifted directly to the insurgents by the Nigerian Air Force.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ East African Campaign
- ^ a b Lulat, Y. G. M. (1992). United States Relations with South Africa: A Critical Overview from the Colonial Period to the Present. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Incorporated. pp. 143–146, 210. ISBN 978-0-8204-7907-1.
- ^ Dale, Richard (2014). The Namibian War of Independence, 1966–1989: Diplomatic, Economic and Military Campaigns. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers. pp. 74–77, 93–95. ISBN 978-0-7864-9659-4.
- ^ Thomas, Scott (1995). The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960. London: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 202–210. ISBN 978-1-85043-993-6.
- ^ Larmer, Miles (2011). Rethinking African Politics: A History of Opposition in Zambia. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. pp. 209–217. ISBN 978-1-4094-8249-9.
- ^ a b Abegunrin, Olayiwola (1997). Nigerian Foreign Policy Under Military Rule, 1966-1999. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. pp. 81, 93. ISBN 978-0-275-97881-5.
- ^ Beckett, Ian; Pimlott, John (2011). Counter-insurgency: Lessons from History. Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books. pp. 204–219. ISBN 978-1-84884-396-7.
- ^ Cann, John (2015). Flight Plan Africa: Portuguese Airpower in Counterinsurgency, 1961–1974. Solihull: Helion & Company. pp. 362–363. ISBN 978-1-909982-06-2.
- ^ Fryxell, Cole. To Be Born a Nation. p. 13.
- ^ Pike, John. "Libyan Intervention in Chad, 1980-Mid-1987". www.globalsecurity.org.
- ^ a b S. Nolutshungu, p. 164
- ^ Geoffrey Leslie Simons, Libya and the West: from independence to Lockerbie, Centre for Libyan Studies (Oxford, England). Pg. 57
- ^ "قصة من تاريخ النشاط العسكري الفلسطيني... عندما حاربت منظمة التحرير مع القذافي ضد تشاد – رصيف22". 4 December 2018.
- ^ Talhami, Ghada Hashem (30 November 2018). Palestinian Refugees: Pawns to Political Actors. Nova Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59033-649-6 – via Google Books.
- ^ "The Ecomog Experience with Peacekeeping in West Africa – Whither Peacekeeping in Africa? – Monograph No 36, 1999." Archived 2015-01-02 at the Wayback Machine Accessed January 29, 2016.
- Despite the often discouraging prospects, the ECOMOG operation was ultimately successful for several reasons. The first was the sheer political will and tenacity of ECOWAS. The organisation did not have the option of cutting and running, for reasons that were as much self-interested as humanitarian. The second was the ability to combine three phases of conflict resolution: peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peace enforcement, thereby changing mandates of forces in the field as developments on the ground required (a flexibility due, ironically, to the autonomy enjoyed by the military command and as a result of the weak control exercised by the ECOWAS directorate).
- ^ a b c "Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- ^ Salomé Legrand (2013-01-14). "Qui sont les islamistes à qui la France a déclaré la guerre ?". Francetvinfo.fr. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
- ^ "Niger army hunts for Al-Qaeda after clash". AFP. 15 June 2011. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011.
- ^ "4600 soldats français mobilisés". Ledauphine.com. 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
- ^ "François Hollande's African adventures: The French are reorganising security in an increasingly troubled region". Economist.
- ^ "Exporting Jihad". The New Yorker. 28 March 2016.
- ^ Aaron Y. Zelin; Andrew Lebovich; Daveed Gartenstein-Ross (July 23, 2013). "Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb's Tunisia Strategy". Combating Terrorism Center.
- ^ "Tipping point of terror". The Guardian. 4 April 2004.
- ^ "ISIS, Al Qaeda In Africa: US Commander Warns Of Collaboration Between AQIM And Islamic State Group". International Business Times. 12 February 2016.
- ^ "Niger attacked by both al-Qaeda and Boko Haram". BBC News. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ^ "Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ^ Mike Levine; James Gordon Meek; Pierre Thomas; Lee Ferran (23 September 2014). "What Is the Khorasan Group, Targeted By US in Syria?". ABC News. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
- ^ a b Kate Chesnutt; Katherine Zimmerman (8 September 2022). "The State of al Qaeda and ISIS Around the World". Critical Threats. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "Chinese army soldiers conduct first mission as peacekeepers in Mali 1612131 – Army Recognition". Armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
- ^ "Ghana agrees to send troops to Mali". Ghana Business News. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
- ^ a b "Mali conflict: West African troops to arrive 'in days'". Mali conflict: West African troops to arrive 'in days'. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
- ^ "APA – Int'l Support Mission for Mali to begin operations on Friday". APA. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ "Ellen: Liberia Will Send Troops to Mali for Peace Mission – Heritage Newspaper Liberia". News.heritageliberia.net. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ Irish, John (12 January 2013). "Niger says sending 500 soldiers to Mali operation". Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
- ^ a b Felix, Bate (11 January 2013). "Mali says Nigeria, Senegal, France providing help". Reuters. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
- ^ "Aid Pledged to Mali as More Troops Deploy". Wall Street Journal. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
- ^ "Les djihadistes s'emparent d'une ville à 400 km de Bamako" (in French). Retrieved 14 January 2013.
- ^ "Chad to send 2000 soldiers to Mali". Courier Mail. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
- ^ "AU to hold donor conference on Mali intervention". Africa Review. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
- ^ "WPR Article | Global Insider: Despite Early Successes, France's Mali Challenge is Long-Term". Worldpoliticsreview.com. 8 March 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ a b c "Five more African countries pledge to send troops into Mali: Nigerian minister". NZweek. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ "Forces capture Gao rebel stronghold – World News". TVNZ. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ "Bundeswehr in Mali: Dangerous, but necessary? | DW | 29.01.2017". Deutsche Welle.
- ^ Faced with Boko Haram, Cameroon weighs death penalty for terrorism. By Tansa Musa, Reuters. YAOUNDE Wed Dec 3, 2014 9:56am EST.
- ^ Chad armoured column heads for Cameroon to fight Boko Haram. AFP for Yahoo! News, January 16, 2015 4:54 PM.
- ^ a b West Africa leaders vow to wage 'total war' on Boko Haram By John Irish and Elizabeth Pineau. 17 May 2014 2:19 PM.
- ^ "Vigilantes Settle Local Scores With Boko Haram". Voice of America. 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ Colin Freeman (10 May 2015). "South African mercenaries' secret war on Boko Haram". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
- ^ Adama Nossiter (12 March 2015). "Mercenaries Join Nigeria's Military Campaign Against Boko Haram". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Union agrees to send 7,500 troops to fight Boko Haram in Nigeria [dead link]. Mashable.com, Jan 31, 2015.
- ^ The African Union Readies an Army to Fight Boko Haram, Medium.com.
- ^ a b c "Feeling the heat: West combats extremists' advance in Africa's deserts". CNN. 27 February 2015.
- ^ Canada joins effort to free Nigerian schoolgirls. May 14, 2014 3:23 pm Updated: May 15, 2014 7:01 pm. By Murray Brewster, The Canadian Press
- ^ a b c Kidnapped schoolgirls: British experts to fly to Nigeria 'as soon as possible'. theguardian.com, Wednesday 7 May 2014 17.33 BST.
- ^ Boko Haram: Obasanjo leads Colombian security experts to Buhari - Premium Times Nigeria
- ^ "In Pictures: Lt. General Buratai visits Colombia". The NEWS. 25 January 2016.
- ^ Israel sends experts to help hunt for Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Islamists. The Jerusalem Post; 05/20/2014 18:03.
- ^ "British troops to help fight against Boko Haram as SAS target Isil". the Telegraph. 20 December 2014.
- ^ "Obama to deploy 300 US troops to Cameroon to fight Boko Haram | World news". The Guardian. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ "US troops deployed to Cameroon for Boko Haram fight". Al Jazeera English. 2015-10-14. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ "Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS". Fox News. Associated Press. March 8, 2015. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
- ^ Fergus Kelly (15 April 2019). "Nigeria-Chad operation 'kills 27 terrorists' near Wulgo as ISIS claims multiple attacks". Defense Post. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ Zenn, Jacob (20 March 2020). "Islamic State in West Africa Province and the Battle With Boko Haram" (PDF). Terrorism Monitor. 18 (6). Jamestown Foundation: 6–8.
- ^ Sunday, Ochogwu (7 August 2023). "Coup: Biafra will back you if Nigerian military intervenes – Simon Ekpa assures Niger, Mali". Daily Post Nigeria. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
Notes
[edit]- ^ The 2023 Nigerien coup d'état is opposed by active members of the ECOWAS bloc. Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Guinea are members of ECOWAS that were suspended following coup d'états which established military juntas in their respective countries.