Jump to content

Nemegt Formation

Coordinates: 43°30′N 101°00′E / 43.5°N 101.0°E / 43.5; 101.0
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nemegt Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian
~70 Ma
↓
Nemegt, the type locality of the Nemegt Formation
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsLower, Middle and Upper units
UnderliesAlluvium
OverliesBarun Goyot Formation
ThicknessOver 235 m (771 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryShale, sandstone
OtherMudstone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates43°30′N 101°00′E / 43.5°N 101.0°E / 43.5; 101.0
Approximate paleocoordinates40°48′N 90°12′E / 40.8°N 90.2°E / 40.8; 90.2
RegionBayankhongor Aimag, Omnogov, Ovorkhangai
Country Mongolia
ExtentGobi Desert

Cretaceous-aged dinosaur fossil localities of Mongolia. Nemegt localities at area A.

The Nemegt Formation (also known as Nemegtskaya Svita) is a geological formation in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, dating to the Late Cretaceous. The formation consists of river channel sediments and contains fossils of fish, turtles, crocodilians, and a diverse fauna of dinosaurs, including birds.

Description

[edit]

The Nemegt Formation is composed of mudstones and sandstones that were deposited by ancient lakes, streams, and flood plains. The Altan Uul locality was described by Michael Novacek as "a canyon carved out of a very rich series of sedimentary rocks" with "steep cliffs and narrow washes". The climate associated with it was wetter than when preceding formations were deposited; there seems to have existed at least some degree of forest cover. Fossilized trunks have been also found. These petrified wood, and the remains of Araucariaceae conifers indicate that the forests of the Nemegt were thickly wooded, with a high canopy formed by tall conifer trees. When examined, the rock facies of this formation suggest the presence of stream and river channels, mudflats, and shallow lakes. Sediments also indicate that there existed a rich habitat, offering diverse food in abundant amounts that could sustain massive Cretaceous dinosaurs.[1][2]

Stratigraphy

[edit]
Nemegt and Barun Goyot formations intersection

The most recent stratigraphy divides the Nemegt Formation into three informal members. The lower member is dominated by fluvial deposits, while middle and upper members consist of alluvial plain, paludal, lacustrine, and fluvial deposits. The colour of the sediments is usually light grey to tan in colour in comparison to the typically red colour of the underlying Barun Goyot Formation.[3] It overlies and sometimes interfingers with the Barun Goyot Formation. Interfingering has been noted at the stratotype (Red Walls) and Hermiin Tsav.[3] There has been no absolute dating of the Nemegt Formation. Historically the Nemegt has been considered late Campanian to Maastrichtian, based on comparisons of fossils present, but no exact dating has been performed. The age for the underlying Baruungoyot Formation (= Svita) has been suggested as Santonian to Campanian, and Shuvalov (2000) found K-Ar dating of basalts that they referred to the mid and upper Baruungoyot to be 75 to 80 million years old.[4]

Paleobiota of the Nemegt Formation

[edit]

Stratigraphic positions are based on Eberth (2018) who correlated localities to their approximate position within the formation.[3]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Amphibians

[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Altanulia A. alifanovi Altan Uul II Middle or Upper "Partial maxilla."[5] A discoglossid. Its classification has been criticized.[6]

Crocodylomorphs

[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Paralligator[7] P. gradilifrons[7] Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Ulaan Bulag Lower "Partially complete skulls with sparse body elements."[7] A paralligatorid.

Fish

[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Harenaichthys H. lui Altan Uul, Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Ulan Khushu "Partial skull parts, isolated and articulated centra, and articulated caudal fin."[8] An osteoglossomorph. Includes previously reported material.[9][8]
Hiodontidae indet. Indeterminate Ulan Khushu "Partial vertebrae and premaxilla."[9] A mooneye.
Teleostei indet. Indeterminate Not specified. "Vertebral centra found within a specimen of Raptorex."[9] A teleost.
Osteichthyes indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Vertebrae and scales found within a specimen of Deinocheirus''."[10] A bony fish.

Flora

[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Araucariaceae indet. Indeterminate Altan Uul II, Nemegt "Petrified wood and trunks."[11][2] An araucarian.
Monilitheca M. minuta Ulaan Bulag "Two isolated megasporophylls and megaspore casts."[12] A sporophyll related to quillworts.
Lemnaceae indet. Indeterminate Tsagan Khushu, Ulaan Bulag "Fruits."[13] Duckweed.
Potamogeton-like indet. Indeterminate Ulaan Bulag "Shoots and leaves."[13] Pondweed.

Invertebrates

[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Altanicypris A. bispinifera Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Complete carapace and left valve."[14] An ostracod.
A. multispina Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Nine carapaces and some detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
A. szczechurae Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple carapaces and detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Candona C. altanulaensis Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
cf. C. fabaeformis Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Several carapaces and detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Candoniella C. altanica Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
C. mordvilkoi Altan Uul IV Lower "Three adult carapaces."[15] An ostracod.
Cyclocypris C. transitoria Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Seven adult carapaces."[14] An ostracod.
Cypria C. elata Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav "Several carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
Cypridopsis? C. bugintsavicus Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Ten adult carapaces."[14] An ostracod.
Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Several complete carapaces."[14] An ostracod.
Cypris? C. ectypa Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Ulan Bulag "Complete carapaces and some detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Cypridea cf. C. punctilataeformis Nemegt "One adult carapace."[15] An ostracod.
C. barsboldi Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
C. cavernosa Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
C. rostrata Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav "Caparaces."[15] An ostracod.
Indeterminate Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Five juvenile carapaces."[14] An ostracod.
Gobiella G. prima Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Several carapaces and detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Khandia K. stankevitchae Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
Leiria Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Several detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Complete carapace."[14] An ostracod.
Limnocythere sp. Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Juvenile carapace."[14] An ostracod.
Lycopterocypris? cf. L. profunda Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple complete carapaces and left valve."[14] An ostracod.
Mongolianella M. palmosa? Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Several adult carapaces."[14] An ostracod.
Mongolocypris M. distributa Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Multiple specimens with complete carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
Nemegtia N. biformata Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Multiple complete carapaces and several detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
N. obliquecostae Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
N. reticulata Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Tsagan Khushu "Several carapaces and detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Paracypridea? P. mongolica Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Multiple carapaces and detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Rhinocypris sp. Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Several carapaces."[14] An ostracod.
Scabriculocypris S. ingenicus? Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Naran Bulag, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Multiple carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
S. rasilis? Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Several carapaces and detached valves."[14] An ostracod.
Timiriasevia cf. T. miaogouensis Altan Uul IV, Nemegt Lower "Seven valves."[14] An ostracod.
cf. T. opinabilis Altan Uul IV Lower "Adult carapace."[15] An ostracod.
T. minuscula Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."[14] An ostracod.
T. naranbulakensis Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Four carapaces and one right valve."[14] An ostracod.
Ziziphocypris Z. costata Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Fourteen carapaces."[14] An ostracod.

Mammals

[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Buginbaatar[16] B. transaltaiensis[16] Bügiin Tsav Middle or Upper "Fragmentary skull."[16] A multituberculate.
"Gurlin Tsav skull" Indeterminate Middle or Partial skull A mysterious metatherian, possibly a sparassodont.

Pterosaurs

[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Unnamed azhdarchid Indeterminate Guriliin Tsav Middle or Upper "Fragmentary cervical vertebrae."[17] A giant azhdarchid.

Turtles

[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Gobiapalone G. breviplastra Alak Shand Khuduk, Altan Uul I, Bügiin Tsav, Bügiin Tsav II, Nemegt, Ulan Khushu "Shell and body elements from multiple specimens."[18] A trionychid.
Gravemys G. barsboldi Bamba Khuduk, Hermiin Tsav, Ingeni Khobur, Tsagan Khushu "Partial to complete shells."[19][20] A lindholmemydid.

Nanhsiungchelyidae indet.

Indeterminate Hermiin Tsav II Lower "Shell fragment."[21] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Indeterminate Khuren Tsav "Damaged shell."[21] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Partial plastron."[21] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Mongolemys M. elegans Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Tsagan Khushu "Skull, shell and body elements from multiple specimens."[22][23] A lindholmemydid.
Mongolochelys M. efremovi Altan Uul II, Altan Uul III, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Skull, shell and body elements from multiple specimens."[24][25] A sichuanchelyid.
Nemegtemys N. conflata Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Partial plastron elements."[18] A trionychid.

"Trionyx"

"T". gilbentuensis Gilbentu "Fragmentary shell."[18] A trionychid.
"T". gobiensis Altan Uul III, Bamba Khuduk, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu "Fragmentary shell and carapace fragments."[18] A trionychid.
Trionychidae indet. Indeterminate Bamba Khuduk, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Ingeni Khobur "Shell and body remains."[18] A trionychid. Originally identified as Amyda menneri.[18]

Dinosaurs

[edit]

Ornithischians

[edit]
Ankylosaurs
[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
"Dyoplosaurus"[26] "D". giganteus[26] Nemegt Lower A series of caudal vertebrae, metatarsals, phalanges, osteoderms, and an undescribed partial tail club.[27] An ankylosaurid now regarded as nomen dubium.
Saichania[28] S. chulsanensis[28] Altan Uul IV Lower Partial vertebrae, tail club, and osteoderms.[29] An ankylosaurid also present in the Barun Goyot Formation.
Tarchia[28] T. teresae[29] Altan Uul IV, Hermiin Tsav I Lower A skull, mandibles, vertebrae, tail club, and other undescribed postcranial material.[29] An ankylosaurid.
T. tumanovae[30] Hermiin Tsav Lower[3] "Partial skeleton with complete skull."[30] An ankylosaurid.
Tetrapodosaurus-like indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav, Shar Tsav "Footprint casts."[31] Ankylosaurid tracks.
Ankylosauridae indet. Indeterminate Altan Uul II-III-IV, Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav I, Khuree Tsav, Nemegt A partial dentary, caudal vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, metatarsals, phalanges, pedal phalanx, humeri, partial pelvis, tail clubs, cervical half-rings, osteoderms, skin impressions, and undescribed juveniles and partial skeletons.[27] Cranial and postcranial material representing numerous individuals of different ages.
Hadrosaurs
[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Amblydactylus-like indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav, Bügiin Tsav II, Guriliin Tsav, Yagaan Khovil "Footprint casts."[31] Three-toed hadrosaurs tracks. Attributed to Saurolophus.
Barsboldia[32] B. sicinskii[32] Nemegt Lower[3] "Partial vertebrae, pelvis, and ribs."[32][33] A hadrosaurid.
Hadropodus Indeterminate Nemegt "Numerous footprints."[34] Hadrosaurid tracks. Attributed to Saurolophus.
Saurolophus[35] S. angustirostris[36] Presence in most localities[37] "Multiple specimens, including articulated skulls, postcranial skeletons and mass death assemblage."[38][39][40][41] A saurolophine hadrosaurid which was the most common hadrosaur in the area.[42]
Unnamed ichnotaxon Indeterminate Nemegt "Numerous footprint casts with trackways."[43] Hand and feet hadrosaur tracks. Attributed to Saurolophus.
Pachycephalosaurs
[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Homalocephale[44] H. calathocercos[44] Nemegt Lower[3] "Partial skull and skeleton including hindlimbs."[44] A pachycephalosaurid.
Prenocephale[44] P. prenes[44] Guriliin Tsav, Nemegt "Complete skull and partial postcranium of several specimens."[44][46] A pachycephalosaurid.
P. sp.[46] Tsagan Khushu, Nemegt Lower[3] "complete left squamosal"; large skull
Indeterminate Bugiin Tsav Middle[45] "incomplete frontoparietal dome and fragments of associated braincase bones"[46]

Sauropods

[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Brontopodus Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Large footprint and several four-toed tracks."[47][34] Sauropod tracks. Attributed to Opisthocoelicaudia.
Brontopodus-like indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav, Yagaan Khovil "Footprint casts."[31] Sauropod tracks.
Nemegtosaurus[48] N. mongoliensis[48] Nemegt Lower "Skulls and body remains from several specimens."[49][50][51] A titanosaur.
Opisthocoelicaudia[52] O. skarzynskii[52] Altan Uul IV Lower "Nearly complete skeleton without the skull and cervical series."[50] A titanosaur.
Undescribed sauropods Indeterminate Altan Uul I-II-II-IV, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Khamaryn Khural, Khuree Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Tsagan Khushu, Ulan Khushu "Several fragmentary remains."[50] Sauropod remains that may represent already named taxa.
Unnamed ichnotaxon Indeterminate Nemegt "Footprint casts with skin impressions."[43] Four-toed sauropod tracks. Attributed to Opisthocoelicaudia.

Theropods

[edit]
Alvarezsaurs
[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Mononykus[53] M. olecranus[53] Bügiin Tsav Middle[45] "Fragmentary skull, vertebrae, limbs and fragmented pelvis."[54] An alvarezsaurid.
Indeterminate Altan Uul III "Caudal vertebrae and left hindlimb."[55]
Nemegtonykus[55] N. citus[55] Altan Uul III "Partially complete skeleton from two specimens lacking the skull."[55] An alvarezsaurid.
Birds
[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Brodavis[56] B. mongoliensis[56] Bügiin Tsav "Nearly complete left tarsometatarsus."[56] A hesperornithine.
Gurilynia[57] G. nessovi[57] Guriliin Tsav Middle[45] "Left coracoid and partial humerii."[57] An enantiornithine.
Judinornis[58] J. nogontsavensis[58] Nogon Tsav "Dorsal vertebra."[58] A hesperornithine.
Laevisoolithus[59] L. sochavai "Whole egg with partly broken pole"[59] Laid by a bird or small theropod.[59]
Subtiliolithus[59] S. microtuberculatus[59] "Eggshell fragments"[59]
Teviornis[60] T. gobiensis[60] Guriliin Tsav Middle[45] "Partial forelimbs."[60] A presbyornithid anseriform.
Unnamed ornithurans Indeterminate Tsagan Khushu "A humerus and two tibiotarsi."[61] Ornithuran remains.
Dromaeosaurs
[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Adasaurus[62] A. mongoliensis[62] Bügiin Tsav Middle[45] "Partial skull and fragmentary postcrania from two specimens."[63] A dromaeosaurid.

Dromaeosauridae indet.

Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav Middle[45] "Cervical vertebra."[64] A dromaeosaurid.
Indeterminate Hermiin Tsav Lower "Dorsal vertebra."[65]
Indeterminate Khaichin I "Three teeth."[66]
Indeterminate Nemegt Lower "Dorsal vertebra and other elements."[65][67]
Indeterminate Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Footprints with poor claw marks."[68] Two-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to either Adasaurus or Zanabazar.
Ornithomimosaurs
[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Anserimimus[69] A. planinychus[69] Bügiin Tsav Middle or Upper[3] "Partial skeleton lacking the skull."[69][70] An ornithomimid.
Deinocheirus[71] D. mirificus[71] Altan Uul III-IV, Bügiin Tsav "Complete skull with virtually complete postcranial remains from three specimens."[10] A giant deinocheirid.
Gallimimus[72] G. bullatus[72] Presence in most localities[73] "Multiple specimens with nearly complete skull and postcranial elements."[73][74] An ornithomimid.
Indeterminate Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Nine trackways including an articulated Gallimimus foot."[68] Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to ornithomimids.
Unnamed ornithomimid[75] Indeterminate Tsagan Khushu "Partial vertebral column with fore and hindlimbs."[75][73] An ornithomimid.
Oviraptorosaurs
[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Avimimus[76] A. portentosus[76] Shar Tsav "Skull roof with fragmentary body elements."[77] An avimimid. Also present in the Djadokhta Formation.
A. nemegtensis[77] Nemegt Lower[3] "Fragmented skull with partial skeleton."[77] An avimimid.
Conchoraptor C. gracilis Guriliin Tsav Middle[45] "Skull and a flock of articulated individuals."[78] An oviraptorid. Also present in the Barun Goyot Formation.
Elmisaurus[79] E. rarus[79] Altan Uul II, Nemegt
  • Lower
  • Middle or Upper
 "Fragmentary skull and partially skeletons from several specimens."[77][80] A caenagnathid.
Elongatoolithidae indet. Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Three eggs containing embryonic remains."[81] Oviraptorid eggs.
Gobiraptor[82] G. minutus[82] Altan Uul III "Partial crania with complete lower jaws and fragmented postcrania."[82] An oviraptorid.
Indeterminate Indeterminate Hermiin Tsav, Shar Tsav, Yagaan Khovil "Footprint casts."[31] Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to Avimimus.
Nemegtomaia[83] N. barsboldi[83] Nemegt Lower "Multiple specimens including a nesting specimen and eggs."[84] An oviraptorid also present in the Barun Goyot Formation.
Nomingia[85] N. gobiensis[85] Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt "Vertebral series with partial hindlimbs and a referred pygostyle."[77] A caenagnathid. May be synonymous with Elmisaurus.[80]
Oksoko[86] O. avarsan Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav Middle[45] "Multiple associated skeletons."[86] An oviraptorid.
Rinchenia[87] R. mongoliensis[87] Altan Uul II Middle or Upper "Skull with nearly complete skeleton."[77] An oviraptorid.


Therizinosaurs
[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Therizinosaurus[88] T. cheloniformis[88] Altan Uul, Hermiin Tsav, Nemegt Lower[3] "Fore and hindlimb elements from multiple specimens."[89][90] A giant therizinosaurid.
Undescribed therizinosaurids Indeterminate Altan Uul, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Ulan Khushu "Partial remains."[91] Therizinosaurid remains.
Troodontids
[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Borogovia[92] B. gracilicrus[92] Altan Uul IV Lower "Partial hindlimbs."[92] A troodontid.
Indeterminate Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav "Footprints with poor claw marks."[68] Two-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to either Adasaurus or Zanabazar.
Tochisaurus[93] T. nemegtensis[93] Nemegt Lower "Left metatarsus."[93] A troodontid.
Zanabazar[94] Z. junior[95] Bügiin Tsav Middle[45] "Skull with fragmentary postcranial skeleton."[94] A troodontid originally identified as "Saurornithoides junior".
Tyrannosaurs
[edit]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Image
Alioramus[96] A. remotus[96] Nogon Tsav "Partially preserved skull with very sparse postcranial remains."[96] An alioramin.
A. altai[97] Tsagan Khushu "Nearly complete skull with partial postcrania."[97] An alioramin.
Bagaraatan[98] B. ostromi[98] Nemegt Lower[3] "Fragmentary lower jaw, hindlimb and caudal vertebrae."[98] A tyrannosauroid.
Indeterminate Indeterminate Bügiin Tsav, Bügiin Tsav II "Footprint casts."[31] Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to Tarbosaurus.

Raptorex[99]

R. kriegsteni[99]

"Nearly complete skeleton including the skull."[99] A controversial genus of tyrannosaurid that could be a juvenile Tarbosaurus.[100]
Tarbosaurus[101] T. bataar[102] Presence in most localities[2] "Nearly complete skeletons from multiple specimens."[101][102][2] A large tyrannosaurid which was the most common large carnivore in the area.[103]
Unnamed ichnotaxon Indeterminate Nemegt "Footprint casts with skin impressions."[43] Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to Tarbosaurus.
Tyrannosauripodidae indet. Indeterminate Nemegt "Five tracks."[34] Three-toed tyrannosaurid tracks. Attributed to either Alioramus or Tarbosaurus.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Novacek, M. (1996). Dinosaurs of the Flaming Cliffs. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc. New York, New York. ISBN 978-0-385-47775-8
  2. ^ a b c d Owocki, K.; Kremer, B.; Cotte, M.; Bocherens, H. (2020). "Diet preferences and climate inferred from oxygen and carbon isotopes of tooth enamel of Tarbosaurus bataar (Nemegt Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 537: 109190. Bibcode:2020PPP...53709190O. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.05.012. S2CID 182937778.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Eberth, David A. (1 April 2018). "Stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental evolution of the dinosaur-rich Baruungoyot-Nemegt succession (Upper Cretaceous), Nemegt Basin, southern Mongolia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494: 29–50. Bibcode:2018PPP...494...29E. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.018.
  4. ^ Shuvalov, V.F. (2000). "The Cretaceous stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography of Mongolia". In Benton, Michael J.; Shishkin, Mikhail A.; Unwin, D.M.; Kurochkin, E.N. (eds.). The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–278. ISBN 0-521-55476-4.
  5. ^ Gubin, Y. M. (1993). "Cretaceous anurans of Mongolia". Paleontological Journal (in Russian): 51−56.
  6. ^ Sanchíz, B. (1998). "Salientia Part 4". In Wellnhofer, P.; Verlag, F. P. (eds.). Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie. Munich. pp. 1−275.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ a b c Turner, A. H. (2015). "A Review of Shamosuchus and Paralligator (Crocodyliformes, Neosuchia) from the Cretaceous of Asia". PLOS ONE. 10 (2): e0118116. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018116T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118116. PMC 4340866. PMID 25714338.
  8. ^ a b Kim, S.-H.; Lee, Y.-N.; Park, J.-Y.; Lee, S.; Winkler, D. A.; Jacobs, L. L.; Barsbold, R. (2022). "A new species of Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia: Paleobiological and paleobiogeographic implications". Cretaceous Research. 135: 105214. Bibcode:2022CrRes.13505214K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105214. S2CID 247637952.
  9. ^ a b c Newbrey, M. G.; Brinkman, D. B.; Winkler, D. A.; Freedman, E. A.; Neuman, A. G.; Fowler, D. W.; Woodward, H. N. (2013). "Teleost centrum and jaw elements from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian) of Mongolia and a re-identification of the fish centrum found with the theropod Raptorex kreigsteini". In Arratia, G.; Schultze, H.-S.; Wilson, M. V. H. (eds.). Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 291−303. ISBN 978-3-89937-159-8.
  10. ^ a b Lee, Y.-N.; Barsbold, R.; Currie, P. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Lee, H.-J.; Godefroit, P.; Escuillié, F.; Tsogtbaatar, C. (2014). "Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus". Nature. 515 (7526): 257−260. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..257L. doi:10.1038/nature13874. PMID 25337880. S2CID 2986017.
  11. ^ Gradziński, R. (1970). "Sedimentation of Dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert" (PDF). Paleontologia Polonica. 21: 147−229.
  12. ^ Krassilovl, V. A.; Makulbekovl, N. M. (1996). "Isoetalean megasporophylls with megaspores from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia" (PDF). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 94 (3–4): 231–238. Bibcode:1996RPaPa..94..231K. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00020-6.
  13. ^ a b Krassilovl, V. A.; Makulbekovl, N. M. (1995). "Maastrichtian aquatic plants from Mongolia" (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 29 (2A): 119–140. Bibcode:1996RPaPa..94..231K. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00020-6.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Szczechura, J. (1978). "Fresh-water ostracodes from the Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Mongolia" (PDF). Paleontologia Polonica. 38: 65−121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-12. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  15. ^ a b c d Szczechura, J.; Blaszyk, J. (1970). "Fresh-water Ostracoda from the Upper Cretaceous of the Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert" (PDF). Paleontologia Polonica. 21: 107−120.
  16. ^ a b c Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Sochava, A. V. (1969). "The first multituberculate from the Uppermost Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert (Mongolia)" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 14 (3): 355−367.
  17. ^ Tsuihiji, T.; Andres, B.; O'connor, P. M.; Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Mainbayar, B. (2017). "Gigantic pterosaurian remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (5): e1361431. Bibcode:2017JVPal..37E1431T. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1361431. S2CID 134424023.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Danilov, I. G.; Hirayama, R.; Sukhanov, V. B.; Suzuki, S.; Watabe, M.; Vitek, N. S. (2014). "Cretaceous soft-shelled turtles (Trionychidae) of Mongolia: new diversity, records and a revision". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (7): 799−832. Bibcode:2014JSPal..12..799D. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.847870. S2CID 86304259.
  19. ^ Sukhanov, V. B.; Narmandakh, P. (1983). "The new genus of the Late Cretaceous turtles of Mongolia". Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition (in Russian). 24: 44−66.
  20. ^ Danilov, I. G. (2003). "Gravemys Sukhanov and Narmandakh, 1983 (Testudinoidea: Lindholmemydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Asia: new data" (PDF). PaleoBios. 23 (3): 9−19.
  21. ^ a b c Danilov, I. G.; Syromyatnikova, E. (2008). "New materials on turtles of the family Nanhsiungchelyidae from the Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and Mongolia, with a review of the nanhsiungchelyid record in Asia" (PDF). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS. 312 (1–2): 3–25. doi:10.31610/trudyzin/2008.312.1-2.3. S2CID 130642652.
  22. ^ Khosatzky, L. I.; Młynarski, M. (1971). "Chelonians from the upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia" (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 25: 131−144.
  23. ^ Cadena, E. A.; Ksepka, D. T.; Norell, M. A. (2013). "New material of Mongolemys elegans Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1971 (Testudines: Lindholmemydidae), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on bone histology and phylogeny". American Museum Novitates (3766): 1−27. doi:10.1206/3766.2. S2CID 83594279.
  24. ^ Khosatzky, L. I. (1997). "Big turtle of the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Russian Journal of Herpetology. 4 (2): 148–154. doi:10.30906/1026-2296-1997-4-2-148-154.
  25. ^ Suzuki, S.; Tsogtbaatar, C. (2010). "A catalog of Mongolochelys collected by the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 3: 119–131.
  26. ^ a b Maleev, E. A. (1956). "Armored dinosaurs of the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia, Family Ankylosauridae". Trudy Palaeontologicheskoi Instytuta, Akademiia Nauk SSSR (in Russian). 62: 51–91. Translated paper
  27. ^ a b Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J.; Badamgarav, D. (2014). "The ankylosaurid dinosaurs of the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot and Nemegt formations of Mongolia". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (3): 631–652. doi:10.1111/zoj.12185.
  28. ^ a b c Maryańska, T. (1977). "Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia" (PDF). Palaeontologia Polonica. 37: 85–151. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-12. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  29. ^ a b c Penkalski, P.; Tumanova, T. (2017). "The cranial morphology and taxonomic status of Tarchia (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Cretaceous Research. 70: 117−127. Bibcode:2017CrRes..70..117P. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.10.004.
  30. ^ a b Park JY, Lee YN, Kobayashi Y, Jacobs LL, Barsbold R, Lee HJ, Kim N, Song KY, Polcyn MJ (2021). "A new ankylosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia and implications for paleoecology of armoured dinosaurs". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): Article number 22928. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1122928P. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02273-4. PMC 8616956. PMID 34824329.
  31. ^ a b c d e Ishigaki, S.; Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Saneyoshi, M. (2009). "Dinosaur footprints from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Geological Quarterly. 53 (9): 449–460.
  32. ^ a b c Maryańska, T.; Osmólska, H. (1981). "First lambeosaurine dinosaur from the Nemegt Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 26 (3–4): 243–255.
  33. ^ Prieto-Márquez, A. (2011). "A reapprisal of Barsboldia sicinskii (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (3): 468–477. Bibcode:2011JPal...85..468P. doi:10.1666/10-106.1. JSTOR 23020183. S2CID 83677586.
  34. ^ a b c Nakajima, J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Chinzorig, T.; Tanaka, T.; Takasaki, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P. J.; Fiorillo, A. R. (2018). "Dinosaur tracks at the Nemegt locality: Paleobiological and paleoenvironmental implications". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494: 147−159. Bibcode:2018PPP...494..147N. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.026.
  35. ^ Brown, B. (1912). "A crested dinosaur from the Edmonton Cretaceous". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 31 (14): 131–136. hdl:2246/1401.
  36. ^ Rozhdestvensky, A. K. (1952). "Новый представитель утконосых динозавров из верхнемеловых отложений Монголии" [A new representative of the duck-billed dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous deposits of Mongolia]. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (in Russian). 86 (2): 405–408.
  37. ^ Fanti, F.; Bell, P. R.; Currie, P. J.; Tsogtbataar, K. (2020). "The Nemegt Basin — One of the best field laboratories for interpreting Late Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494: 1−4. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.07.014.
  38. ^ Bell, P. R. (2011). "Cranial osteology and ontogeny of Saurolophus angustirostris from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on Saurolophus osborni from Canada". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (4): 703–722. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0061.
  39. ^ Bell, P. R. (2012). "Standardized Terminology and Potential Taxonomic Utility for Hadrosaurid Skin Impressions: A Case Study for Saurolophus from Canada and Mongolia". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31295. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731295B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031295. PMC 3272031. PMID 22319623.
  40. ^ Dewaele, L.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Barsbold, R.; Garcia, G.; Stein, K.; Escuillie, F.; Godefroit, P. (2015). "Perinatal specimens of Saurolophus angustirostris (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae), from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0138806. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1038806D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138806. PMC 4605499. PMID 26466354.
  41. ^ Bell, P. R.; Evans, D. C.; Eberth, D. A.; Fanti, F.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Ryan, M. J. (2018). "Sedimentological and taphonomic observations on the Dragon's Tomb Saurolophus (Hadrosauridae) bonebed, Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Mongolia" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494: 75−90. Bibcode:2018PPP...494...75B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.034.
  42. ^ Bell, Phil R.; Evans, D. C.; Eberth, D. A.; Fanti, Federico; Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav; Ryan, M. J. (2018). "Sedimentological and taphonomic observations on the "Dragon's Tomb" Saurolophus (Hadrosauridae) bonebed, Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Mongolia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494: 75–90. Bibcode:2018PPP...494...75B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.034. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  43. ^ a b c Currie, P. J.; Demchig, B; Koppelhus, E. B. (2003). "The First Late Cretaceous Footprints from the Locality in the Gobi of Mongolia" (PDF). Ichnos. 10: 1–12. doi:10.1080/10420940390235071. S2CID 140547544.
  44. ^ a b c d e f Maryańska, T.; Osmólska, H. (1974). "Pachycephalosauria, a new suborder of ornithischian dinosaurs" (PDF). Palaeontologica Polonica. 30: 45−102. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fanti, F.; Cantelli, L.; Currie, P. J.; Funston, G. F.; Cenni, N.; Catellani, S.; Chinzorig, T.; Tsogtbaatar, K. H.; Barsbold, R. (2024-09-01). "High-resolution UAV maps of the Gobi Desert provide new insights into the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Cretaceous Research. 161: 105916. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105916. ISSN 0195-6671.
  46. ^ a b c Evans, D. C.; Hayashi, S.; Chiba, K.; Watabe, M.; Ryan, M. J.; Lee, Y.-N.; Currie, P. J.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Barsbold, R. (2018). "Morphology and histology of new cranial specimens of Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Nemegt Formation, Mongolia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494: 121−134. Bibcode:2018PPP...494..121E. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.029.
  47. ^ Stettner, B.; Scott Persons IV, W.; Currie, P. J. (2018). "A giant sauropod footprint from the Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Mongolia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494: 168−172. Bibcode:2018PPP...494..168S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.027.
  48. ^ a b Nowinski, A. (1971). "Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis n. gen., n. sp. (Sauropoda) from the uppermost Cretaceous of Mongolia" (PDF). Palaeontologica Polonica. 25: 57−81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  49. ^ Wilson, J. A. (2005). "Redescription of the Mongolian sauropod Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis Nowinski (Dinosauria: Saurischia) and comments on Late Cretaceous sauropod diversity". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 3 (3): 283−318. Bibcode:2005JSPal...3..283W. doi:10.1017/S1477201905001628. S2CID 54070651.
  50. ^ a b c Currie, P. J.; Wilson, J. A.; Fanti, F.; Mainabayar, B.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2017). "Rediscovery of the type localities of the Late Cretaceous Mongolian sauropods Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis and Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii: Stratigraphic and taxonomic implications". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494: 5−13. Bibcode:2018PPP...494....5C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.035. hdl:11585/622592.
  51. ^ Averianov, A.; Lopatin, A. (2019). "A possible new specimen of the Late Cretaceous Mongolian sauropod Nemegtosaurus and sauropod diversity in the Nemegt Formation". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 64 (2): 313−321. doi:10.4202/app.00596.2019.
  52. ^ a b Borsuk-Białynicka, M. M. (1977). "A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii gen. n., sp. n. from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia" (PDF). Palaeontologia Polonica. 37 (5): 5–64.
  53. ^ a b Perle, A.; Norell, M. A.; Chiappe, L. M.; Clark, J. M. (1993). "Correction: Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia". Scientific Reports. 363 (188): 188. doi:10.1038/363188a0.
  54. ^ Perle, A.; Chiappe, L. M.; Rinchen, B.; Clark, J. M.; Norell, M. A. (1994). "Skeletal morphology of Mononykus olecranus (Theropoda, Avialae) from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (3105): 1−29. hdl:2246/4936.
  55. ^ a b c d Lee, S.; Park, J.-Y.; Lee, Y.-N.; Kim, S.-H.; Lü, J.; Barsbold, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2019). "A new alvarezsaurid dinosaur from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 15493. Bibcode:2019NatSR...915493L. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52021-y. PMC 6820876. PMID 31664171.
  56. ^ a b c Martin, L. D.; Kurochkin, E. N.; Tokaryk, T. T. (2012). "A new evolutionary lineage of diving birds from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia". Palaeoworld. 21 (1): 59−63. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2012.02.005.
  57. ^ a b c Kurochkin, E. N. (1999). "A new large enantiornithid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". In Darevskii, I.; Averianov, A. (eds.). Materials on the History of Fauna of Eurasia. Vol. 277. Saint Petersburg: Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. pp. 132−127.
  58. ^ a b c Nessov, L.; Borkin, L. J. (1983). "New records of bird bones from Cretaceous of Mongolia and Middle Asia". Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta AN SSSR. 116: 108–110.
  59. ^ a b c d e f K. E. Mikhailov. 1991. Classification of fossil eggshells of amniotic vertebrates. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 36(2):193-238
  60. ^ a b c Kurochkin, E. N.; Dyke, G. J.; Karhu, A. A. (2002). "A new presbyornithid bird (Aves, Anseriformes) from the late Cretaceous of southern Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (3386): 1–11. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2002)386<0001:ANPBAA>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/2875. S2CID 59147935.
  61. ^ Clarke, J. A.; Norell, M. A. (2004). "New avialan remains and a review of the known avifauna from the late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (3447): 1−12. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2004)447<0001:NARAAR>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/2812. S2CID 55687019.
  62. ^ a b Barsbold, R. (1983). "Хищные динозавры мела Монголии" [Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia] (PDF). Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition (in Russian). 19: 5−119. Translated paper
  63. ^ Turner, A. H.; Makovicky, P. J.; Norell, M. A. (2012). "A Review of Dromaeosaurid Systematics and Paravian Phylogeny". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 371 (371): 19−22. doi:10.1206/748.1. hdl:2246/6352. S2CID 83572446.
  64. ^ Watabe, M.; Suzuki, S.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Tsubamoto, T; Saneyoshi, M. (2010). "Report of the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition in 2006". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin. 3: 11−18.
  65. ^ a b Currie, P. J. (2001). "Nomadic Expeditions, Inc., report of fieldwork in Mongolia, September 2000". Alberta Palaeontological Society, Fifth Annual Symposium, Abstract Volume. Calgary: Mount Royal College. pp. 12−–16.
  66. ^ Badamkhatan, Z. (2008). "Dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Mongolian locality of Khaichin I". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (supp. 003): 47A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459.
  67. ^ Currie, P. J.; Longrich, N. R.; Ryan, M.; Eberth, D.; Demchig, B. (2008). "A bonebed of Avimimus sp. (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation, Gobi Desert: Insights into social behavior and development in a maniraptoran theropod". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (supp. 003): 67A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459.
  68. ^ a b c Lee, H.-J.; Lee, Y.-N.; Adams, T. L.; Currie, P. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Jacobs, L. L.; Koppelhus, E. B. (2018). "Theropod trackways associated with a Gallimimus foot skeleton from the Nemegt Formation, Mongolia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494: 160−167. Bibcode:2018PPP...494..160L. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.020.
  69. ^ a b c Barsbold, R. (1998). "A new Late Cretaceous ornithomimid from the Mongolian People's Republic". Paleontological Journal. 22: 124−127.
  70. ^ Bronowicz, R. (2005). Upper Cretaceous dinosaur Anserimimus planinychus (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae) from Mongolia (MS thesis). University of Warsawy.
  71. ^ a b Osmólska, H.; Roniewicz, E. (1970). "Deinocheiridae, a new family of theropod dinosaurs" (PDF). Palaeontologica Polonica (21): 5−19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  72. ^ a b Osmólska, H.; Roniewicz, E.; Barsbold, R. (1972). "A new dinosaur, Gallimimus bullatus n. gen., n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia" (PDF). Palaeontologia Polonica. 27: 103−143.
  73. ^ a b c Chinzorig, T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P. J.; Takasaki, R.; Tanaka, T.; Iijima, M.; Barsbold, R. (2018). "Ornithomimosaurs from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia: manus morphological variation and diversity". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494: 91–100. Bibcode:2018PPP...494...91C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.031.
  74. ^ Lee, H.-J.; Lee, Y.-N.; Adams, T. L.; Currie, P. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Jacobs, L. L.; Koppelhus, E. B. (2018). "Theropod trackways associated with a Gallimimus foot skeleton from the Nemegt Formation, Mongolia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494: 160–167. Bibcode:2018PPP...494..160L. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.020.
  75. ^ a b Bronowicz, R. (2011). "New material of a derived ornithomimosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (3): 477−488. doi:10.4202/app.2009.1123.
  76. ^ a b Kurzanov, S. M. (1981). "An unusual theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Transactions of the Joint Soviet Mongolian Paleontological Expedition. 15: 39−–49.
  77. ^ a b c d e f Funston, G. F.; Mendonca, S. E.; Currie, P. J.; Barsbold, R.; Barsbold, R. (2018). "Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 494: 101−120. Bibcode:2018PPP...494..101F. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.023.
  78. ^ Funston, G. F. (2019). "Chapter 4 – Oviraptoridae" (PDF). Anatomy, systematics, and evolution of Oviraptorosauria (Dinosauria, Theropoda) (PhD thesis). University of Alberta. p. 419.
  79. ^ a b Osmólska, H. (2000). "Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins" (PDF). Palaeontologica Polonica. 42: 79–95. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  80. ^ a b Funston, G. F.; Currie, P. J.; Tsogtbaatar, C.; Khishigjav, T. (2021). "A partial oviraptorosaur skeleton suggests low caenagnathid diversity in the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". PLOS ONE. 16 (7): e0254564. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1654564F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254564. PMC 8274908. PMID 34252154.
  81. ^ Weishampel, D. B.; Fastovsky, D. E.; Watabe, M.; Varricchio, D.; Jackson, F.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Barsbold, R. (2008). "New oviraptorid embryos from Bugin Tsav, Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Mongolia, with insights into their habitat and growth". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (4): 1110–1119. Bibcode:2008JVPal..28.1110W. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1110. JSTOR 20491042. S2CID 84712926.
  82. ^ a b c Lee, S.; Lee, Y. N.; Chinsamy, A.; Lü, J.; Barsbold, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2019). "A new baby oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". PLOS ONE. 14 (2): e0210867. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1410867L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210867. PMC 6364893. PMID 30726228.
  83. ^ a b Lü, J.; Tomida, Y.; Azuma, Y.; Dong, Z.; Lee, Y.-N. (2005). "Nemegtomaia gen. nov., a replacement name for the oviraptorosaurian dinosaur Nemegtia Lü et al. 2004, a preoccupied name". Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, Series C. 31: 51.
  84. ^ Fanti, F.; Currie, P. J.; Badamgarav, D.; Lalueza-Fox, C. (2012). "New specimens of Nemegtomaia from the Baruungoyot and Nemegt Formations (Late Cretaceous) of Mongolia". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31330. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731330F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031330. PMC 3275628. PMID 22347465.
  85. ^ a b Barsbold, R.; Osmólska, H.; Watabe, M.; Currie, P. J.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2000). "New Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) From Mongolia: The First Dinosaur With A Pygostyle" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 45 (2): 97–106.
  86. ^ a b Gregory F. Funston; Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig; Khishigjav Tsogtbaatar; Yoshitsugu Kobayashi; Corwin Sullivan; Philip J. Currie (2020). "A new two-fingered dinosaur sheds light on the radiation of Oviraptorosauria". Royal Society Open Science. 7 (10): Article ID 201184. Bibcode:2020RSOS....701184F. doi:10.1098/rsos.201184. PMC 7657903. PMID 33204472.
  87. ^ a b Barsbold, R. (1997). "Oviraptorosauria". In Currie, P. J.; Padian, K. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Oxford, UK: Academic Press. pp. 505–508.
  88. ^ a b Maleev, E. A. (1954). "Noviy cherepachoobrazhniy yashcher v Mongolii" [New turtle−like reptile in Mongolia]. Priroda (3): 106−108. Translated paper
  89. ^ Barsbold, R. (1976). "Новые данные о теризинозавре (Therizinosauridae, Theropoda)" [New data on Therizinosaurus (Therizinosauridae, Theropoda)]. In Kramarenko, N. N.; Luvsandansan, B.; Voronin, Y. I.; Barsbold, R.; Rozhdestvensky, A. K.; Trofimov, B. A.; Reshetov, V. Y. (eds.). Paleontology and Biostratigraphy of Mongolia. The Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition, Transactions (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka Press. pp. 76−92.
  90. ^ Zanno, L. E. (2010). "A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria: Maniraptora)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (4): 503−543. Bibcode:2010JSPal...8..503Z. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.488045. S2CID 53405097.
  91. ^ Lee, Y.-N.; Barsbold, R.; Currie, P. J. (2008). "A short report of Korea-Mongolia International Dinosaur Project (1st and 2nd year)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (supp. 003): 104A–105A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459.
  92. ^ a b c Osmólska, H. (1987). "Borogovia gracilicrus gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 32: 133−150.
  93. ^ a b c Kurzanov, S. M.; Osmólska, H. (1991). "Tochisaurus nemegtensis gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Mongolia" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 36: 69–76.
  94. ^ a b Norell, M. A.; Makovicky, P. J.; Bever, G. S.; Balanoff, A. M.; Clark, J. M.; Barsbold, R.; Rowe, T. (2009). "A review of the Mongolian Cretaceous dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae, Theropoda)". American Museum Novitates (3654): 1−63. doi:10.1206/648.1. hdl:2246/5973.
  95. ^ Barsbold, R. (1974). "Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from Central Asia and North America" (PDF). Palaeontologica Polonica. 30: 5−22.
  96. ^ a b c Kurzanov, S. M. (1976). "A new carnosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Nogon-Tsav, Mongolia". The Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition Transactions (in Russian). 3: 93−104.
  97. ^ a b Brusatte, S. L.; Carr, T. D.; Erickson, G. M.; Bever, G. S.; Norell, M. A. (2009). "A long snouted, multihorned tyrannosaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". PNAS. 106 (41): 17261−17266. doi:10.1073/pnas.0906911106. PMC 2765207. PMID 19805035.
  98. ^ a b c Osmolska, H. (1996). "An unusual theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 41 (1): 1−38.
  99. ^ a b c Sereno, P.; Tan, L.; Brusatte, S. L.; Kriegstein, H. J.; Zhao, X.; Cloward, K. (2009). "Tyrannosaurid skeletal design first evolved at small body size". Science. 326 (5951): 418−422. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..418S. doi:10.1126/science.1177428. PMID 19762599. S2CID 1953405.
  100. ^ Fowler, D. W.; Woodward, H. N.; Freedman, E. A.; Larson, P. L.; Horner, J. R. (2011). "Reanalysis of Raptorex kriegsteini: A Juvenile Tyrannosaurid Dinosaur from Mongolia". PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e21376. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...621376F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021376. PMC 3126816. PMID 21738646.
  101. ^ a b Maleev, E. A. (1955). "New carnivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. 104 (5): 779−783. Translated paper
  102. ^ a b Rozhdestvensky, A. K. (1965). "Growth changes in Asian dinosaurs and some problems of their taxonomy". Paleontological Journal (in Russian). 3: 95−109.
  103. ^ "Dinosaurs - Tarbosaurus bataar". Australian Museum. 1 William Street Sydney NSW 2010 Australia: New South Wales Government. October 29, 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nemegt_Formation&oldid=1247305201"