Jump to content

Solar power by country

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Solar power in Europe)

Share of electricity production from solar, 2023[1]
Global photovoltaic power potential[2]

Many countries and territories have installed significant solar power capacity into their electrical grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources. Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

The worldwide growth of photovoltaics is extremely dynamic and varies strongly by country. In April 2022, the total global solar power capacity reached 1 TW.[3] In 2022, the leading country for solar power was China, with about 390 GW,[4][5] accounting for nearly two-fifths of the total global installed solar capacity. As of 2022, there are more than 40 countries around the world with a cumulative PV capacity of more than one gigawatt, including Canada, South Africa, Chile, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Austria, Argentina and the Philippines.

The top installers of 2022 included China, the United States, and India.[6][7] Japan, Brazil, the Netherlands, France, Mexico and Germany were also among the top installers of 2022. The available solar PV capacity in Australia is now sufficient to supply more than 15% of the nation's electrical energy while Honduras, Italy, Spain, Germany and Greece can produce between 9% and 14% of their respective annual domestic electricity consumption.[8][9]

After an almost two decade long hiatus, the deployment of CSP resumed in 2007. However, the design for several new projects is being changed to cheaper photovoltaics.[10] Most operational CSP stations are located in Spain and the United States, while large solar farms using photovoltaics are being constructed in an expanding list of geographic regions. Other countries, like Finland, Denmark, Israel, Ukraine and Algeria, can also produce any portions of their electricity consumption.

Global use figures

[edit]

Solar photovoltaics (PV)

[edit]
See also: Growth of photovoltaics
Yearly solar generation by continent[11]
Solar generation by country, 2021[11]

The following table lists these data for each country:

  • total generation from solar in terawatt-hours
  • percent of that country's generation that was solar
  • total solar capacity in gigawatts at the end of the year
  • percent growth in solar capacity year-on-year
  • the solar capacity factor for that year, calculated with the capacity reported. Note that this tends to underestimate the actual capacity factor when growth is high

Data are sourced from Ember and refer to the year 2023 unless otherwise specified.[11] The table only includes countries with more than 0.1 TWh of generation. Links for each location go to the relevant solar power page, when available.

Solar statistics by country in 2023 (unless otherwise specified)
Country Gen
(TWh) 		%
gen. 		Cap.
(GW) 		% cap.
growth 		Cap.
fac.
 World 1632.33 5.5 1419.0 32.2 13%
 China 584.15 6.2 609.92 55.2 11%
 United States 238.12 5.6 129.21 21.7 20%
 India 113.41 5.8 73.11 15.3 18%
 Japan 96.99 9.6 87.07 4.8 13%
 Germany 61.22 12.1 81.74 21.1 9%
 Brazil 51.48 7.3 37.45 46.7 16%
 Spain 45.08 16.7 31.02 21.1 17%
 Australia 44.99 16.5 33.68 12.4 15%
 Italy 31.01 11.8 29.80 21.3 12%
 South Korea 29.37 4.8 27.05 12.3 12%
 Mexico 27.14 7.7 10.91 16.6 28%
 Vietnam 25.70 9.3 17.08 2.3 17%
 France 23.25 4.5 20.55 18.4 13%
 Netherlands 19.99 16.6 23.90 21.2 10%
 Turkey 18.4 5.8 11.29 19.7 19%
 Chile 16.65 19.9 8.47 29.7 22%
 South Africa 15.57 6.7 6.16 -2.7 29%
 United Kingdom 13.83 4.8 15.66 6.9 10%
 United Arab Emirates 13.75 8.3 5.92 64.9 27%
 Taiwan 12.91 4.6 12.42 27.8 12%
 Poland 12.24 7.3 15.81 29.9 9%
 Greece 9.39 19.0 7.03 29.5 15%
 Belgium 7.66 9.3 8.55 26.5 10%
 Canada 7.64 1.2 5.67 8.5 15%
 Israel (2022) 7.35 9.7 4.41 22.8 19%
 Hungary 6.60 18.4 5.84 37.7 13%
 Thailand 5.42 2.9 3.19 0.0 19%
 Egypt 5.24 2.4 1.86 8.1 32%
 Ukraine (2022) 5.20 4.6 8.06 0.0 7%
 Austria 5.16 7.7 6.83 80.2 9%
 Portugal 4.57 10.2 3.88 46.4 13%
 Saudi Arabia 4.32 1.0 2.29 420.5 22%
 Switzerland 4.07 5.7 5.84 34.6 8%
 Bulgaria 3.52 8.8 2.94 69.0 14%
 Jordan (2022) 3.37 15.4 1.97 8.8 20%
 Argentina 3.27 2.2 1.41 25.9 26%
 Malaysia 3.24 1.7 1.93 0.0 19%
 Denmark 3.12 9.3 3.53 15.0 10%
 Czech Republic 3.05 4.0 2.50 3.3 14%
 Russia 2.63 0.2 2.17 19.2 14%
 Sweden 2.48 1.5 3.49 46.0 8%
 Philippines 2.23 1.9 1.67 2.5 15%
 Morocco 2.14 5.0 0.93 9.4 26%
 Romania 2.08 3.7 1.92 6.1 12%
 Kazakhstan 1.96 1.7 1.31 13.9 17%
 Pakistan 1.45 0.9 1.24 0.0 13%
 Honduras (2022) 1.19 9.9 0.53 0.0 26%
 El Salvador 1.11 14.9 0.59 3.5 21%
 Colombia 1.04 1.2 0.68 41.7 17%
 Peru 0.95 1.6 0.33 0.0 33%
 Singapore 0.94 1.6 0.77 22.2 14%
 Senegal (2022) 0.84 10.8 0.26 8.3 37%
 Bangladesh 0.82 0.8 0.77 48.1 12%
 Cyprus 0.82 15.2 0.61 45.2 15%
 Estonia 0.77 11.9 0.69 32.7 13%
 Iran 0.76 0.2 0.60 11.1 14%
 Indonesia 0.71 0.2 0.57 83.9 14%
 Slovenia 0.69 4.5 1.03 63.5 8%
 Sri Lanka (2022) 0.68 3.9 0.80 29.0 10%
 Algeria (2022) 0.66 0.8 0.45 21.6 17%
 Finland 0.65 0.8 0.90 36.4 8%
 Lithuania 0.65 11.7 1.16 103.5 6%
 Panama (2022) 0.65 4.9 0.53 6.0 14%
 Slovakia 0.61 2.1 0.63 14.5 11%
 Yemen (2022) 0.60 20.3 0.26 0.0 26%
 Dominican Republic (2022) 0.56 2.6 0.73 25.9 9%
 Ireland 0.53 1.7 0.74 155.2 8%
 Malta 0.53 20.6 0.23 4.5 26%
 Namibia (2022) 0.50 37.0 0.18 20.0 32%
 Kenya 0.49 4.0 0.36 12.5 16%
 Uruguay 0.46 3.5 0.30 7.1 18%
 North Macedonia 0.40 5.7 0.53 178.9 9%
 Cambodia (2022) 0.39 4.4 0.48 23.1 9%
 Bolivia 0.35 2.9 0.17 0.0 24%
 Armenia (2022) 0.33 3.8 0.24 60.0 16%
 Tunisia 0.32 1.5 0.51 155.0 7%
 Lebanon (2022) 0.30 3.0 0.87 357.9 4%
 Luxembourg 0.28 24.6 0.43 34.4 7%
 Cuba (2022) 0.27 1.5 0.26 0.0 12%
 Oman 0.27 0.6 0.67 1.5 5%
 Guatemala (2022) 0.24 1.8 0.10 0.0 27%
 Puerto Rico 0.24 1.3 0.96 50.0 3%
 Myanmar 0.23 1.3 0.18 0.0 15%
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.21 1.2 0.13 30.0 18%
 New Zealand 0.21 0.5 0.37 37.0 6%
 Palestine (2022) 0.21 22.6 0.19 5.6 13%
 Croatia 0.19 1.1 0.46 109.1 5%
 New Caledonia (2022) 0.18 6.6 0.18 20.0 11%
 Belarus (2022) 0.17 0.4 0.27 68.8 7%
 Kuwait 0.17 0.2 0.10 0.0 19%
 Malawi (2022) 0.17 12.6 0.18 28.6 11%
 Mongolia 0.17 2.1 0.09 0.0 22%
 Norway (2022) 0.17 0.1 0.36 71.4 5%
 Mauritius (2022) 0.16 4.6 0.11 0.0 17%
 Jamaica (2022) 0.14 3.1 0.11 0.0 15%
 Mauritania (2022) 0.14 8.2 0.09 0.0 18%
 Nepal (2022) 0.14 1.4 0.11 22.2 15%
 Zambia (2022) 0.14 0.7 0.09 0.0 18%
 Ghana (2022) 0.13 0.6 0.17 0.0 9%
 Uganda (2022) 0.13 2.4 0.09 0.0 16%
 Burkina Faso (2022) 0.12 15.6 0.09 50.0 15%

Concentrated solar power

[edit]
See also: Concentrated solar power § Deployment around the world
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
1984
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Worldwide CSP capacity since 1984 in MWp
National CSP capacities in 2018 (MWp)
Country Total Added
Spain 2,300 0
United States 1,738 0
South Africa 400 100
Morocco 380 200
India 225 0
China 210 200
United Arab Emirates 100 0
Saudi Arabia 50 50
Algeria 25 0
Egypt 20 0
Australia 12 0
Thailand 5 0
Source: REN21 Global Status Report, 2017 and 2018[12][13][14]

Africa

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Africa

Many African countries receive on average a very high number of days per year of bright sunlight, especially the dry areas, which include the arid deserts (such as the Sahara) and the semi-desert steppes (such as the Sahel).[15] This gives solar power the potential to bring energy to virtually any location in Africa without the need for expensive large-scale grid-level infrastructural developments. The distribution of solar resources across Africa is fairly uniform, with more than 85% of the continent's landscape receiving at least 2,000 kWh/(m2 year). A study indicates that a solar generating facility covering just 0.3% of North Africa could supply all of the energy required by the European Union.[16]

Algeria

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Algeria

Algeria has the highest technical and economical potential for solar power exploitation in the MENA region, with about 170 TWh per year. First industrial scale solar thermal power project has been initiated by inauguration of Hassi R'Mel power station in 2011. This new hybrid power plant combines a 25-megawatt (MW) concentrating solar power array in conjunction with a 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant. In addition, Algeria has launched in 2011 a national program to develop renewable energy based on photovoltaics (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP) and wind power, and to promote energy efficiency. The program consists of installing up to 12 GW of power generating capacity from renewable sources to meet the domestic electricity demand by 2030.

Egypt

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Egypt

Benban Solar Park is a Photovoltaic power station with a total capacity of 1650 MW nominal power which corresponds to an annual production of approximately 3.8 TWh. It is located in Benban (Aswan Governorate) in the western desert, approximately 650 km south of Cairo and 40 km northwest of Aswan. Benban is currently[when?] the 4th largest solar power plant in the world.[citation needed]

Morocco

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Morocco

Solar power in Morocco is enabled by the country having one of the highest rates of solar insolation among other countries— about 3,000 hours per year of sunshine but up to 3,600 hours in the desert. Morocco has launched one of the world's largest solar energy projects costing an estimated $9 billion. The aim of the project is to create 2,000 megawatts of solar generation capacity by the year 2020.[17] Five solar power stations are to be constructed, including both photovoltaic and concentrated solar power technology. The Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN), a public-private venture, has been established to lead the project. The first plant will be commissioned in 2015,[18] and the entire project in 2020. Once completed, the solar project will provide 38% of Morocco's annual electricity generation.

Somalia

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Somalia

South Africa

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in South Africa

South Africa had 1329 MW of PV installations and 100 MW of concentrating solar thermal at the end of 2016. It is expected to reach an installed capacity 8,400 MW by 2030, along with 8,400 MW of wind power.[19] The country's insolation greatly exceeds the average values in Europe, Russia, and most of North America.[20]

Asia

[edit]

Armenia

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Armenia

Armenia due its geographical and climate properties is well-suited for the solar energy utilization. According to the Ministry of Energy Infrastructure and Natural Resources of Armenia the country is capable of producing 1850 kWh/m2 per year. For comparison European countries are capable of around 1000 kWh/m2 per year on average.[21] Two main panel types utilized in Armenia are the photovoltaic and thermal solar panels. The country is aiming to invest heavy in the segment of renewable energy, as that arises from the geopolitical situation in the region, where Armenia has tenuous relations with some competitive (due to distance) oil-reach suppliers of the region. Thus, besides the investment in the sector by the state - e.g. providing finance for solar energy utilization for rural areas, Armenia also prepared a suitable legislative base to help attract foreign investments of capital - e.g. the guarantee by the state to buy at least for 15 years the surplus energy that will be produced by the solar plants.[22] The country is aiming to developing its economy sustainably, through increase in the technological potential and productivity.

China

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in China
Benefitting from favorable policies and declining costs of modules, photovoltaic solar installation has grown consistently.[23][24] In 2023, China added 60% of the world's new capacity.[25]

China is leading the world in solar PV generation, with the total installed capacity exceeding 600 GW by the end of 2023.[4][26] Since overtaking Germany in 2015, China has been #1 in the world in solar power.[27] China is the world's largest market for both photovoltaics and solar thermal energy. and in the last few years, more than half of the total PV additions came from the country. Solar power in the People's Republic of China is one of the biggest industries and the subsidies by the government have helped in bringing down the cost of solar power, not only in China, but the whole world. China also leads the world in solar water heating with 290 GWth in operation at the end of 2014, accounting for about 70% of the total world capacity. China's goal is to reach 1,300 GW of Solar Capacity by 2050.

Georgia

[edit]
Main article: Solar energy in Georgia (country)

India

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in India
Installed solar PV on 31 March
Year Cumulative Capacity (in MW)
2010
161
2011
461
2012
1,205
2013
2,319
2014
2,632
2015
3,744
2016
6,763
2017
12,289
2018
21,651
2019
28,181
2020
34,627
2021
40,085
2022
56,951

India has the world's third fastest expanding solar power program (next only to China & USA). In the year 2017 alone India added a record 9,255 MW of solar power with another 9,627 MW of solar projects under development.[28][29][30][31] India launched its National Solar Mission in 2010 under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, with plans to generate 20 GW by 2022. This target has been achieved four years ahead of its deadline with India surpassing 20 GW of installed solar capacity in January 2018.[32][29][33][34][35] In January 2015, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced an initiative to increase the solar capacity to 100 GW[36] and total renewable power capacity to 175 gigawatts (GW) by 2022. This target is ambitious considering the worldwide installed solar capacity at that time was 177 GW, out of which only 2.5 GW was installed in India.

To reach the goal of 100 GW of installed solar capacity by 2022, Modi's government has set a target to auction at least 77 gigawatts of additional solar power capacity by March 2020.[37] A total of 1.2 GW of solar power is tendered in the first week of 2018 and a solar power tender of 20 GW, world's largest so far, is to be auctioned off in one go in 2018.[37] Several large grid-scale solar parks are in operation, several of which are among the world's largest such as Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park with the capacity of 1,000 MW, the Kamuthi Solar Power Project with the capacity of 648 MW, the 345 MW Charanka Solar Park, the 480 MW Bhadla Solar Park with a proposed capacity of 2,255 MW and the Gujarat solar parks with a combined capacity of 605 MW.[38] In July 2017, Indian Railways rolled out trains with rooftop solar to power the lights, fans and displays inside the coaches.[39][40] Cochin International Airport, seventh busiest in India, is the first one in the world to run entirely on solar power,[41][42] handling more than 1,000 flights a week. Similarly, the Union Territory of Diu is fully run by solar power.[43]

Solar power features prominently in Modi government's US$2.5 billion SAUBHAGYA scheme launched in July 2015 to electrify every Indian household by 2019 — a huge task considering around 300 million people were without electricity. The use of local mini-grids run on solar power is "a big part of the push, with 60 percent of new connections expected to be to renewable power", according to a report by the International Energy Agency.[44] The government provides subsidy of up to 90% of the upfront capital cost to install solar-powered water pumping systems for irrigation and drinking water.[32] As of 30 November 2017, more than 142,000 solar pumps have been installed to irrigate the agricultural fields.[33] This scheme weans farmers away from diesel-powered pumps and generates extra income for them by allowing to sell surplus power to the grid. It is one of the innovative ways that the government is empowering the rural population with the help of solar energy by addressing specific issues such as water availability. The solar panels are being built over the irrigation canals to preserve water from evaporation in drought-prone sunny areas. The world's first canal-top solar project was set up on Narmada in Gujarat in 2012. For the last mile connectivity in remote and inaccessible areas, the government provides solar power packs of 200 to 300 watt-peak (Wp), along with battery bank, that includes five LED lights, one DC fan and one DC power plug.[34] Other schemes includes Solar Street Light Scheme, providing solar direct current lighting systems, solar lanterns, solar cookers, etc.

In January 2016, the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, and the former President of France, François Hollande, laid the foundation stone for the headquarters of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) in Gwalpahari, India, an alliance of 121 countries, announced at the Paris COP21 climate summit.[45][46] The ISA focuses on promoting and developing solar energy and reducing production and development costs through wider deployment of solar technologies in the developing world.[47][48] On 30 June 2016, the alliance entered into a partnership with the World Bank for accelerating mobilization of finance for solar energy — an estimated US$1000 billion in investments that will be needed by 2030, to meet ISA's goals for the massive deployment of affordable solar energy worldwide.

At the World Future Energy Summit (WFES) held in Abu Dhabi in January 2018, the government of India announced the setting up of a $350 million solar development fund to enable financing of solar projects. Prime Minister Narendra Modi promoted solar energy during the plenary speech at World Economic Forum annual meet in Davos in 2018 and invited investments in the sector in India promising ease of doing business.[49] Modi's ambitious plan when announced in the leading up to the Paris COP21 climate summit received much skepticism and the government's strategy to scale-up the renewable energy by relying on competitive bidding to reduce the cost was regarded as infeasible. However, starting around 2016–2017, new renewable energy became cheaper to build than running existing coal-fired plants in India. As of January 2018, 65% of coal power generation in India is being sold at higher rates than new renewable energy bids in competitive power auctions.[50] India has scrapped tenders for coal-fired power stations and around 80% of new coal-fired power plants under planning have been halted or canceled.[51] In the month of May 2017 alone, plans for building coal power for nearly 14 GW – about the same as the total amount in the UK – were canceled on account of declining solar costs.[52] Analyst Tim Buckley said "Measures taken by the Indian Government to improve energy efficiency coupled with ambitious renewable energy targets and the plummeting cost of solar has had an impact on existing as well as proposed coal fired power plants, rendering an increasing number as financially unviable. India's solar tariffs have literally been free falling in recent months."[52][53] As reported by NYTimes in May 2017, "According to research released last week at a United Nations climate meeting in Germany, China and India should easily exceed the targets they set for themselves in the 2015 Paris Agreement..... India is now expected to obtain 40 percent of its electricity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2022, eight years ahead of schedule."[54][55]

Japan

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Japan

Solar power in Japan has been expanding since the late 1990s. By the end of 2017, cumulative installed PV capacity reached over 50 GW with nearly 8 GW installed in the year 2017. The country is a leading manufacturer of solar panels and is in the top 4 ranking for countries with the most solar PV installed. Overall installed capacity is now estimated to be sufficient to supply 2.5% of the nation's annual electricity demand.[9] The insolation is good at about 4.3 to 4.8 kWh/(m2·day).

Japan was the world's second largest market for solar PV growth in 2013 and 2014, adding a record 6.9 GW and 9.6 GW of nominal nameplate capacity, respectively.

Myanmar

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Myanmar

Pakistan

[edit]

Pakistan has set up a solar power park, funded by the Chinese company TBEA, in the Cholistan desert near Yazman, about 30 kilometers from the eastern city of Bahawalpur. The solar project, which is set up on 5,000 acres, is producing 100 MW . Another Chinese company, Zonergy has installed a Solar Power Plant with capacity of 900 MW in the same region.

The first unit was completed with a cost of 15 billion rupees in a short period of eleven months. The electricity generated by the project was added to the national grid through grid stations and power supply transmission lines. The second phase of the park, consisting of 900 MW, was completed in two years with the help of Chinese Government.[56][57][58]

The energy crisis in Pakistan during the decade of 2010 had led to a shortage in electricity, in response the Pakistani people are increasingly turning to solar power to get electricity at homes. The government is targeting to cover 40% of its energy consumption from solar and renewables by 2030. Years 2021 and 2022 saw a huge demand on residential solar systems in Pakistan.

Total capacity for residential homes was estimated at 100 MW by 2020, with further 200 MW installed in 2021 and another 500 MW installed in 2022, for a cumulative installed capacity of approximately 1400 MW at the end of 2023.

Philippines

[edit]

In 2019, the Philippines generated a modest 1,246 GWh of solar energy.[59] Given the country's geographic location advantage and the high potential for generating electricity from solar energy, its generation capacity is expected to increase from the current 1.2% of the total 23 GW to at least 3.5% of the total 43 GW generating capacity by 2040.[60]

South Korea

[edit]
Main article: Energy in South Korea

The Sinan solar power plant is a 24 MW photovoltaic power station in Sinan, Jeollanam-do, South Korea. As of 2009, it is the largest photovoltaic installation in Asia. The project was developed by the German company Conergy and it cost US$150 million. It was built by the Dongyang Engineering & Construction Corporation.[61]

Taiwan

[edit]
Main article: Renewable energy in Taiwan

The government has a long-term plan to make the PV solar capacity become 6.5 GW by 2020 and 20 GW by 2025.[62] To give further incentives, the government has designated solar energy and LED industries as two industries to actively develop in the near future.

Uzbekistan

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan has been working towards increasing its solar power capacity, with a goal of reaching 4 GW by 2026 and 5 GW by 2030. However, additional policies and support mechanisms may be needed to reach the country's maximum solar energy potential and continue to increase its use of solar energy in the coming years.[63]

Thailand

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Thailand

In 2015, Thailand has more solar power capacity than all the rest of Southeast Asia combined. Thailand's solar capacity will rise to 2,500-2,800 MW in the end of 2015 from about 1,300 MW in 2014. Thailand aims to increase its solar capacity to 6,000 MW by 2036. That would account for 9% of total electricity generation.[64]

Middle East

[edit]

Cyprus

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Cyprus

Israel

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Israel
The Negev Desert is home to the Israeli solar research industry, in particular the National Solar Energy Center and the Arava Valley, which is the sunniest area of Israel.

There is no oil on Israeli land and the country's tenuous relations with its oil-rich neighbors (see Arab–Israeli conflict) has made the search for a stable source of energy a national priority.[65][66] So Israel has embraced solar energy. Israeli innovation and research has advanced solar technology to a degree that it is almost cost-competitive with fossil fuels.[67] Its abundant sun made the country a natural location for the promising technology. The high amount of sunshine received by the Negev Desert every year has spurred an internationally renowned solar research and development industry, with Arnold Goldman (founder of Luz, Luz II and BrightSource Energy), Harry Tabor and David Faiman of the National Solar Energy Center its more prominent members.[65] At the end of 2008 a feed-in tariff scheme was approved, which immediately put in motion the building of many residential and commercial solar energy power station projects. Luz and Bright Source R&D centers in Jerusalem pioneered industrial scale solar energy fields with initial installations in California's Mojave Desert.

Jordan

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Jordan

Lebanon

[edit]

The ongoing economic crisis in Lebanon has led to a shortage in electricity, in response the Lebanese people are increasingly turning to solar power to provide electricity. The government is targeting to cover 30% of its energy consumption from renewables by 2030.[68] Years 2020 and 2021 saw a huge demand on residential solar systems. No given official numbers yet.

Total capacity was estimated at 90 MW by 2020, with further 100 MW installed in 2021 and another 500 MW installed in 2022, for a cumulative installed capacity of approximately 690 MW at the end of 2022.[69]

Saudi Arabia

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Saudi Arabia

The Saudi agency in charge of developing the nations renewable energy sector, Ka-Care, announced in May 2012 that the nation would install 41 gigawatts of solar capacity by 2032, this plan was later revised to 9.5 GW installed capacity. At the time of this announcement, Saudi Arabia had only 0.003 gigawatts of installed solar energy capacity.[70]

In 2018 there has been a proposal for a total of 200 GW of solar power capacity by 2030. The newly announced project is estimated to cost $200 billion through 2030.[citation needed]

Turkey

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Turkey

Registered solar capacity of Turkey stood at 3,420 MW by the end of 2017,[71] although the actual installation can be lower. The increase in registrations mostly happened in December and was attributed to a reduction in feed-in tariffs starting from 2018 (from US$0.13 to US$0.10). By April 2024, Turkey's installed capacity reached 13.9 GW and supplies 6% of total electric consumption of the country.[72] In 2024, Turkey is the biggest producer of the solar panels in Europe.[73]

United Arab Emirates

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in the United Arab Emirates

In 2013, the Shams solar power station, a 100 MW Concentrated solar power plant near Abu Dhabi became operational. The US$600 million Shams 1 is the largest CSP plant outside the United States and Spain and is expected to be followed by two more stations, Shams 2 and Shams 3.[74]

Yemen

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Yemen

Europe

[edit]
See also: Solar power in the European Union
Top-left: solar panels on the BedZED development in the London Borough of Sutton. Bottom: residential rooftop solar PV in Wetherby, Leeds. Top-right: the CIS Tower was clad in building-integrated PV and connected to the grid in 2005.

European deployment of photovoltaics has slowed down considerably since the record year of 2011. This is mainly due to the strong decline of new installations in some major markets such as Germany and Italy, while the United Kingdom and some smaller European countries are still expected to break new records in 2014.[75] Spain deployed about 350 MW (+18%) of concentrated solar power (CSP) in 2013, and remains a worldwide leader of this technology. European countries still account for about 60 percent of worldwide deployed capacity of solar power in 2013.[76][77]

Austria

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Austria

Austria had 421.7 MW of photovoltaics at the end of 2012, 234.5 MW of which was installed that year. Most of it is grid connected.[78] Photovoltaic deployment in Austria had been rather modest for many years, while in other European countries, such as Germany, Italy or Spain installations were booming with new records year after year until 2011. The tide has turned in 2012. New PV installations jumped to more than 200 megawatt per year in Austria in an overall declining European solar market. The European Photovoltaic Industry Association forecasts, that Austria, together with other midsized countries, will contribute significantly to European PV deployment in the coming years.[79]

Belarus

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Belarus

Belgium

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Belgium

In October 2009, the city of Antwerp announced that they wanted to install 2,500 m2 of solar panels on the roofs of public buildings, which would be worth 265,000 kWh per annum.[80]

In December 2009, Katoen Natie announced that they would install 800,000 m2 of solar panels in various places, including Antwerp.[81] It is expected that the installed solar power in the Flemish region will be increased by 25% when finished,[81] resulting in the largest installation in Europe.,[81] the total cost being 166 million euros.[82]

Bulgaria

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Bulgaria

Bulgaria had seen a record year in 2012 when its PV capacity multiplied several times over to more than 1 GW. In 2013, however, further deployment came to a halt.

Czech Republic

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in the Czech Republic

Denmark

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Denmark

Finland

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Finland

France

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in France

Germany

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Germany
Erlasee Solar Park

Germany is among the top-4 ranked countries in terms of installed photovoltaic solar capacity. The overall capacity has reached 42.98 gigawatts (GW) by the end of 2017.[83][84] Photovoltaics contribute almost 6% to the national electricity demands. Germany has seen an outstanding period of photovoltaic installations from 2010 until 2012. During this boom, about 22 GW, or a third of the worldwide PV installations of that period was deployed in Germany alone. However, the boom period ended in 2012, and Germany's national PV market has since declined significantly, due to the amendments in the German Renewable Energy Act (EEG) that reduced feed-in tariffs and set constraints on utility-scaled installations, limiting their size to no more than 10 MW.[85]

The current version of the EEG only guarantees financial assistance as long as the overall PV capacity has not yet reached 52 GW. It also foresees to regulate annual PV growth within a range of 2.5 GW to 3.5 GW by adjusting the guaranteed fees accordingly. The legislative reforms stipulates a 40 to 45 percent share from renewable energy sources by 2025 and a 55 to 60 percent share by 2035.[86]

Large PV power plants in Germany include Senftenberg Solarpark, Finsterwalde Solar Park, Lieberose Photovoltaic Park, Strasskirchen Solar Park, Waldpolenz Solar Park, and Köthen Solar Park.

Greece

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Greece

By September 2013, the total installed photovoltaic capacity in Greece had reached 2,523.5 MWp from which the 987.2 MWp were installed in the period between January–September 2013 despite the unprecedented financial crisis.[87] Greece ranks fifth worldwide with regard to per capita installed PV capacity. It is expected that PV produced energy will cover up to 7% of the country's electricity demand in 2014.[88]

A large solar PV plant is planned for the island of Crete. Research continues into ways to make the actual solar collecting cells less expensive and more efficient. Smaller solar PV farms exist throughout the country.

Hungary

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Hungary

Italy

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Italy

Italy added nearly 400 MW of solar PV capacity in the year 2017 reaching a total installed PV capacity of around 19.7 GW.[89]

At the end of 2010 there were 155,977 solar PV plants, with a total capacity of 3,469.9 MW.[90]: 24  The number of plants and the total capacity surged in 2009 and 2010 following high incentives from Conto Energia. The total power capacity installed tripled and plants installed doubled in 2010 compared to 2009, with an increase of plant's average dimensions.[90]: 24 

Energy production from photovoltaics was 1,905.7 GWh in 2010. Annual growth rates were fast in recent years: 251% in 2009 and 182% in 2010.[90]: 30  More than a fifth of the total production in 2010 came from the southern region of Apulia.[90]: 30 

In December 2012, solar PV in Italy provided employment to 100,000 people especially in design and installation.[91]

Lithuania

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Lithuania

Netherlands

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in the Netherlands

Poland

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Poland

Portugal

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Portugal

A large photovoltaic power project, the Serpa solar power plant, has been completed in Portugal, in one of Europe's sunniest areas.[92] The 11 megawatt plant covers 150 acres (0.61 km2) and comprises 52,000 PV panels. The panels are raised 2 metres off the ground and the area will remain productive grazing land. The project will provide enough energy for 8,000 homes and will save an estimated 30,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per year.[93][94]

The Moura photovoltaic power station is located in the municipality of Moura, in the interior region of Alentejo, Portugal. Its construction involves two stages, with the first one being constructed in 13 months and completed in 2008, and the other will be completed by 2010, at a total cost of €250 million for the project.

Romania

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Romania

Romania has an installed capacity of 1.2 GW as of 2014. Romania is located in an area with a good solar potential of 210 sunny days per year and with an annual solar energy flux between 1,000 kWh/m2/year and 1,300 kWh/m2/year. The most important solar regions of Romania are the Black Sea coast, Dobrogea and Oltenia.

Russia

[edit]
A solar power plant in Russia

Current production of 5 MW is very modest, however there are plans for an expansion in capacity by 70 MW in 2012–13 in a $210 million joint project by Rosnano and Renova.[95] The development of renewable energy in Russia has been held back by the lack of a conducive framework and government policy.[96]

Spain

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Spain
The first three units of Solnova in the foreground, with the two towers of the PS10 and PS20 solar power stations in the background

Spain was an early adopter in the development of solar energy, since it is one of the countries of Europe with more hours of sunshine. The Spanish government committed to achieving a target of 12 percent of primary energy from renewable energy by 2010 with an installed solar generating capacity of 3000 megawatts (MW).[97] Spain is the top tenth in the installed PV solar capacity and used to export 80 percent of solar power output to Germany.[98] Total solar power in Spain reached nearly 7 GW by the end of 2016 including both installed PV and CSP.[99] Nearly 8 TWh of electricity was generated from photovoltaics, and 5 TWh from CSP plants in 2016.[100] Solar PV accounted for nearly 3% of total electricity generation in 2016 along with an additional of 1.9% from solar thermal.[101]

Through a ministerial ruling in March 2004, the Spanish government removed economic barriers to the connection of renewable energy technologies to the electricity grid. The Royal Decree 436/2004 equalized conditions for large-scale solar thermal and photovoltaic plants and guaranteed feed-in tariffs, which led to a boost in solar power adoption in Spain.[102] In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the Spanish government drastically cut its subsidies for solar power and capped future increases in capacity at 500 MW per year leading to a stagnation in the new installations.[103]

Switzerland

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Switzerland

Ukraine

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Ukraine

United Kingdom

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in the United Kingdom

At the end of 2011, there were 230,000 solar power projects in the United Kingdom,[104] with a total installed generating capacity of 750 megawatts (MW).[105] By February 2012 the installed capacity had reached 1,000 MW.[106] Solar power use has increased very rapidly in recent years, albeit from a small base, as a result of reductions in the cost of photovoltaic (PV) panels, and the introduction of a Feed-in tariff (FIT) subsidy in April 2010.[104] In 2012, the government said that 4 million homes across the UK will be powered by the sun within eight years,[107] representing 22,000 MW of installed solar power capacity by 2020.[104] As of April 2015, PV capacity had risen to 6,562 MW across 698,860 installations.[108] The latest government figures indicates UK solar photovoltaic (PV) generation capacity has reached 12,404 MW in December 2017.[109]

North America

[edit]

Canada

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Canada

Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant near Sarnia, Ontario, was in September 2010 the world's largest photovoltaic plant with an installed capacity of 80 MWp.[110] until surpassed by a plant in China. The Sarnia plant covers 950 acres (380 ha) and contains about 10.3 million sq feet / 966,000 square metres (96.6 ha), which is about 1.3 million thin film panels. The expected annual energy yield is about 120,000 MW·h, which if produced in a coal-fired plant would require emission of 39,000 tonnes of CO2 per year.

Canada has many regions that are sparsely populated and difficult to access, but also does not have optimal access to sunlight given the high latitudes of much of the country. Photovoltaic cells are increasingly used as standalone units, mostly as off-grid distributed electricity generation to power remote homes, telecommunications equipment, oil and pipeline monitoring stations and navigational devices. The Canadian PV market has grown quickly and Canadian companies make solar modules, controls, specialized water pumps, high efficiency refrigerators and solar lighting systems.[111] Ontario has subsidized solar power energy to promote its growth.

One of the most important uses for PV cells is in northern communities, many of which depend on high-cost diesel fuel to generate electricity. Since the 1970s, the federal government and industry has encouraged the development of solar technologies for these communities. Some of these efforts have focused on the use of hybrid systems that provide power 24 hours a day, using solar power when sunlight is available, in combination with another energy source.[111]

Dominican Republic

[edit]
Main article: Electricity sector in the Dominican Republic § Solar

In June 2021, the Girasol Solar Park was inaugurated as the largest solar PV farm in the country and the entire Antilles region. It has a total installed capacity of 120 megawatts and it is estimated that it will produce 240,000 MWh per year, enough to supply the electricity consumption of more than 100,000 Dominican homes. Girasol will avoid the emission into the atmosphere of 150,000 tons of CO2 annually and the import of 400,000 barrels of oil, which contributes to mitigate the effects of climate change and represents savings in foreign exchange, respectively.[112][113]

Before this, in the Dominican Republic, the Monte Plata Project was the largest operating solar plant in the Caribbean with an installed capacity of 69MW.[114][115]

Jamaica

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Jamaica

In 2014, a 1.6 MW photovoltaic rooftop system at a seaside resort, located near the parish capital, Lucea in the parish of Hanover, was inaugurated.[116][117] It was developed by Sofos Jamaica,[118] and is the largest in Jamaica until a 20 MW utility-scale solar PV plant is constructed in the Parish of Clarendon in 2015.[119][120][121]

No central database yet exists with information on installed capacity but, web searches reveal media articles, press releases and vendor web pages that share some details. Based on these sources up to the middle of 2015, there was over 3.7 MW connected to the grid but, a sizeable portion of that total, including the 1.6 MW rooftop system of a seaside resort[117] and a commercial 500 kW-system in the country's capital, Kingston,[122] do not feed power back to the grid despite being interconnected.

Mexico

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Mexico

Mexico was the greatest solar energy producer in Latin America before being overtaken by Brazil. Currently, it is the second largest Latin American producer, with an installed capacity of over 9 GW (in 2022).[123]

United States

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in the United States
The SEGS CSS plant in San Bernardino County, California was built in the 1980s.
U.S. President Barack Obama addressed an audience at the Nellis in May 2009.

Solar power in the United States includes utility-scale solar power plants as well as local distributed generation, mostly from rooftop photovoltaics. Installations have been growing rapidly in recent years as costs have declined with the U.S. hitting 76 GW of installed solar PV capacity at the end of 2019.[124] The United States is in the top 4 ranking for countries with the most solar PV installed. The American Solar Energy Industries Association projected that total solar PV capacity would reach over 100 GW by 2021.[125]

Electrical generation has been rising in tandem with capacity as U.S. Energy Information Administration data show that utility-scale solar power generated 1.8% of total U.S. electricity in 2019, up from <0.1% in 2005.[126][127] This figure is even higher in certain states, already reaching over 10% of generation in five states (California, Hawaii, Nevada, Massachusetts, and Vermont).[128]

The United States conducted much early research in photovoltaics and concentrated solar power and is among the top countries in the world in deploying the technology, being home to 4 of the 10 largest utility-scale photovoltaic power stations in the world as of 2017. The energy resource continues to be encouraged through official policy with 29 states having set mandatory renewable energy targets as of October 2015, solar power being specifically included in 20 of them.[129][130] Aside from utility projects, roughly 784,000 homes and businesses in the nation have installed solar systems through the second quarter of 2015.[131]

Oceania

[edit]

A number of Pacific island states have committed to high percentages of renewable energy use, both to serve as an example to other countries and to cut the high costs of imported fuels. A number of solar installations have been financed and assisted by Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates.[132] Solar farms have gone online in Tuvalu, Fiji and Kiribati.[133] UAE-Pacific Partnership Fund solar projects completed by Masdar in 2016 included: 1MW in the Solomon Islands, 500 kW in Nauru, 600 kW in the Marshall Islands, 600 kW in Micronesia and a 450 kW solar-diesel hybrid plant in Palau.[134][135] American Samoa has 2 MW of solar installed at Pago Pago Airport.[136]

Australia

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in Australia
Broken Hill Solar Plant, New South Wales

Australia had over 23,466 megawatts (MW) of installed photovoltaic (PV) solar power by September 2021 making it a leader in solar power deployment on a watts per capita basis.[137] The largest solar power station in Australia is the 313 MW Limondale Solar Farm. Other significant solar arrays include the 275 MW Darlington Point Solar Farm, 220 MW Bungala solar plant, 200 MW Sunraysia Solar Farm and 174 MW Wellington Solar Farm.

A 9 MWe (megawatts, electrical) solar thermal `coal saver' system was constructed at Liddell power station. The system used `compact linear Fresnel reflector' technology developed in Australia. It provided solar-powered steam to the 600 MW black coal power station's boiler feedwater heater. By 2016, it was "effectively" closed and an effort to build a similar 40 MW solar boost at Kogan Creek coal power station was stopped.[138]

The planned Australia–ASEAN Power Link aims to connect Singapore to 26,000MW of solar and wind energy in the north west of Australia.

New Zealand

[edit]
Main article: Solar power in New Zealand

Solar power in New Zealand currently only generates 0.1 percent of New Zealand's electricity since more emphasis has been placed on hydroelectric, geothermal, and wind power in New Zealand's push for renewable energy. Solar power systems were installed in 42 schools in New Zealand in the Schoolgen program, a program developed by Genesis Energy to educate students in solar power. Each participating school has a 2 kW solar panel. Between February 2007 and 29 December 29, 2012, 395.714 MWh were produced.[139]

In 2010, New Zealand's largest thin film solar array was the 20 kW array installed at Hubbard Foods[140] A 21.6 kW photovoltaic array was installed in Queenstown in 2009.[141] In April 2012, New Zealand's largest solar power plant was the 68.4 kW array installed to meet 70% of the electricity needs of South Auckland Forging Engineering Ltd, which is expected to pay for itself in eight to nine years.[142][143]

South America

[edit]

Argentina

[edit]

Argentina reached a milestone of 1 GW of solar power in 2021.[citation needed]

Brazil

[edit]
Pirapora Solar Complex, one of the largest in Brazil and Latin America, with a capacity of 321 MW
Main article: Solar power in Brazil

Brazil began to install solar energy on a massive scale starting in 2017, quickly becoming the Latin American country with the most solar energy installed. The total installed solar power in Brazil was estimated at 21 GW at October 2022, generating approximately 2.48% of the country's electricity demand. In 2023 Brazil will be among the 10 largest countries in the world in terms of installed solar power.[144] In 2020, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (7.8 GW).[145]

In 2022, Brazil entered, for the first time, the list of the ten countries with the highest accumulated installed power from photovoltaic solar source. The country ended 2022 with 24 gigawatts (GW) of solar operating power. With this result, Brazil took eighth place in the international ranking.[146]

Chile

[edit]
Heliostats at Cerro Dominador Solar Thermal Plant
Main article: Solar power in Chile

Chile is currently the third Latin American country (and second in South America) with the most installed solar energy, 4.4 GW in 2021.[147] As the Atacama Desert has the highest solar irradiation in the world, and Chile has always had problems obtaining energy (the country basically does not produce oil, gas and coal), renewable energy is seen as the solution for the country's shortcomings in the energy field.[148][149]

The 246MW El Romero solar photovoltaic plant open in November 2016 at Vallenar in the Atacama region[150] It was the largest solar farm in Latin America when it opened.

By the first half of 2015 Chile reached 546 MW of PV installed capacity, and 1,647 MW are under construction.[151]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Share of electricity production from solar". Our World in Data. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  2. ^ "Global Solar Atlas". globalsolaratlas.info.
  3. ^ "Solar - Fuels & Technologies". IEA. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  4. ^ a b "China: cumulative installed solar power capacity 2019". Statista. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  5. ^ "Chinese Solar Perseveres During Pandemic". CleanTechnica. 21 May 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  6. ^ IEA: Global Installed PV Capacity Leaps to 303 Gigawatts, greentechmedia, Eric Wesoff, 27 April 2017
  7. ^ "Solar PV – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  8. ^ "Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2015-2019" (PDF). www.solarpowereurope.org. Solar Power Europe (SPE), formerly known as EPIA – European Photovoltaic Industry Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  9. ^ a b "Snapshot of Global PV 1992-2014" (PDF). iea-pvps.org. International Energy Agency — Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme. 30 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015.
  10. ^ "CSP Has Fallen By The Wayside – But May Come Back Big By 2020". CleanTechnica. 27 February 2014.
  11. ^ a b c "Yearly electricity data". ember-climate.org. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  12. ^ Renewables Global Status Report, REN21, 2017
  13. ^ Renewables 2017: Global Status Report, REN21, 2018
  14. ^ "Concentrated Solar Power increasing cumulative global capacity more than 11% to just under 5.5 GW in 2018". Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  15. ^ Solar Power in Africa Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, National Solar Power Research Institute, Yansane A. 2007
  16. ^ Report on Solar Power Potential Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, German Aerospace Center
  17. ^ "AfDB helps fund $1.44bn Moroccan solar project". 22 May 2012.
  18. ^ "Morocco Building 500 MW Solar Power Project". Archived from the original on 24 September 2014.
  19. ^ "Solar energy in South Africa".
  20. ^ "Insolation maps, retrieved April 14, 2012". Archived from the original on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  21. ^ "Solar Energy - Power system - www.minenergy.am". www.minenergy.am. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  22. ^ Karapetyan, Concern Dialog Law Firm-Lilit; Orbelyan, Aram (3 April 2019). "Renewable Energy in Armenia | Lexology". www.lexology.com. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  23. ^ "Chart: Solar installations set to break global, US records in 2023". Canary Media. 15 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. For relevant chart, Canary Media credits: "Source: BloombergNEF, September 2023"
  24. ^ Chase, Jenny (5 September 2023). "3Q 2023 Global PV Market Outlook". BloombergNEF. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023.
  25. ^ 2023 data: Chase, Jenny (4 March 2024). "1Q 2024 Global PV Market Outlook". BNEF.com. BloombergNEF. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024.
  26. ^ Shen, Feifei (3 March 2020). "China Solar Giants Get Bigger as Glut Ignites Battle for Share". Bloomberg News.
  27. ^ "China Is on an Epic Solar Power Binge". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  28. ^ "Indian solar faces slowdown after record 9,255MW deployment in 2017 – Bridge to India". PV Tech. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  29. ^ a b "India Achieves 20 Gigawatts Solar Capacity 4 Years Ahead Of Initial Target | CleanTechnica". cleantechnica.com. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  30. ^ "10 Trends That Will Shape the Global Solar Market in 2018". Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  31. ^ "Cheap Renewables Are Transforming the Global Electricity Business - The Energy Collective". The Energy Collective. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  32. ^ "India achieves 20 GW solar capacity goal four years ahead of deadline". businesstoday.in. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  33. ^ "India to reach 20 GW of installed solar capacity by FY18-end: report". Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  34. ^ "Physical Progress (Achievements)". Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India. Archived from the original on 12 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  35. ^ "India's installed solar capacity reached 6,000 MW in 6 years". news. The Economic Times of India. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  36. ^ "India's Modi raises solar investment target to $100 bln by 2022". Reuters. 2 January 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  37. ^ a b "India Plans World's Largest Solar Power Tender -- 20 Gigawatts | CleanTechnica". cleantechnica.com. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  38. ^ "Gujarat's Charanka Solar Park". Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  39. ^ Ghoshal, Devjyot. "India is rolling out trains with solar-powered coaches that'll save thousands of litres of diesel". Quartz. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  40. ^ "India launches solar-panelled train that will save 21,000 litres of diesel a year". The Independent. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  41. ^ Sukumaran, Sreenath; Sudhakar, K. (1 July 2017). "Fully solar powered airport: A case study of Cochin International airport" (PDF). Journal of Air Transport Management. 62: 176–188. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.04.004. ISSN 0969-6997.
  42. ^ Mullen, Jethro. "The first world's first solar-powered airport is in Cochin, India". CNNMoney. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  43. ^ "Indian District Becomes First Union Territory to Run Entirely on Solar Power | Care2 Causes". Care2 Causes. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  44. ^ "Solar power push lights up options for India's rural women". Reuters. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  45. ^ Goswami, Urmi (30 November 2015). "PM Narendra Modi and French President Francois Hollande to launch game changing solar alliance". The Economic Times. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  46. ^ "International Solar Alliance sign of India's leadership on global stage, say experts - Firstpost". firstpost.com. December 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  47. ^ Neslen, Arthur (4 December 2015). "India Unveils Global Solar Alliance of 120 Countries at Paris Climate Summit". AlterNet. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  48. ^ "Paris climate meet: India-led global solar alliance to counter developed nations". @businessline. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  49. ^ Livemint (23 January 2018). "WEF Davos 2018 highlights: Narendra Modi warns of three global threats". livemint.com/. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  50. ^ "India Coal Power Is About To Crash: 65% Of Existing Coal Costs More Than New Wind And Solar". Forbes. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  51. ^ "Renewable energy rise forces layoffs at Mitsubishi Hitachi Power". Archived from the original on 27 January 2018.
  52. ^ a b "India just cancelled 14 huge coal-fired power stations as solar energy prices hit record low". The Independent. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  53. ^ "IEEFA Asia: India's Electricity-Sector Transformation Is Happening Now - Institute for Energy Economics & Financial Analysis : Institute for Energy Economics & Financial Analysis". ieefa.org. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  54. ^ The Editorial Board (22 May 2017). "Opinion | China and India Make Big Strides on Climate Change". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  55. ^ "The world's biggest coal company just shut down 37 mines because they are not economically viable anymore". The Independent. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  56. ^ "CM Punjab approves Quaid-e-Azam Park development plan - Pakistan - DAWN.COM". 31 August 2013.
  57. ^ "PM inaugurates 100MW solar plant in Bahawalpur". Tribune.com.pk. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  58. ^ "Quaid e Azam Solar Power (Pvt) Ltd. - QASP". Qasolar.com. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  59. ^ "Philippine Power Statistics 2019" (PDF). Republic of the Philippines Department of Energy (DOE). 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  60. ^ Guno, Charmaine Samala; Agaton, Casper Boongaling; Villanueva, Resy Ordona; Villanueva, Riza Ordona (2021). "Optimal Investment Strategy for Solar PV Integration in Residential Buildings: A Case Study in The Philippines". International Journal of Renewable Energy Development. 10 (1): 79–89. doi:10.14710/ijred.2021.32657. ISSN 2252-4940.
  61. ^ eXenewable Project Profile Page - SinAn, PV, Korea
  62. ^ "全力衝刺太陽光電". Execute Yuan. December 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  63. ^ "A solar energy roadmap for Uzbekistan by 2030".
  64. ^ Thailand ignites solar power investment in Southeast Asia Reuters. 12 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  65. ^ a b Solar Energy in Israel, David Faiman for the Jewish Virtual Library.
  66. ^ Bright ideas, Ehud Zion Waldoks, Jerusalem Post, 1 October 2008.
  67. ^ At the Zenith of Solar Energy, Neal Sandler,BusinessWeek, 26 March 2008.
  68. ^ Sabaghi, Dario (17 August 2022). "Lebanon turns to solar amid power crunch – DW – 08/17/2022". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  69. ^ "The Green Lining of Lebanon's Power Sector Failure". Time. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  70. ^ Wael Mahdi and Marc Roca. "Saudi Arabia Plans $109 Billion Boost for Solar Power." Bloomberg News. 11 May 2012 9:23 AM CT
  71. ^ "TÜRKİYE ELEKTRİK SİSTEMİ KURULUŞ ve KAYNAKLARA GÖRE KURULU GÜÇ" (PDF). Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  72. ^ "Turkey adds 1.3 GW in solar power capacity in April alone". 17 May 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  73. ^ "Kacır: Turkey is No. 1 producer of solar panels in Europe". 29 February 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  74. ^ shamspower.ae Shames-website Archived 6 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  75. ^ SolarPowerPortal.co.uk UK downgraded to 2.4GW for 2014 as ROC uncertainty bites, 1 October 2014
  76. ^ "Worldwide CSP-Solar thermal capacity in 2013: 3,425 megawatts" REN21 (2014). "Renewables 2014: Global Status Report" (PDF). p. 51. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  77. ^ "Worldwide solar PV capacity in 2013: 138,856 megawatts">"Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018" (PDF). www.epia.org. European Photovoltaic Industry Association. 2014. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  78. ^ Photovoltaic Barometer
  79. ^ "Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018" (PDF). epia.org. EPIA - European Photovoltaic Industry Association. pp. 21, 24, 27, 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  80. ^ Auteur: ivb (29 October 2009). "Antwerpen wil 2.500 m² zonnepanelen plaatsen op stadsgebouwen - De Standaard". Standaard.be. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  81. ^ a b c Auteur (5 December 2009). "Katoen Natie heeft grootste installatie zonnepanelen in Eu... - De Standaard". Standaard.be. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  82. ^ "België heeft grootste installatie zonnepanelen van Europa - Planet Watch - De Morgen" (in Dutch). Demorgen.be. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  83. ^ "Installed power in Germany | Energy Charts". energy-charts.de. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  84. ^ Bundesnetzagentur – Photovoltaikanlagen: Datenmeldungen sowie EEG-Vergütungssätze (in German)
  85. ^ "Changes for solar in Germany". renewablesinternational.net. 3 April 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  86. ^ "Erneuerbare Energien".
  87. ^ HELAPCO: Total installed capacity January-September 2013
  88. ^ "Greek PV Market Investment Opportunities". HELAPCO - Σύνδεσμος Εταιριών Φωτοβολταϊκών. 2 September 2019.
  89. ^ "+13% le installazioni di fotovoltaico, eolico e idro nei primi 11 mesi del 2017". Infobuild Energia. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  90. ^ a b c d "Rapporto Statistico 2010" (PDF). Statistiche sulle fonti rinnovabili. Gestore Servizi Energetici (GSE). Retrieved 4 January 2012. [permanent dead link‍]
  91. ^ "Il fotovoltaico in Italia ha una potenza di 17 GW e dà lavoro a 100mila. Quale futuro senza incentivi?". Il Sole 24 ORE.
  92. ^ "New Zealand's source for business, stock market & currency news on Stuff.co.nz". 30 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  93. ^ "Portugal starts huge solar plant". BBC News. 7 June 2006. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  94. ^ "EFS-Energy Financial Services". GE Capital.
  95. ^ Предприятия обяжут покупать «зеленую» электроэнергию Вексельберга http://izvestia.ru/news/532219
  96. ^ Overland, Indra; Kjaernet, Heidi (2009). Russian Renewable Energy – The Potential for International Cooperation. Asghate.
  97. ^ "Spain expects 3,000 MW in solar plants by 2010". Environmental News Network. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  98. ^ "Sunny Spain to Host Europe's First Large Solar Thermal Plant". Environment News Service. 30 June 2006. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  99. ^ "Red Eléctrica de España | Series estadísticas nacionales". ree.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  100. ^ "National statistical series | Red Eléctrica de España". ree.es. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  101. ^ "iea-pvps.org - Annual Reports". iea-pvps.org. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  102. ^ Spain pioneers grid-connected solar-tower thermal power Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  103. ^ Gonzalez, Angel; Keith Johnson (8 September 2009). "Spain's Solar-Power Collapse Dims Subsidy Model". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  104. ^ a b c Yeganeh Torbati (9 February 2012). "UK wants sustained cuts to solar panel tariffs". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018.
  105. ^ European Photovoltaic Industry Association (2012). "Market Report 2011". Archived from the original on 2 July 2014.
  106. ^ Jonathan Gifford (23 February 2012). "UK hits one GW of PV capacity". PV Magazine.
  107. ^ Harvey, Fiona (9 February 2012). "Greg Barker: 4m homes will be solar-powered by 2020". The Guardian. London.
  108. ^ Department of Energy and Climate Change (28 May 2015). "Gov.UK Statistics - Solar photovoltaics deployment".
  109. ^ "Solar photovoltaics deployment - GOV.UK". gov.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  110. ^ Enbridge completes Sarnia solar farm Retrieved 5 October 2010
  111. ^ a b "Another Sunny Year for Solar Power". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011.
  112. ^ EGE Haina inaugurates the Girasol Solar Park, Bnamericas, 12 June 2021
  113. ^ "The largest solar project in the Caribbean ::". www.bnamericas.com. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  114. ^ Caribbean's largest solar array goes online, gizmag, Stu Robarts, 31 March 2016
  115. ^ Solutions, General Energy. "Portfolio - The largest solar project in the Caribbean :: GES - General Energy Solutions". gesyw.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  116. ^ "Government Committed to Renewable Energy Agenda". Jamaica Information Service. 9 June 2014.
  117. ^ a b "Grand Palladium Resort unveils largest solar PV plant in Jamaica". JamaicaObserver.com. 1 June 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  118. ^ "Company homepage". Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  119. ^ "Jamaica shortlists 78 MW of wind, solar capacity in govt tender". seenews.com. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  120. ^ "Energy projects in train, set to double renewables in Jamaica". JamaicaObserver.com. 21 September 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  121. ^ "WRB Enterprises signs USD 47 million OPIC agreement to build a 20 MW solar PV facility in Jamaica". solarserver.com. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  122. ^ "Rainforest invests US$1m in solar energy". JamaicaObserver.com. 3 May 2015.
  123. ^ RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021 page 32
  124. ^ "The US Built 13.3GW of Solar Last Year as the Residential Market Regained Its Stride". Greentech Media. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  125. ^ "Solar Market Set to Grow 119% in 2016, Installations to Reach 16 GW". Solar Energy Industries Association. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  126. ^ "What is U.S. electricity generation by energy source?". U.S. Energy Information Administration. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  127. ^ US Energy Information Administration, Table 1.1.A. Net Generation by Other Renewable Sources: Total (All Sectors), 2005-December 2015, Table 1.1. Net Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), 2005-December 2015, accessed 11. Mar 2016.
  128. ^ "Solar State By State (Q4 2019 data)". Solar Energy Industries Association. March 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  129. ^ "Renewable Portfolio Standard Policies - October 2015" (PDF). Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency. October 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  130. ^ "Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) with Solar or Distributed Generation Provisions - August 2015" (PDF). Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency. August 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  131. ^ "Solar Industry Data". Solar Energy Industries Association. September 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  132. ^ Vorrath, Sophie (26 September 2016). "Kiribati leads by example on solar, slashes dependence on diesel fuel". One Step off the Grid. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  133. ^ Masdar and New Zealand to develop solar plant in Solomon Islands, The National (Abu Dhabi), 23 October 2015
  134. ^ Masdar completes five solar and wind projects in the Pacific, The National, Abu Dhabi Media, LeAnne Graves, 17 May 2016
  135. ^ UAE-Pacific Partnership Fund accomplishes 11 clean energy projects delivered by Masdar Archived 17 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Emirates News Agency, 17 May 2016
  136. ^ American Samoa embracing more solar power, Radio New Zealand, 28 July 2015
  137. ^ "Australian PV market since April 2001". apvi.org.au.
  138. ^ CS Energy pulls plug on world's largest "solar booster" project, Renew Economy, Giles Parkinson, 21 March 2016
  139. ^ Schoolgen
  140. ^ "Vector Hubbards Solar Panels". Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  141. ^ "Speargrass Domain PV System Profile". www.sunnyportal.com.
  142. ^ New Zealand's largest solar power plant
  143. ^ Excess power will be purchased at the sale price for two years, otherwise known as net metering.
  144. ^ Solar atinge 21 GW e R$ 108,6 bi em investimentos no Brasil
  145. ^ RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021
  146. ^ "Brasil entra no ranking dos dez maiores países com energia solar no mundo". Folha de São Paulo. March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  147. ^ RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022 page 34
  148. ^ Energia Renovável para a irigação no Deserto do Atacama
  149. ^ Chile inaugura 1ª planta de energia termossolar da América Latina
  150. ^ Chile connects Latin America's largest solar plant to the national grid, MercoPress, 14 November 2016
  151. ^ ERNC report Archived 27 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, in CIFES, May 2015
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_by_country&oldid=1257277949#Europe"