Examine individual changes

''''Captains of Crush Grippers''' (commonly nicknamed '''CoC''') are a brand of torsion-spring [[grippers]] (a [[torsion spring]] fitted with two handles) designed, manufactured and sold by [[IronMind|IronMind Enterprises, Inc.]], based in [[Nevada City, California]]. They are the official grippers of the [[Arnold Sports Festival]], the [[GNC Grip Gauntlet]], [[United States Arm Wrestling]] and the [[World’s Strongest Man]] contest.<ref>IronMind Enterprises, Inc. 2009. Catalog. Vol. 18, p. 21.</ref> Hundreds of videos have been posted online<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/results.php?search_query=%22captains+of+crush%22|title=List of CoC YouTube videos|accessdate=2009-01-26}}</ref> and numerous blogs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gripperstrength.wordpress.com/|title=Gripper strength blog|accessdate=2009-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlevit.wordpress.com/2008/06/30/captains-of-crush-no-2-closed/|title=My life blog|accessdate=2009-01-26}}</ref> have been written documenting efforts to close the grippers. IronMind founder and president [[Randall J. Strossen]] wrote a book in [[2003]], ''Captains of Crush Grippers: What They Are and How to Close Them'', to address some of the myths and questions surrounding CoC Grippers. This book was revised, and the second edition published, in 2009. The grippers have also been featured in publications such as [[Stanford|Stanford magazine]], [[The Sacramento Bee]], and [[BusinessWeek|BusinessWeek’s]] BW SmallBiz magazine. In [[2005]], [[Trevor Laing]] composed a song about Captains of Crush Grippers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laingproductions.com/music-group-2.html|title=Laing Productions|accessdate=2009-01-26}}</ref> Through IronMind’s certification program for people who have officially closed any of the three toughest models, Captains of Crush Grippers have become an “internationally recognized measure of strength.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sfuk.tripod.com/reviews/coc_1.html|title=SFUK Reviews|accessdate=2009-01-20}}</ref> ==History== Torsion-spring grippers date back at least as far as the beginning of the 20th century, and are used for both testing and building grip strength. Historically, torsion-spring grippers were not considered serious training tools because, among other things, they were not very difficult to close.<ref>Strossen, Randall J., J.B. Kinney, and Nathan Holle. 2003. ''Captains of Crush Grippers: What They Are and How to Close Them.'' P. 30. Nevada City: IronMind Enterprises, Inc.</ref> In [[1964]], [[Iron Man (magazine)|Iron Man magazine]] advertised a new line of grippers called the "Super Heavy Iron Man Grip Developer."<ref>Iron Man. October-November-December 1964. Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 58</ref> These grippers had steel handles and thick springs and an “arguably somewhat primitive” design,<ref>Strossen, p. 5</ref> but what distinguished them from torsion-spring grippers of the past was how difficult the Iron Man grippers were to close.<ref name="Strossen, p. 3">Strossen, p. 3</ref> The Iron Man ad billed the grippers as the "world’s strongest grip[pers] of this type."<ref>Iron Man, p. 58</ref> Iron Man magazine had stopped advertising its grippers in [[1977]] due to lack of sales,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:2cHwxl4LM5AJ:www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/IGH/IGH0102/IGH0102j.pdf+Warren+tetting+grippers&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us&client=firefox-a|title=The Iron Man Hand Gripper|publisher=The Roark Report|date=April 1990|accessdate=2009-01-25}}</ref> but the grippers had some followers, one of whom was IronMind founder Randall J. Strossen. In [[1990]], Strossen contacted Warren Tetting, who had made the Iron Man Grippers, and asked if he would be interested in making grippers for IronMind.<ref name="Strossen, p. 3"/> The design of the original Iron Man Grippers varied in such features as the diameter of their handles, whether or not the handles were knurled, and whether the grippers had keepers on the springs.<ref>Iron Man, p. 58</ref><ref>Iron Man. September 1966. Vol. 25, No. 6, p. 57</ref> IronMind sought to refine these nutcracker-style grippers, first by improving their consistency and standardizing their features. The company introduced its grippers in the summer of [[1990]] in three different strengths (#1, #2 and #3) and with standardized features such as knurled handles.<ref>Iron Man. September 1990. Vol. 49, No. 9, p. 96</ref> In subsequent models, IronMind continued improving the accuracy, durability and appearance of the grippers.<ref>IronMind Enterprises, Inc. Catalog. 1991. Vol. 1, No 1, p. 6</ref> At the end of [[1990]], IronMind introduced the '''Silver Crush Gripper''', which had chrome-plated handles and springs, a uniform knurling pattern, and the same three models of increasing difficulty as the first group: the No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3. Leading grip-strength figures as Richard Sorin and John Brookfield were early users.<ref>Strossen, p. 4</ref> ==Design== By [[1992]], IronMind had moved all design and production of its grippers in-house.<ref>Strossen, p. 6</ref> The next generation of the Silver Crush Grippers, released in [[1993]], marked the next major step in gripper evolution; their [[stainless steel|stainless-steel]] handles replaced the previous [[chrome plating|chrome-plated]] mild steel handles, and a new assembly technique eliminated the [[drift pin]] central to the design of the older grippers.<ref>Strossen, p. 7</ref> IronMind briefly offered a model with a right-hand wind spring, although that design was soon shelved in order to concentrate on the more popular left-hand wind spring. The new design also featured a clear band at the midpoint of each handle, an element of [[trade dress]] for IronMind’s grippers ever since.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In [[1993]], IronMind began stamping the bottoms of its gripper handles to indicate the difficulty level of each individual gripper (e.g. T, 1, 2, or 3), a move that eliminated errors about exactly which gripper was being closed.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In [[1995]] IronMind released the '''Captains of Crush Grippers''', which pioneered the use of [[knurling|knurled]], aircraft-grade [[aluminum]] handles,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0801/is_11_69/ai_n30912193?tag=content;col1|title=Killer Grip|author=Scheet, Tim|publisher=Muscle and Fitness (November 2008)|accessdate=2009-01-18}}</ref> which made the grippers lighter and provided a more secure grip.<ref>Strossen, p. 8</ref> Over the years, IronMind has advanced the precision, durability, and appearance of the grippers, but their basic design has remained consistent since [[1995]], with milestones including the introduction of its proprietary '''GR8 springs''' in CoC Grippers in [[2005]].<ref name="Captains of Crush Grip Highlights">{{cite web|url=http://www.captainsofcrushgrippers.com/ironmind/opencms/griphighlights.html|title=Captains of Crush Grip Highlights|accessdate=2009-01-20}}</ref> ==Models== IronMind’s original grippers, introduced in [[1990]], came in three levels of increasing difficulty: '''No. 1''', '''No. 2''' and '''No. 3''', with the No. 3 being the most difficult to close. They continue to define the core of the Captains of Crush product line. In [[1992]], IronMind introduced the '''Trainer''', a gripper somewhat easier to close than the No. 1. In [[1994]], IronMind released its most difficult gripper, the '''No. 4''', a gripper that to date only five people have closed under official conditions. (See: [[Captains of Crush Grippers#Certification|Certification]]) IronMind introduced two new models in [[2004]] that were easier to close than the Trainer: the '''Guide''' and the '''Sport'''. The company released three “bridge grippers” in [[2006]] – '''No. 1.5''', '''No. 2.5''' and '''No 3.5''' – bringing the total number of gripper models it sells to 10.<ref>Ibid.</ref> All 10 models share the same basic features and are made in the [[USA]]. ==Calibration== The concept of [[calibration]] entered the gripper world when IronMind compared the variation among grippers to the variations in "uncalibrated barbell plates", using the analogy of uncalibrated [[barbell|barbell plates]] to explain why there may be slight variations from one gripper to another.<ref>IronMind Enterprises. Catalog. 1999–2000. Vol. 9, p. 38</ref><ref>Strossen, p. 14</ref> Most barbell plates are uncalibrated, which means that they rarely weigh precisely the same as their face value, but a calibrated barbell plate must meet established criteria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwf.net/iwf/weightlifting_sport/doc/technical.pdf|title=International Weightlifting Federation Rules for Calibration|accessdate=2009-01-27}}</ref> In the gripper world, Strossen writes, some people mistakenly call a gripper calibrated when it has merely been rated for its level of difficulty.<ref>Strossen, p. 15</ref> Ironically, while IronMind introduced the idea of gripper calibration and discussed its limitations, Captains of Crush Grippers – especially the No. 3 Gripper – became the de facto standard by which other grippers were measured.<ref>Strossen, p. 25</ref> In [[2004]], IronMind made some adjustments to its benchmark No. 3 Gripper to ensure that it conformed to its historical standards,<ref name="Captains of Crush Grip Highlights"/> making it a truly calibrated gripper. ==Poundage Ratings== IronMind developed an approximate poundage-rating system for its grippers in [[1993]], outlined in ''Captains of Crush Grippers: What They Are and How to Close Them'', that provided a quick way to define the relative difficulty of closing one model of CoC Gripper compared to another. IronMind has pointed out that even under the best circumstances such numbers can be misleading and are easily abused, and stresses that all gripper poundage ratings – including its own – should be taken with a grain of salt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.captainsofcrushgrippers.com/|title=Captains of Crush Grippers Home Page|accessdate=2009-01-15}}</ref> The following chart, originally published by IronMind,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/ironmind/Main/captainsofcrush.html|title=IronMind Captains of Crush Grippers poundage-rating chart|accessdate=2009-01-28}}</ref> lists each CoC model with its approximate poundage rating: {| class="wikitable" width="37%" |- ! width="10%" | Gripper ! width="10%" | Poundage Rating (approx) |- | Guide || 60 lb. |- | Sport || 80 lb. |- | Trainer || 100 lb. |- | No. 1 || 140 lb. |- | No 1.5 || 167.5 lb.* |- | No. 2 || 195 lb. |- | No. 2.5 || 237.5 lb.* |- | No. 3 || 280 lb. |- | No. 3.5 || 322.5 lb.* |- | No. 4 || 365 lb. |- |} (* These grippers are designed to help bridge the gap between the benchmark-level grippers, and are rated halfway between the No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, and No. 4 CoC Grippers, respectively; thus, these are their interpolated poundage ratings.) ==Certification== In [[1991]], IronMind created a certification program to recognize people who closed the Captains of Crush No. 3 Gripper under official conditions. This certification has become the universal benchmark of world-class grip strength.<ref name="ironmind.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/ironmind/Main/captainsofcrush5.html|title=Captains of Crush Grippers: Rules for Closing and Certification|accessdate=2009-01-24}}</ref> '''Richard Sorin''' was the first person certified when he closed the No. 3 in [[1991]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/ironmind/Main/captainsofcrush2.html|title=Captains of Crush Grippers: Who's New|accessdate=2009-01-24}}</ref> '''John Brookfield''' was the second person IronMind certified when he closed the No. 3 in [[1992]]. Since then, more than 150 people around the world have been officially certified as closing the No. 3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/ironmind/Main/captainsofcrush3.html|title=Captains of Crush Grippers: Who's Who No. 3|accessdate=2009-01-24}}</ref> IronMind released the Captains of Crush No. 4 Gripper in [[1994]], but no one was officially able to close it until '''Joe Kinney''' was certified in [[1998]].<ref name="Captains of Crush Grip Highlights"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.farmstrength.com/closing_big_grippers.htm|title=Closing Big Grippers|author=Sexton, Heath|accessdate=2009-01-20}}</ref> Only four other people have officially closed the No. 4 since then: '''Nathan Holle''' and '''David Morton''' ([[2003]]) and '''Tommy Heslep''' and [[1998]] [[World’s Strongest Man]] winner [[Magnus Samuelsson]] ([[2004]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/ironmind/Main/captainsofcrush4.html|title=Captains of Crush Grippers: Who's Who No. 4|accessdate=2009-01-24}}</ref> A [[YouTube]] clip of Samuelsson closing the No. 4 Captains of Crush Gripper has been viewed over a million times.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l4GzrW2-ovM|title=World’s Strongest Arms|accessdate=2009-01-24}}</ref> In [[2008]], IronMind expanded its certification program to include the No. 3.5 Gripper. '''Tex Henderson''' became the first person to officially close the No. 3.5 when he accomplished the feat on August 5, 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ironmind.com/ironcms/morenewsv6.php?id=2625#2625|title=Tex Henderson: First Man in the World to Certify on the Captains of Crush No. 3.5 Gripper|publisher=IronMind Enterprises, Inc|date=2008-05-02|accessdate=2008-08-06}}</ref> Two additional people - '''Gabriel Sum''' and '''Rich Williams''' - have since officially closed the No. 3.5 Captains of Crush Gripper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/ironmind/Main/captainsofcrush6.html|title=Captains of Crush Grippers: Who's Who No. 3.5|accessdate=2009-05-11}}</ref> ===Certification Controversy=== Some gripper enthusiasts have criticized<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gripperstrength.wordpress.com/2008/05/14/credit-card-set-%E2%80%93-a-recent-trend/|title=Credit Card Sets - A Recent Trend|publisher=Gripper Strength|accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref> IronMind for changing its rules for certifying people who close its Captains of Crush No. 3, No. 3.5 and No. 4 Gripper. Specifically, when IronMind required that a legal starting position be demonstrated by sliding the width of a credit card in between the handles of the gripper before it was closed, some people protested saying their hands were too small to do this and thus the new requirement was unfair. IronMind has published the details of the history of this rule and explained the reasons for its inception and maintains that if someone cannot close a Captains of Crush No. 3, No. 3.5 or No. 4 Gripper with the required starting position, but can close an easier Captains of Crush Gripper, the cause is a lack of strength, not a lack of hand size.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ironmind.com/ironcms/morenewsv6.php?id=2536#2536|title=Certification on Captains of Crush Grippers: 'Credit Card Sets,' 'Old Rules' and 'New Rules'|publisher=IronMind News|accessdate=2008-10-11}}</ref> ==Jesse Marunde and Philanthropy== In [[1998]], 18-year-old [[Jesse Marunde]] became the first teenager to officially close the Captains of Crush No. 3 Gripper. “The first teenage Captain of Crush”<ref>''MILO''. September 1998. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 39 - 40</ref> went on to become a popular professional [[World's Strongest Man|strongman]] competitor, but died on July 25, 2007 from a genetic heart defect. In Marunde’s memory, IronMind has pledged to donate $500 to the educational trust fund set up for his children every time a teenager is certified on the Captains of Crush No. 3, No. 3.5 or No. 4 grippers.<ref name="ironmind.com"/> IronMind also donates all the proceeds from CD sales of Trevor Laing’s "Captains of Crush Song" to [[Doctors Without Borders]].<ref name="Captains of Crush Grip Highlights"/> ==Training== IronMind has advocated effective gripper training, pushing for an end to the tradition of what the company calls “mindlessly clicking out reps,”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/ironmind/Main/captainsofcrush1.html|title=Captains of Crush Grippers: Training with Hand Grippers and Other Frequently Asked Questions|accessdate=2009-01-24}}</ref> a by-product of the days when the only grippers to be found were easy to close. Instead, IronMind recommends that gripper training should be based on the same principles that apply to other forms of strength training – including the idea of warm-up sets, work sets and a focus on high effort concentrated on low reps.<ref>Strossen, p.35</ref> IronMind publishes books and online articles on the subject of grip training, including the well-known book, ''The Mastery of Hand Strength'' by John Brookfield. ==Related Products== In [[2007]], IronMind introduced several products specifically designed to complement Captains of Crush Grippers, including the '''IMTUG''' (a two-fingered gripper) and the '''CoC Key''' (a tool for measuring the gap between the handles of a nearly closed Captains of Crush Gripper). ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Brookfield, John. 2008. ''Mastery of Hand Strength, Revised Edition''. Nevada City: IronMind Enterprises, Inc. (ISBN 978-0926888-81-4) * Brookfield, John. 2002. ''The Grip Master's Manual''. Nevada City: IronMind Enterprises, Inc. (ISBN 0-926888-11-0) * Strossen, Randall J., J.B. Kinney, and Nathan Holle. 2009. ''Captains of Crush Grippers: What They Are and How to Close Them, Second Edition''. Nevada City: IronMind Enterprises, Inc. (ISBN 978-0926888-84-5) ==External links== *[http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/09_62/s0902021045210.htm?chan=magazine+channel_bwsmallbiz+--+what+works "Ironmind Captains of Crush: A Lesson In Clever Marketing"] from [[BusinessWeek]] *[http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/907261.html "He built his company on a very firm handshake"] from [[The Sacramento Bee]] *[http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2008/sepoct/classnotes/strossen.html “The Strongman”] (from Stanford Magazine) *[http://www.ironmind.com/ IronMind News] *[http://www.captainsofcrushgrippers.com/ Captains of Crush Grippers] *[http://www.strongandhealthyhands.com/ Strong and Healthy Hands] {{DEFAULTSORT:Captains Of Crush Grippers}} [[Category:Weight training equipment]] [[Category:Companies based in Nevada County, California]]'