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Pipunculidae

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Pipunculidae
Temporal range: Ypresian - Present
Verrallia aucta, Chalarinae
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Superfamily: Syrphoidea
Family: Pipunculidae
Walker, 1834
Subfamilies
Synonyms
  • Dorilaidae
  • Dorylaidae

Pipunculidae is a family of flies (Diptera) commonly termed big-headed flies,[1] a reference to the large (holoptic) eyes, which cover nearly the entire head. The family is found worldwide and more than 1300 species have been described.

The larvae of Pipunculidae develop as parasitoids almost exclusively in Auchenorrhyncha, the exception being the genus Nephrocerus, whose hosts are adult Tipulidae (crane flies). The larvae develop rapidly within the crane flies before pupating in the soil.[2] In all pipunculids there are only two larval stages. Some species are used as biological control agents in rice fields.

Evolution

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Molecular analysis show that Pipunculidae appeared in the Maastrichtian age of the Cretaceous.[3] The oldest fossils of this group were found in the Eocene formations. North American Metanephrocerus belgardeae and Priabona florissantius were collected from the Ypresian and Priabonian deposits, respectively. Younger specimens of Pipunculidae were discovered in the Miocene Dominican amber.[3]

Taxonomy

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Taxonomy as shown at the Tree of life,[4] with modification based on Kehlmaier, Dierick and Skevington (2014).[5] The name Pipunculidae is derived from the type genus Pipunculus which is thought to be derived from Latin pepo for pumpkin, thus pipunculus would mean "little pumpkin", referring to the large heads.[6]

Subfamily Chalarinae

Subfamily Nephrocerinae

Subfamily Protonephrocerinae

Subfamily Pipunculinae

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Coe, R.L. (1966). Pipunculidae (PDF). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. 10. p. 83. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  2. ^ Koenig, D.P. & C.W. Young. (January 2007). "First observation of parasitic relations between bigheaded flies of the genus Nephrocerus (Diptera: Pipunculidae) and crane flies of the genus Tipula (Diptera: Tupulidae: Tipulinae), with larval and puparial descriptions of Nephrocerus atrapilus Skevington". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 109 (1). Washington DC: Allen Press/The Entomological Society of Washington: 52–65. ISSN 0013-8797.
  3. ^ a b Archibald, SB; Kehlmaier, C; Mathewes, RW (2014). "Early Eocene big headed flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from the Okanagan Highlands, western North America". The Canadian Entomologist. 146 (4): 429–443. doi:10.4039/tce.2013.79.
  4. ^ Pipunculidae at the Tree of life
  5. ^ Kehlmaier, C; Dierick, M; Skevington, JH (2014). "Micro-CT studies of amber inclusions reveal internal genitalic features of big-headed flies, enabling a systematic placement of Metanephrocerus Aczel, 1948 (Insecta: Diptera: Pipunculidae)". Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny. 72 (1): 23–36. doi:10.3897/asp.72.e31784.
  6. ^ Cameron, H. D. (1974). "The Etymology of the Names Pipunculus Latreille and Dorilas Meigen (Diptera, Pipunculidae)". The Great Lakes Entomologist. 7 (1): 31–32.
  7. ^ Walker, F. (1834). "Observations on the British species of Pipunculidae". Entomological Magazine. 2: 262–270. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  8. ^ a b c Aczél, M.L. (1939). "Das System der Familie Dorylaidae. Dorylaiden-Studien I". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 125: 15–23.
  9. ^ Mik, J. (1899). "Verrallia nov. gen. Pipunculidarum (Dipt.)". Wiener Entomologische Zeitung. 18: 133–137. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  10. ^ Zetterstedt, J. W. (1838). Dipterologis Scandinaviae. Sect. 3: Diptera, pp. 477-868. In his Insecta Lapponica. Lipsiae [= Leipzig]. pp. vi + 1, 140.
  11. ^ Collin, J.E. (1931). "Platypezidae, Pipunculidae". Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. 3: 49–61.
  12. ^ Fallen, C.F. (1810). Specim. entomolog. novam Diptera disponendi methodum exhibens. Lund: Berlingianis. pp. 26 pp., 1 pl. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  13. ^ Enderlein, G. (1936). 22. Ordnung: Zweiflugler, Diptera. Abt. 16, pp. 1-259 [= lfg. 2, in part]. In Brohmer, P., Ehrmann, P. & Ulmer, G. (eds.), Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas. Vol. 6. Insekten. III. Teil., . Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer.
  14. ^ a b c Aczél, M.L. (1940). "Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Dorylaiden (Diptera). Dorylaiden-Studien V". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 132: 149–169.
  15. ^ De Meyer, Marc (1990). "Systematics of the Nearctic species of the genus Cephalops Fallen (Diptera, Pipunculidae)" (PDF). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie. (1989) 69: 99–130. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  16. ^ Hardy, D.E. (1943). "A revision of Nearctic Dorilaidae (Pipunculidae)". Kansas University Science Bulletin. 29 (1): 3–231 8 pl.
  17. ^ Rafael, J.A. (1986). "Amazunculus, a new genus of pipunculid from the Amazon basin (Diptera, Pipunculidae)". Amazoniana. 10 (1): 15–19.
  18. ^ Rafael, J.A. (1987). "Basileunculus, um genero novo de Pipunculidae (Diptera) da regiao neotropical com chave para as especies". Acta Amazonica. 16/17: 627–634. doi:10.1590/1809-43921987171634. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  19. ^ a b Skevington, J.H.; Yeates, D.K. (2001). "Phylogenetic classification of Eudorylini (Diptera: Pipunculidae)". Systematic Entomology. 26 (4): 421–452. doi:10.1046/j.0307-6970.2001.00160.x. S2CID 83367723.
  20. ^ Rafael, J.A. . (1987). "Two new genera of Pipunculidae (Diptera) from the New World: Metadorylas, gen. n. and Elmohardyia gen. n., with synonyms, designation of lectotypes and revalidation of a species". Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. 31: 35–39.
  21. ^ Latreille, P.A. (1802). Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, des crustaces et des insectes. Tome troisieme. Paris: Dufart. pp. xii + 13–467 + 1 pp.
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