Proto-Quechuan language

Proto-Quechuan
Reconstruction of	Quechuan languages
Region	Central Peru
Era	before 500 BC

Proto-Quechuan language is the hypothetical mother tongue or proto-language that would have given rise to the various languages of the Quechuan language family. This proto-language is reconstructed based on evidence from modern Quechuan languages, as well as records of ancient forms.

Development

Proto-Quechuan was likely spoken in the central region of ancient Peru according to Alfredo Torero. It then expanded southwards to replace Aymara. At the beginning of the fifth century, the proto-Quechua would have crossed the mountain range to settle in the central highlands (Valle del Mantaro), then proto-Aymara-speaking, producing the division between Quechua I (to the east) and Quechua II.

Phonology

The syllables of the Quechua languages are composed of at least one vowel as nucleus. As a general rule, the syllables allow a consonant in position of onset and coda (beginning and end of syllable, respectively).

Three vowel phonemes are distinguished: a vowel open /a/ and closed rounded vowel /u/ unrounded /i/. The precise pronunciation of these vowel phonemes varies with their phonetic environment. The vicinity of a uvular consonant produces more centralized allophones such as [ɑ], [e], [ɛ], [o], [ɔ] and that of the semiconsonant palatal approximant /j/ also causes an overtaking of /a/ to [æ]. As for the consonants, Proto-Quechua would have had three nasal consonant /m, n, ɲ/ four occlusive /p, t, k, q/, two affricates /t͡ʃ, ʈ͡ʂ/, three fricatives /s, ʂ, h/, two approximants /j, w/ and two or three liquid /ʎ, ɾ, (l)/.

Consonant phonemes of Proto-Quechuan

	Bilabial		Alveolar		Post-alveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Glottal
Nasal		m		n						ɲ
stop	p		t								k		q
Affricate					t͡ʃ		ʈ͡ʂ
Fricative			s				ʂ								h
Approximant										j		w
Lateral				(l)						ʎ
Tap				ɾ

Phonetic correspondences

The following table shows the numerals in Proto-Quechuan and its evolution in different modern Quechua languages:

GLOSS	PROTO- QUECHUAN	Quechua I				Quechua II
		Huaylas	Huánuco	Huanca	Pacaraos	Cajamarca	Imbabura	Salasaca	Tena	Ayacucho	Cuzco	Bolivian	Santiagueño
'1'	*suk	huk	huk	huk, suk	huk	suχ	ʃux	ʃuh	ʃuk	huk	hux	ux	suk
'2'	*iʂkaj	iʃkaj	iʃkaj	iʃkaj	iʃkaj	iʃkaj	iʃgaj	iʃki	iʃki	iskaj	iskaj	iskaj	iʃkaj
'3'	*kimsa	kima, kimsa	kimsa	kimsa	kima	kimsa	kinsa	kinsa	kinsa	kimsa	kinsa	kinsa	kimsa
'4'	*ʈʂusku	ʧusku	ʧusku	ʈʂusku	ʈʂusku	ʈʂusku	ʧusku	ʧusku	ʧusku	tawa	tawa	tawa	taa
'5'	*piʧqa	piʦqa	piʧɢa	piʧʔa	pisχa	piʧqa	piʧa	piʧka	piʧka	piʧχa	pʰisqa	pʰiʃqa	piʃqa
'6'	*suqta	huqta	suχta	suʔta	huχta	suχta	sukta	sukta	sukta	suχta	suqta	suhta	suqta
'7'	*qanʈʂis	qanʧis	ɢanʧis	ʔanʈʂis	ʁanʈʂis	qanʈʂis	kanʧis	kanʧis	kanʤis	χanʧis	qanʧis	qanʧis	qanʧis
'8'	*pusaq	puwaq	pusaχ	pusaː	puwaχ	pusaχ	pusax	pusah	pusak	pusaχ	pusaq	pusah	pusaq
'9'	*isqun	isqun	isɢun	isʕun	isʁun	isqun	iskun	iskun	iskun	isχun	isqun	hisqʼun	isqun
'10'	*ʈʂunka	ʧuŋka	ʧuŋka	ʈʂunka	ʈʂuŋka	ʈʂuŋga	ʧuŋga	ʧuŋga	ʧuŋga	ʧuŋka	ʧunka	ʧuŋka	ʧuŋka

References

• Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). "3.2 The Quechuan language family". The languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052136275X.
• Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2003). Lingüística quechua (2ª ed.). Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos 'Bartolomé de las Casas'.
• Itier, César; Torero, A. (1995). Del siglo de oro al siglo de las luces: lenguaje y sociedad en los Andes del siglo XVIII. Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos 'CBC'. ISBN 84-8387-020-7.
• Torero, Alfredo (1974). El quechua y la historia social andina. Lima: Universidad Ricardo palma, Dirección Universitaria de Investigación. ISBN 9786034502109.
• Torero, Alfredo (1983). "La familia lingüística quechua". América Latina en sus lenguas indígenas. Caracas: Monte Ávila. ISBN 9233019268.
• Torero, Alfredo (December 1984). "El comercio lejano y la difusión del quechua. El caso del Ecuador". Andina (4). Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas": 367–402. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07.