Moriori genocide
| Moriori Genocide | |
|---|---|
| Part of Musket Wars | |
 Port Hutt, where the first war brigade landed in November 1835 | |
| Location | Chatham Islands |
| Date | 1835–1860s |
| Target | Moriori |
Attack type | Genocide, invasion, enslavement |
| Deaths | 1,561 |
| Perpetrators | Members of Ngāti Tama and Ngāti Mutunga |
| Part of a series on |
| Genocide |
|---|
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The Moriori genocide was the mass murder and enslavement of the Moriori people, the indigenous ethnic group of the Chatham Islands, by members of the mainland New Zealand iwi Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama from 1835 to 1863. The invaders murdered around 300 Moriori and enslaved the remaining population.[1] This, together with introduced Western diseases, caused the population to drop from 1,700 in 1835 to 100 in 1870.[2][3] The last full-blood Moriori, Tommy Solomon, died in 1933. There remain just under a thousand people of mixed-blood who identify as Moriori.
Background
[edit]Moriori
[edit]The Moriori are the indigenous population of the Chatham Islands (Moriori: Rēkohu), specifically Chatham Island and Pitt Island. Moriori share the same Polynesian ancestry as Māori people.[4] According to oral tradition the Moriori came to the Chatham Islands from Eastern Polynesia around 1500 AD, a couple of hundred years after Māori first arrived on the mainland, and that later migration came from mainland New Zealand.[2] Mainstream academic opinion holds that Moriori did arrive around 1500, but from New Zealand.[4] By the time of invasion, Moriori had formed their own unique culture adapted to their isolated island environment and its marine resources. The Moriori population peaked at around 2,000 people, divided among nine tribes.[5]
After bloody inter-tribal conflict on the islands, high-ranking Moriori chief Nunuku-whenua introduced a philosophy of non-violence in the 16th century, known as Nunuku's Law. This law became engrained in Moriori culture.[3]
In November 1791, the British survey brig, HMS Chatham, was blown off course to the islands which were then claimed for Britain in a formal flag raising ceremony by the ship's commander, Lieutenant William Broughton. In a misunderstanding with the ship's crew, a Moriori man, Tamakaroro, was shot dead. Moriori elders believed Tamakaroro was partly at fault for the shooting and planned appropriate visitor greeting rituals.[6][7]
Invaders
[edit]The two invading Māori tribes, Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama, were originally from Taranaki. They had lost their land during the Musket Wars against other iwi and had developed a diaspora around the Wellington Harbour.[1][8]
Invasion
[edit]
In 1835, with the forced assistance of the crew, several hundred Māori at Port Nicholson sailed to the Chatham Islands aboard the brig whaler Lord Rodney.[2] They then were welcomed to the islands by the Moriori and enjoyed their hospitality.[1][8] This group arrived in two waves. The first arrived on 19 November 1835 via the hijacked European ship[9] and carried 500 people along with guns, clubs and axes. This first group killed and hung up a 12-year-old Moriori girl. The second group arrived on 5 December 1835.[10] With the arrival of the second group "parties of warriors armed with muskets, clubs and tomahawks, led by their chiefs, walked through Moriori tribal territories" and "curtly informed the inhabitants that their land had been taken and the Moriori living there were now vassals."[11]
Due to the new arrivals' hostility, a hui of 1,000 Moriori was convened at Te Awapātiki, on the eastern side of the island, to debate possible responses. Younger members argued that the Moriori could fight back as they outnumbered Māori two-to-one. Elders, however, argued Nunuku's Law should not be broken.[6][2] Despite knowing Māori were not pacifist, Moriori ultimately decided to stay pacifist against the invaders, describing Nunuku's Law as "a moral imperative".[11]
Although the council decided in favour of peace, the invading Māori inferred that the decision was a prelude to war.[12] Violence erupted and around 300 Moriori were killed, with hundreds more enslaved.[8] The invaders killed around 10% of the population in a ritual that included staking out women and children on the beach and leaving them to die in great pain over several days.[9]
During the period of enslavement the Māori invaders forbade the speaking of the Moriori language. They forced Moriori to desecrate sacred sites by urinating and defecating on them.[9] Moriori were forbidden to marry Moriori or Māori or to have children. This was different from the customary form of slavery practised on mainland New Zealand.[13]
A total of 1,561 Moriori died between the invasion in 1835 and the release of Moriori from slavery in 1863, and in 1862 only 101 Moriori remained. Causes of death include murder but also introduced Western diseases.[6]
Government dealings
[edit]
Moriori petitioned the New Zealand Government from the 1850s for recognition of their status as the indigenous population of the islands and for restoration of their lands.[6][2]
The release of Moriori from slavery in 1863 occurred via a proclamation by the resident magistrate of the Chatham Islands.[6]
In 1870, a Native Land Court was established to adjudicate competing land claims; by this time most Māori had returned to Taranaki. The court ruled in favour of the Māori, awarding them 97% of the land.[6] The judge ruled that since the Moriori had been conquered by Māori they did not have ownership rights of the land.[2]
In modern times
[edit]The last Moriori of unmixed ancestry, Tommy Solomon, died in 1933, though there remain just under a thousand people who identify as Moriori.[15]
Moriori culture underwent a revival beginning with a 1980 documentary, which corrected lingering myths about Moriori.[16] These myths include the claim that Moriori were extinct[16] and that Moriori inhabited mainland New Zealand before Māori.[2]
In 1994, Waitangi Tribunal hearings began on the recognition of Moriori as the original inhabitants of the Chatham Islands and compensation. Released in 2001 the tribunal sided with Moriori.[16] In 2020 a treaty settlement requesting a correcting of history, a transfer of significant land to Moriori, and millions of dollars in compensation passed in Parliament.[3][15]
The first Moriori marae on Chatham Island, Kōpinga Marae, was opened in January 2005, with the opening attended by Prime Minister Helen Clark.[16] A central pou (post) in the building displays the names of over 1,500 ancestors alive in 1835, compiled by Moriori elders in 1862 and sent to Governor George Grey.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Mills, Karl (3 August 2018). "The Moriori myth and why it's still with us". The Spinoff. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g Solomon, Maui (15 December 2019). "Moriori: Still setting the record straight". E-Tangata. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ^ a b c "Moriori Treaty settlement passes first reading". Radio NZ. 24 February 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ^ a b Davis, Denise; Solomon, Māui. "Moriori – Origins of the Moriori people". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ Davis, Denise; Solomon, Māui. "Moriori – Moriori life". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Davis, Denise; Solomon, Māui. "Moriori – The impact of new arrivals". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ Dieffenbach, Ernest. (1841). "An Account of the Chatham Islands". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 11: 195–215. doi:10.2307/1797646. JSTOR 1797646.
- ^ a b c "Debunking the myth about the Moriori". Radio NZ. 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ a b c King, Michael (2011). The Silence Beyond. Penguin. p. 190. ISBN 9780143565567.
- ^ King 2000, pp. 57–58.
- ^ a b King 2000, pp. 67.
- ^ Crosby, R. D. (2012). The Musket Wars: A History of Inter-iwi Conflict, 1806–45. Libro International. pp. 296–298. ISBN 9781877514449 – via Google Books.
- ^ Petrie, Hazel (21 September 2015). Outcasts of the Gods? The Struggle over Slavery in Maori New Zealand. Auckland University Press. p. 36. ISBN 9781775587859 – via Google Books.
- ^ Davis, Denise; Solomon, Māui. "Moriori in the late 19th century". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ a b Roy, Eleanor (14 February 2020). "After more than 150 years, New Zealand recognises 'extinct' Moriori people". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d Davis, Denise; Solomon, Māui. "Moriori – The second dawn". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ Davis, Denise; Solomon, Māui. "Kopinga Marae". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
Bibliography
[edit]- King, Michael (2000), Moriori: A People Rediscovered, Penguin UK, ISBN 9780143771289 – via Google Books.