Examine individual changes

'{{About|the British prime minister|||}} {{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox prime minister |honorific-prefix = <small>[[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council#Rights and privileges of members|The Right Honourable]]</small><br> |name = David Cameron |honorific-suffix = <br><small>[[Member of Parliament|MP]]</small> |image = Official-photo-cameron.png |imagesize = 245px |alt = A man, clean shaven, with short straight dark brown swept back hair wearing a suit jacket, white shirt and blue tie |caption = |office = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] |monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] |deputy = [[Nick Clegg]] |term_start = 11 May 2010 |term_end = |predecessor = [[Gordon Brown]] |successor = |office2 = [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] |monarch2 = [[Elizabeth II]] |primeminister2 = [[Tony Blair]]<br>[[Gordon Brown]] |term_start2 = 6 December 2005 |term_end2 = 11 May 2010 |predecessor2 = [[Michael Howard]] |successor2 = [[Harriet Harman]] |office3 = [[Leaders of the Conservative Party|Leader of the Conservative Party]] |term_start3 = 6 December 2005 |term_end3 = |predecessor3 = [[Michael Howard]] |successor3 = |office4 = [[Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet|Shadow Secretary of State for Education and Skills]] |leader4 = [[Michael Howard]] |term_start4 = 6 May 2005 |term_end4 = 6 December 2005 |predecessor4 = [[Tim Yeo]] |successor4 = [[David Willetts]] |constituency_MP5 = [[Witney (UK Parliament constituency)|Witney]] |term_start5 = 7 June 2001 |term_end5 = |predecessor5 = [[Shaun Woodward]] |successor5 = |majority5 = 22,740 (39.4%) |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|10|9|df=y}} |birth_place = [[London]], [[England]],<br>United Kingdom |death_date = |death_place = |nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]] |party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] |spouse = [[Samantha Cameron|Samantha Sheffield]]<br><small>(m. 1996–present)</small> |children = Ivan Reginald Ian <small>(deceased)</small><br>Nancy Gwen<br>Arthur Elwen<br>Florence Rose Endellion |relations = [[Sir William Mount, 2nd Baronet|William Mount]]<br><small>(grandfather, deceased)</small><br>[[Ewen Cameron (banker)|Ewen Cameron]]<br><small>(great-great-grandfather)</small><br>[[William Dugdale (Aston Villa chairman)|William Dugdale]] <small>(uncle)</small> |residence = [[10 Downing Street]] <small>(Official)</small> |alma_mater = [[Brasenose College, Oxford]] |religion = [[Anglican]] |website = [http://www.davidcameronmp.com/ Conservative Party website] }} '''David William Donald Cameron''' ({{IPAc-en|pron|ˈ|k|æ|m|ə|r|ən}}; born 9 October 1966) is the current [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], [[First Lord of the Treasury]], [[Minister for the Civil Service]] and [[Leaders of the Conservative Party|Leader]] of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]. Cameron represents [[Witney (UK Parliament constituency)|Witney]] as its [[Member of Parliament]] (MP). Cameron studied [[Philosophy, Politics and Economics]] (PPE) at [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], gaining a [[first class honours]] degree. He then joined the [[Conservative Research Department]] and became [[Special advisers in the United Kingdom|Special Adviser]] to [[Norman Lamont, Baron Lamont of Lerwick|Norman Lamont]], and then to [[Michael Howard]]. He was Director of Corporate Affairs at [[Carlton Communications]] for seven years. A first candidacy for [[British Parliament|Parliament]] at [[Stafford (UK Parliament constituency)|Stafford]] in 1997 ended in defeat, but Cameron was elected in [[United Kingdom general election, 2001|2001]] as the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Member of Parliament]] for the [[Oxfordshire]] constituency of [[Witney (UK Parliament constituency)|Witney]]. He was promoted to the [[Official Opposition (United Kingdom)|Opposition]] [[Frontbencher|front bench]] two years later, and rose rapidly to become head of policy co-ordination during the [[United Kingdom general election, 2005|2005 general election campaign]]. With a public image of a young, moderate candidate who would appeal to young voters, he won the [[Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 2005|Conservative leadership election]] in 2005.<ref name=beeb>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/ps/sites/roughguide/hall_of_fame/pages/david_cameron.shtml|title=Hall of Fame, David Cameron|publisher=BBC Wales|accessdate=7 August 2009}}</ref> In the [[United Kingdom general election, 2010|2010 general election]] held on 6 May, the Conservatives gained a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]] of seats in a [[hung parliament]] and Cameron was appointed Prime Minister on 11 May 2010, at the head of a [[coalition government|coalition]] between the Conservatives and the [[Liberal Democrats]]. At the age of 43, Cameron became the youngest [[British]] Prime Minister since the [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Earl of Liverpool]] 198 years earlier.<ref name="Telegraph11May2009YoungestPM"/> [[Cameron Ministry|Cameron's]] is the first [[United Kingdom coalition government 2010 to present|coalition government]] of the [[United Kingdom]] since the [[World War II|Second World War]]. {{TOC limit|3}} ==Family== {{See also|Family of David Cameron|Samantha Cameron}} David Cameron is the younger son of [[stockbroker]] Ian Donald Cameron (12 October 1932 – 8 September 2010)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1310200/David-Camerons-father-dies-France-suffering-stroke-holiday.html|publisher=[[Daily Mail]]|title=David Camerons father dies in France after suffering a stroke while on holiday|date=2010-09-09 | location=London | first=Nicola | last=Boden}}</ref> and his wife Mary Fleur (née Mount, born 1934,<ref name="Peer">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p17890.htm |title=David William Donald Cameron|publisher=The Peerage.com |date= |accessdate=4 June 2010}}</ref> a retired [[Justice of the Peace]], daughter of [[Sir William Mount, 2nd Baronet]]).<ref>Debrett's Peerage 2011, p.B 714</ref> His father, Ian, was born with both legs deformed and underwent repeated operations to correct them. Cameron's parents married on 20 October 1962.<ref name="Peer"/> He was born in London, and brought up in [[Peasemore]], [[Berkshire]].<ref name="Rise">{{Citation | last = Elliott | first = Francis | coauthors = Hanning, James | title = Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative | publisher = HarperPress | year = 2007 | isbn = 0007243669}}</ref> Cameron has a brother, Allan Alexander (born 1963, a [[barrister]] and [[Queen's Counsel|QC]])<ref>A.A. Cameron, Who's Who</ref> and two sisters, Tania Rachel (born 1965) and Clare Louise (born 1971).<ref name="Peer"/><ref name="BBC News Cameron Story">{{Citation | last = Wheeler | first = Brian | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4502656.stm | title = The David Cameron Story | publisher = BBC News| date =6 December 2005| accessdate =27 March 2007}}</ref> His father was born at [[Blairmore House]], a country house near [[Huntly, Scotland|Huntly]], [[Aberdeenshire]], and died near [[Toulon]] in [[France]] on 8 September 2010.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://beehive.thisisnorthscotland.co.uk/default.asp?WCI=SiteHome&ID=2311&PageID=55325 | title = David Cameron and Slains Castle | publisher = The North Scotland Beehive| date =2 March 2006 | accessdate =4 September 2007}}</ref> Blairmore was built by his great-great-grandfather, Alexander Geddes,<ref name="Geddes marriage">{{Citation |work=[[The Times]] hosted at Times Online| url = http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1905-07-24-01&articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1905-07-24-01-002 | title = Marriages | format = Registration required | date =24 July 1905 | location=London | accessdate=1 May 2010}} {{Dead link|date=December 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> who had made a fortune in the [[grain]] trade in [[Chicago]], and returned to [[Scotland]] in the 1880s.<ref name="Highlands">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Content/displayPrintable.jhtml?xml=/property/2002/01/26/pblair26.xml&site=16&page=0 "Highlands for the high life"], ''Telegraph'', 26 March 2002. Retrieved 4 September 2007.</ref> The [[Cameron (surname)|Cameron]] family is a member of the ancient [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[Clan Cameron]] seated at [[Lochiel]], [[Inverness-shire]] in the [[Scottish Highlands]].<ref name="Clan Cameron">Robert Cameron, [http://www.clan-cameron.org.au/getperson.php?personID=I34514&tree=cameron1 "Ewen Cameron"], Cameron Genealogies. Retrieved 9 March 2007.</ref> Through his paternal grandmother, Enid Agnes Maud Levita, Cameron is a [[lineal descendant|direct descendant]] of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IV]] by his mistress [[Dorothea Jordan]]. This illegitimate line consists of five generations of women starting with [[Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll]] née FitzClarence, William and Jordan's sixth child,<ref>[http://thepeerage.com/p10085.htm#i100850 William IV Hanover, King of the United Kingdom] ThePeerage.com</ref> through to Cameron's grandmother (thereby making Cameron a 5th cousin of Queen [[Elizabeth II]]).<ref name="timesonline1">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6677414.ece David Cameron ‘could be a direct descendant of Moses’] Times Online, 10 July 2009</ref> Cameron's paternal forebears also have a long history in finance. His father Ian was senior partner of the stockbrokers [[Panmure Gordon]], in which firm partnerships had long been held by Cameron's ancestors, including David's grandfather and great-grandfather,<ref name="BBC News Cameron Story"/> and was a Director of [[estate agent]] John D Wood. David Cameron's great-great grandfather Emile Levita, a [[German Jews|German-Jewish]] financier (and descendant of Renaissance scholar [[Elia Levita]]) who obtained British citizenship in 1871, was the director of the [[Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China]] which became [[Standard Chartered Bank]] in 1969.<ref name="timesonline1">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6677414.ece David Cameron ‘could be a direct descendant of Moses’] Times Online, 10 July 2009</ref> His wife, Cameron's great-great grandmother, was a descendant of the wealthy [[Danish Jews|Danish Jewish]] Rée family on her father's side.<ref>[ "Hartvig Philip Rée og hans slægt"], Josef Fischer, Copenhagen, 1912, pages 47. 56. 59.61. 62. 64</ref><ref>The Legal observer, or, Journal of jurisprudence, Volume 12, page 534</ref> One of Emile's sons, Arthur Francis Levita (died 1910, brother of [[Cecil Levita|Sir Cecil Levita]]),<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.thepeerage.com/p17891.htm | title = Enid Agnes Maud Levita and others | publisher = thepeerage.com | accessdate = 9 March 2007}}</ref> of [[Panmure Gordon]] stockbrokers, together with great-great-grandfather [[Ewen Cameron (banker)|Sir Ewen Cameron]],<ref name="Clan Cameron"/> London head of the [[The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation|Hongkong and Shanghai Bank]], played key roles in arranging loans supplied by the [[Rothschilds]] to the [[Japanese people|Japanese]] Central Banker (later Prime Minister) [[Takahashi Korekiyo]] for the financing of the Japanese Government in the [[Russo-Japanese war]].<ref name="Rothschild archive">{{Citation | last = Smethurst | first = Richard | url = http://www.rothschildarchive.org/ib/articles/AR2006Japan.pdf | title = Takahasi Korekiyo, the Rothschilds and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1907 | format = PDF | accessdate =4 September 2007}}</ref> Cameron's maternal grandfather was [[Sir William Mount, 2nd Baronet]], an Army officer and the [[High Sheriff of Berkshire]], and Cameron's maternal great-grandfather was [[Sir William Mount, 1st Baronet]], [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], Conservative MP for [[Newbury]] 1918–1922. Cameron's great-great grandmother was [[Lady]] Ida Matilda Alice Feilding. His great-great-great grandfather was [[William Feilding, 7th Earl of Denbigh]], [[Royal Guelphic Order|GCH]], [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]], a [[courtier]] and [[Gentleman of the Bedchamber]].<ref>{{Venn|id=FLDN814WB|name=Feilding, William Basil Percy, Earl of Denbigh}}</ref> His mother's cousin, [[Ferdinand Mount|Sir Ferdinand Mount]], was head of [[10 Downing Street]]'s Policy Unit in the early 1980s. Cameron is the nephew of [[William Dugdale (Aston Villa chairman)|Sir William Dugdale]], brother-in-law of Katherine, Lady Dugdale (died 2004) [[Lady-in-Waiting]] to [[HM]] [[Elizabeth II|The Queen]] since 1955,<ref>Obituary, Daily Telegraph, 26 April 2004; Debrett's Peerage 1968, p.256, Dugdale.</ref> and former Chairman of [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa Football Club]]. Birmingham born documentary film-maker [[Joshua Dugdale]] is his cousin.<ref>{{Citation | last = Eden | first = Richard | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/5956829/Ed-Vaizey-the-Tatler-Tory-works-for-better-Society.html | title = Ed Vaizey the Tatler Tory works for better Society | work = Daily Telegraph| date = 1 August 2009| accessdate = 3 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref> == Education == [[Image:EtonChapel20040214CopyrightKaihsuTai.png|thumb|250px|Eton College, historically described as "the chief nurse of England's statesmen"]] From the age of seven, Cameron was educated at two [[independent school (United Kingdom)|independent school]]s: at [[Heatherdown Preparatory School]] at [[Winkfield]], in [[Berkshire]], which counts [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York|Prince Andrew]] and [[Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex|Prince Edward]] among its alumni. Cameron's academic ascent at Heatherdown was so great that he entered its top academic class almost two years early.<ref>{{cite news|last=Blake |first=Heidi |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/david-cameron/7325369/Heatherdown-Prep-the-exclusive-school-that-taught-David-Cameron-his-ambition.html |title=Cameron at Heatherdown School |publisher=Daily Telegraph|date=27 February 2010|accessdate=20 June 2010 | location=London}}</ref> At the age of thirteen, he went on to [[Eton College]] in [[Berkshire]], following his father and elder brother.<ref name="Brother">Francis Elliott and James Hanning, ''Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative'' (4th Estate, 2007), p. 26.</ref> Eton is often described as the most famous independent school in the world,<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jun/26/monarchy.publicschools |title= Eton waits for verdict in Harry 'cheating' case|accessdate=26 July 2005 |work=The Observer| first=Jamie | last=Doward | date=26 June 2005 | location=London}}</ref> and "the chief nurse of England's statesmen".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/162402.stm Eton&nbsp;– the establishment's choice] BBC News, 2 September 1998.</ref> His early interest was in art. Cameron was in trouble as a teenager, six weeks before taking his [[GCE Ordinary Level|O-levels]], when he was named as having smoked [[cannabis]].<ref name=beeb /> He admitted the offence and had not been involved in selling drugs, so he was not expelled, but was fined, prevented from leaving school grounds, and given a "[[Georgics|Georgic]]" (a punishment which involved copying 500 lines of [[Latin language|Latin]] text).<ref name="Cannabis punishment">Francis Elliott and James Hanning, ''Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative'' (4th Estate, 2007), p. 32.</ref> Cameron recovered from this episode and passed 12 O-levels, and then studied three [[GCE Advanced Level|A-Levels]] in [[History of Art]], History and Economics with Politics. He obtained three 'A' grades and a '1' grade in the [[Scholarship Level]] exam in Economics and Politics.<ref name="A levels">Francis Elliott and James Hanning, ''Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative'' (4th Estate, 2007), pp. 45–6.</ref> He then stayed on to sit the entrance exam for [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], which was sat the following autumn. He passed, did well at interview, and was offered a place as a scholar of [[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose College]], his first choice.<ref name="Oxford entrance">Francis Elliott and James Hanning, ''Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative'' (4th Estate, 2007), p. 46.</ref> After finally leaving Eton just before Christmas 1984, Cameron had nine months of a [[gap year]] before going up to Oxford. In January he began work as a researcher for [[Tim Rathbone]], Conservative MP for [[Lewes (UK Parliament constituency)|Lewes]] and his godfather, in his Parliamentary office. He was there only for three months, but used the time to attend debates in the [[House of Commons]].<ref name="Tim Rathbone">Francis Elliott and James Hanning, ''Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative'' (4th Estate, 2007), pp. 46–7.</ref> Through his father, he was then employed for a further three months in [[Hong Kong]] by [[Jardine Matheson Holdings|Jardine Matheson]] as a 'ship jumper', an administrative post for which no experience was needed but which gave him some experience of work.<ref name="Jardines">Francis Elliott and James Hanning, ''Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative'' (4th Estate, 2007), pp. 47–8</ref> Returning from Hong Kong he visited [[Moscow]] and a [[Yalta]] beach in the then [[Soviet Union]], and was at one point approached by two Russian men speaking fluent English. Cameron was later told by one of his professors that it was 'definitely an attempt' by the [[KGB]] to recruit him.<ref name="KGB">{{Citation |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Cameron: KGB tried to recruit me |curly=y |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/5021166.stm |work=BBC News Online |publisher= |date=28 May 2006|accessdate=6 November 2006}}</ref> Cameron then studied at [[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose College]] at the University of Oxford, where he read for the degree of [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[Philosophy, Politics, and Economics]] (PPE). His tutor at Oxford, [[Professor]] [[Vernon Bogdanor]], described him as "one of the ablest"<ref name="Sunday Times">[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/biography/article1545297.ece "Too good to be true?"], ''[[The Times]]'', 25 March 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2007.</ref> students he has taught, with "moderate and sensible Conservative" [[Ideology|political views]].<ref name="BBC News Cameron Story" /> When commenting in 2006 on his former pupil's ideas about a "Bill of Rights" to replace the [[Human Rights Act]], however, Professor Bogdanor, himself a [[Liberal Democrats|Liberal Democrat]], said, "I think he is very confused. I've read his speech and it's filled with contradictions. There are one or two good things in it but one glimpses them, as it were, through a mist of misunderstanding".<ref>{{cite news|author=|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/jul/01/comment.politics |title=Professor Vernon Bogdanor on David Cameron|work=The Guardian |date=28 September 2007 |accessdate=13 April 2010 | location=London | first=Stuart | last=Jeffries}}</ref> While at Oxford, Cameron was Captain of Brasenose College's [[tennis]] team.<ref name="BBC News Cameron Story" /> He was also a member of the élite student dining society the [[Bullingdon Club]], which has developed a reputation for an outlandish drinking culture associated with boisterous behaviour and damaging property.<ref name="clubmembership">Patrick Foster, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2012918,00.html "How young Cameron wined and dined with the right sort"], ''Times Online'', 28 January 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> A photograph showing Cameron in a [[tailcoat]] with other members of the club, including [[Boris Johnson]], surfaced in 2007, but was later withdrawn by the copyright holder.<ref name="Photo withdrawn">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6409757.stm "Cameron student photo is banned"], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', 2 March 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2007.</ref> Cameron's period in the [[Bullingdon Club]] is examined in the Channel 4 docu-drama ''[[When Boris Met Dave]]'' broadcast on 7 October 2009.<ref>JOHN DOWER and JAGO LEE [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1215635/Our-Boys-Bullingdon-The-early-years-David-Cameron-Boris-Johnson.html Our Boys from the Bullingdon: The early years of David Cameron and Boris Johnson] ''Daily Mail'', 26 September 2009</ref> He also belonged to the Octagon Club,<ref name="clubmembership"/> another dining society. Cameron graduated in 1988 with a [[first class honours]] degree.<ref name=feud>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2011/03/30/origins-of-the-cameron-balls-feud/|title=Origins of the Cameron-Balls Feud |author= John Rentoul|publisher=The Independent|date=30 March 2011|accessdate=4 April 2011}}</ref> Cameron is still in touch with many of his former Oxford classmates, including [[Boris Johnson]] and close family friend, the Reverend James Hand.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wheeler |first=Brian |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4502656.stm |title=The David Cameron story |publisher=BBC News |date=6 December 2005|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> == Early political career == === Conservative Research Department === After graduation, Cameron worked for the [[Conservative Research Department]] between September 1988<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1278552/Cameron-Minors-schooldays-How-extraordinary-life-exclusive-prep-school-helped-shape-PM.html Cameron Minor's schooldays: How his extraordinary life at his exclusive prep school helped shape our PM] Mail Online, 15 May 2010</ref> and 1993. A feature on Cameron in ''[[The Mail on Sunday]]'' on 18 March 2007 reported that on the day he was due to attend a job interview at [[Conservative Central Office]], a phone call was received from [[Buckingham Palace]]. The male caller stated, "I understand you are to see David Cameron. I've tried everything I can to dissuade him from wasting his time on politics but I have failed. I am ringing to tell you that you are about to meet a truly remarkable young man."<ref name="many faces">{{Citation|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=442913&in_page_id=1770|author=Francis Elliott and James Hanning |title=The many faces of Mr. Cameron |work=[[The Mail on Sunday]] |date=18 March 2007 |accessdate=4 September 2007 | location=London}}</ref> In 1991, Cameron was seconded to [[Downing Street]] to work on briefing [[John Major]] for his then bi-weekly session of [[Prime Minister's Questions]]. One newspaper gave Cameron the credit for "sharper&nbsp;... [[dispatch box|despatch box]] performances" by Major,<ref name="Major PMQs">"Atticus", ''Sunday Times'', 30 June 1991</ref> which included highlighting for Major "a dreadful piece of [[doublespeak]]" by [[Tony Blair]] (then the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] [[Employment]] spokesman) over the effect of a national [[minimum wage]].<ref name="Blair minimum wage">[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199091/cmhansrd/1991-06-27/Orals-2.html "House of Commons 6th series, vol. 193, cols. 1133–34"], ''Hansard''. Retrieved 4 September 2007.</ref> He became head of the political section of the Conservative Research Department, and in August 1991 was tipped to follow [[Judith Chaplin]] as Political Secretary to the Prime Minister.<ref name="CRD">"Diary", ''The Times'', 14 August 1991.</ref> Cameron lost out, however, to [[Jonathan Hopkin Hill|Jonathan Hill]], who was appointed in March 1992. He was given the responsibility for briefing John Major for his press conferences during the [[United Kingdom general election, 1992|1992 general election]].<ref name="1992 election">Nicholas Wood, "New aide for Prime Minister", ''The Times'', 13 March 1992.</ref> During the campaign, Cameron was one of the young "brat pack" of party strategists who worked between 12 and 20 hours a day, sleeping in the house of [[Alan Duncan]] in [[Smith Square|Gayfere Street]], [[Westminster]], which had been Major's campaign headquarters during his bid for the Conservative leadership.<ref name="1992 campaign">"Sleep little babies", ''The Times'', 20 March 1992.</ref> Cameron headed the economic section; it was while working on this campaign that Cameron first worked closely with [[Steve Hilton]], who was later to become Director of Strategy during his party leadership.<ref name="Meets Hilton">Nicholas Wood, "Strain starts to show on Major's round the clock 'brat pack'", ''The Times'', 23 March 1992.</ref> The strain of getting up at 4:45&nbsp;am every day was reported to have led Cameron to decide to leave politics in favour of journalism.<ref name="Journalism">"Campaign fall-out", ''The Times'', 30 March 1992.</ref> === Special Adviser === The Conservatives' unexpected success in the 1992 election led Cameron to hit back at older party members who had criticised him and his colleagues. He was quoted as saying, the day after the election, "whatever people say about us, we got the campaign right," and that they had listened to their campaign workers on the ground rather than the newspapers. He revealed he had led other members of the team across [[Smith Square]] to jeer at [[Transport House]], the former Labour headquarters.<ref name="1992 post mortem">Andrew Pierce, "We got it right, say Patten's brat pack", ''Sunday Times'', 11 March 1992.</ref> Cameron was rewarded with a promotion to [[Special advisers in the United Kingdom|Special Adviser]] to the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[Norman Lamont (1942)|Norman Lamont]].<ref name="Lamont's Spad">"Brats on the move", ''The Times'', 14 April 1992.</ref> Cameron was working for Lamont at the time of [[Black Wednesday]], when pressure from currency speculators forced the [[Pound sterling]] out of the [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]]. Cameron, who was unknown to the public at the time, can be spotted at Lamont's side in news film of the latter's announcement of British withdrawal from the [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]] that evening. At the 1992 Conservative Party conference in October, Cameron had a tough time trying to arrange to brief the speakers in the economic debate, having to resort to putting messages on the internal television system imploring the mover of the motion, [[Patricia Morris, Baroness Morris of Bolton|Patricia Morris]], to contact him.<ref name="1992 conference">"Diary", ''The Times'', 8 October 1992.</ref> Later that month Cameron joined a delegation of Special Advisers who visited Germany to build better relations with the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]]; he was reported to be "still smarting" over the [[Bundesbank]]'s contribution to the economic crisis.<ref name="Germany visit">"Peace-mongers", ''The Times'', 20 October 1992.</ref> Cameron's boss Norman Lamont fell out with John Major after Black Wednesday and became highly unpopular with the public. Taxes needed to be raised in the 1993 Budget, and Cameron fed the options Lamont was considering through to [[Conservative Central Office]] for their political acceptability to be assessed.<ref name="1993 budget">David Hencke, "Treasury tax review eyes fuel and children's clothes", ''The Guardian'', 8 February 1993.</ref> However, Lamont's unpopularity did not necessarily affect Cameron: he was considered as a potential "[[kamikaze]]" candidate for the [[Newbury by-election, 1993|Newbury By-election]], which includes the area where he grew up.<ref name="Newbury">Michael White and Patrick Wintour, "Points of Order", ''The Guardian'', 26 February 1993.</ref> However, Cameron decided not to stand. During the By-election, Lamont gave the response "[[Non, je ne regrette rien|Je ne regrette rien]]" to a question about whether he most regretted claiming to see "the green shoots of recovery" or admitted "singing in his bath" with happiness at leaving the [[ERM]]. Cameron was identified by one journalist as having inspired this gaffe; it was speculated that the heavy Conservative defeat in Newbury may have cost Cameron his chance of becoming Chancellor himself (even though as he was not a Member of Parliament he could not have been).<ref name="Piaf">"Careless talk", ''The Times'', 10 May 1993.</ref> Lamont was sacked at the end of May 1993, and decided not to write the usual letter of resignation; Cameron was given the responsibility to issue to the press a statement of self-justification.<ref name="Lamont sacked">David Smith and Michael Prescott, "Norman Lamont: the final days" (Focus), ''Sunday Times'', 30 May 1993.</ref> === Home Office === After Lamont was sacked, Cameron remained at the [[Treasury]] for less than a month before being specifically recruited by [[Home Secretary]] [[Michael Howard]]; it was commented that he was still "very much in favour".<ref name="Howard's Spad">"No score flaw", ''The Times'', 22 June 1993</ref> It was later reported that many at the Treasury would have preferred Cameron to carry on.<ref name="Clarke profile">John Grigg, "Primed Minister", ''The Times'', 2 October 1993</ref> At the beginning of September 1993, Cameron applied to go on Conservative Central Office's list of Prospective Parliamentary Candidates.<ref name="Candidates list">"Newbury's finest", ''The Times'', 6 September 1993</ref> According to [[Derek Lewis (prison governor)|Derek Lewis]], then Director-General of [[Her Majesty's Prison Service]], Cameron showed him a "his and hers list" of proposals made by Howard and his wife, Sandra. Lewis said that [[Sandra Howard]]'s list included reducing the quality of [[prison food]], although Sandra Howard denied this claim. Lewis reported that Cameron was "uncomfortable" about the list.<ref name="Prison food">David Leigh, "Mrs Howard's own recipe for prison reform", ''The Observer'', 23 February 1997</ref> In defending Sandra Howard and insisting that she made no such proposal, the journalist [[Bruce Anderson (columnist)|Bruce Anderson]] wrote that Cameron had proposed a much shorter definition on prison catering which revolved around the phrase "balanced diet", and that Lewis had written thanking Cameron for a valuable contribution.<ref name="Anderson">Bruce Anderson, "Derek Lewis: Big job, little man, inaccurate book", ''The Spectator'', 1 March 1997.</ref> During his work for Howard, Cameron often briefed the [[Press]]. In March 1994, someone leaked to the Press that the Labour Party had called for a meeting with John Major to discuss a consensus on the [[Prevention of Terrorism Acts|Prevention of Terrorism Act]]. After a leak enquiry failed to find the culprit, Labour MP [[Peter Mandelson]] demanded an assurance from Howard that Cameron had not been responsible, which Howard gave.<ref name="Leak">Patrick Wintour, "Smith fumes at untraced leak", ''The Guardian'', 10 March 1994.</ref><ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199394/cmhansrd/1994-03-09/Debate-1.html "6th Series, vol. 239 col. 292"], ''Hansard'', 9 March 1994. Retrieved 4 September 2007.</ref> A senior [[Home Office]] [[Civil Servant]] noted the influence of Howard's Special Advisers saying previous incumbents "would listen to the evidence before making a decision. Howard just talks to young public school gentlemen from the party headquarters."<ref>{{Citation | last = Cohen | first = Nick | title = Inside Story: Heading for trouble: Michael Howard's strategy on crime faces opposition from police, judges and the prison service | newspaper = The Independent | date = 20 February 1994 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/inside-story-heading-for-trouble-michael-howards-strategy-on-crime-faces-opposition-from-police-judges-and-the-prison-service-nick-cohen-reports-1395359.html | accessdate = 22 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref> === Carlton === In July 1994, Cameron left his role as Special Adviser to work as the Director of Corporate Affairs at [[Carlton Communications]].<ref name="Carlton job">"Smallweed", ''The Guardian'', 16 July 1994</ref> Carlton, which had won the [[ITV]] franchise for London weekdays in 1991, was a growing media company which also had film distribution and video producing arms. In 1997 Cameron played up the Company's prospects for [[digital terrestrial television]], for which it joined with [[Granada television]] and [[BSkyB]] to form [[ITV Digital|British Digital Broadcasting]].<ref name="Carlton DTT">"Confident Carlton shrugs off digital licence doubts", ''[[Daily Express|The Express]]'', 22 May 1997</ref> In a roundtable discussion on the future of broadcasting in 1998 he criticised the effect of overlapping different regulators on the industry.<ref name="Regulatory overlap">"We can't wait any longer to map the digital mediascape", ''[[New Statesman]]'', 3 April 1998</ref> Carlton's consortium did win the digital terrestrial franchise but the resulting company suffered difficulties in attracting subscribers. In 1999 the ''[[Daily Express|Express]] on Sunday'' newspaper claimed Cameron had rubbished one of its stories which had given an accurate number of subscribers, because he wanted the number to appear higher than expected.<ref name="Ondigital subscribers">"Unsportsmanlike spinning", ''The Express on Sunday'', 10 October 1999.</ref> Cameron resigned as Director of Corporate Affairs in February 2001 in order to fight for election to Parliament, although he remained on the payroll as a consultant.<ref name="Carlton consultant">"Blackfriar", ''The Express'', 1 March 2001.</ref> === Parliamentary Candidacy === Having been approved for the Candidates' list, Cameron began looking for a seat. He was reported to have missed out on selection for [[Ashford (UK Parliament constituency)|Ashford]] in December 1994 after failing to get to the selection meeting as a result of train delays.<ref name="Ashford">"Pendennis", ''The Guardian'', 1 January 1995</ref> Early in 1996, he was selected for [[Stafford (UK Parliament constituency)|Stafford]], a new constituency created by boundary changes, which was projected to have a Conservative majority.<ref name="Stafford candidate">[[Michael White (journalist)|Michael White]], "Seat-seeking missiles", ''The Guardian'', 9 March 1996.</ref> At the 1996 Conservative Party Conference he called for tax cuts in the forthcoming Budget to be targeted at the low paid and to "small businesses where people took money out of their own pockets to put into companies to keep them going".<ref name="Conference 1996">Jill Sherman, "Clarke challenged to show gains of economic recovery", ''The Times'', 11 October 1996.</ref> He also said the Party, "Should be proud of the Tory tax record but that people needed reminding of its achievements&nbsp;... It's time to return to our tax cutting agenda. The socialist Prime Ministers of Europe have endorsed Tony Blair because they want a federal pussy cat and not a British lion."<ref>BBC Archive, [http://open.bbc.co.uk/catalogue/infax/programme/ANCC839F_E "Conservative Party Conference 1996"], 10 October 1996</ref> When writing his election address, Cameron made his own opposition to British membership of the [[single European currency]] clear, pledging not to support it. This was a break with official Conservative policy but about 200 other candidates were making similar declarations.<ref name="Single currency 1997">Alan Travis, "Rebels' seven-year march", ''The Guardian'', 17 April 1997.</ref> Otherwise, Cameron kept very closely to the national party line. He also campaigned using the claim that a Labour Government would increase the cost of a pint of beer by 24p; however the Labour candidate [[David Kidney]] portrayed Cameron as "a right-wing Tory". Stafford had a [[swing (politics)|swing]] almost the same as the national swing, which made it one of the many seats to fall to Labour: David Kidney had a majority of 4,314.<ref name="1997 election">Francis Elliott and James Hanning, ''Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative'' (4th Estate, 2007), pp.172–5</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/election97/constituencies/533.htm Stafford 1997 election result], ''BBC News Online''. Retrieved 4 September 2007. {{Wayback|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/election97/constituencies/533.htm|date =20040907011542|bot=DASHBot}}</ref> In the round of selection contests taking place in the run-up to the [[United Kingdom general election, 2001|2001 general election]], Cameron again attempted to be selected for a winnable seat. He tried out for the [[Kensington and Chelsea by-election, 1999|Kensington and Chelsea]] seat after the death of [[Alan Clark]],<ref name="Kensington byelection">Ben Leapman, "100 challenge Portillo", ''Evening Standard'', 21 September 1999</ref> but did not make the shortlist. He was in the final two but narrowly lost at [[Wealden (UK Parliament constituency)|Wealden]] in March 2000,<ref name="Wealden">Michael White, "Rightwingers and locals preferred for safe Tory seats", ''The Guardian'', 14 March 2000</ref> a loss ascribed by Samantha Cameron to his lack of spontaneity when speaking.<ref name="Spontaneity">Francis Elliott and James Hanning, ''Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative'' (4th Estate, 2007), p. 193</ref> On 4 April 2000 Cameron was selected as prospective candidate (PPC) for [[Witney (UK Parliament constituency)|Witney]] in [[Oxfordshire]]. This had been a safe Conservative seat but its sitting MP [[Shaun Woodward]] (who had worked with Cameron on the 1992 election campaign) had "crossed the floor" to join the Labour Party; newspapers claimed Cameron and Woodward had "loathed each other",<ref name="Woodward">"Ephraim Hardcastle", ''Daily Mail'', 7 April 2000</ref> although Cameron's biographers Francis Elliott and James Hanning describe them as being "on fairly friendly terms".<ref name=autogenerated1>Francis Elliott and James Hanning, ''Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative'' (4th Estate, 2007), p. 192</ref> Cameron put a great deal of effort into "nursing" his potential constituency, turning up at social functions, and attacked Woodward for changing his mind on [[fox hunting]] to support a ban.<ref name="Woodward hunting">"Why Shaun Woodward changed his mind" (Letter), ''Daily Telegraph'', 21 December 2000</ref> During the election campaign, Cameron accepted the offer of writing a regular column for ''[[The Guardian]]'''s online section.<ref name="Guardian column">[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,9328,649666,00.html "The Cameron diaries"] The Guardian</ref> He won the seat with a 1.9% swing to the Conservatives and a majority of 7,973.<ref name="2001 election result">''Dod's Guide to the General Election June 2001'' (Vacher Dod Publishing, 2001), p. 430.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/vote2001/results_constituencies/constituencies/637.stm "Vote 2001: Results & Constituencies: Witney"], ''BBC News Online''. Retrieved 4 September 2007.</ref> === Member of Parliament === Upon his election to Parliament, he served as a member of the Commons [[Home Affairs Select Committee]], a plum appointment for a newly elected [[Member of Parliament|Member]]. It was Cameron's proposal that the Committee launch an inquiry into the law on drugs,<ref name="Drugs inquiry">Francis Elliott and James Hanning, ''Cameron: The Rise of the New Conservative'' (4th Estate, 2007), p. 200.</ref> and during the inquiry he urged the consideration of "radical options".<ref name="Radical options">[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmhaff/318/1103008.htm "Examination of Witnesses: question 123"], ''Hansard'', 30 October 2001. Retrieved 4 September 2007.</ref> The report recommended a downgrading of [[Methylenedioxymethamphetamine|Ecstasy]] from Class A to Class B, as well as moves towards a policy of '[[harm reduction]]', which Cameron defended.<ref name="Inject reality">"Let's inject reality into the drugs war", ''Edinburgh Evening News'', 22 May 2002</ref> Cameron determinedly attempted to increase his public profile, offering quotations on matters of public controversy. He opposed the payment of compensation to Gurbux Singh, who had resigned as head of the [[Commission for Racial Equality]] after a confrontation with the police;<ref name="Gurbux Singh">Philip Johnston, Becky Barrow, "£129,000 for race chief in drunken fracas", ''Daily Telegraph'', 8 August 2002</ref> and commented that the Home Affairs Select Committee had taken a long time to discuss whether the phrase "black market" should be used.<ref name="Black market">"They said what?", ''Observer'', 30 June 2002</ref> However, he was passed over for a front bench promotion in July 2002; Conservative leader [[Iain Duncan Smith]] did invite Cameron and his ally [[George Osborne]] to coach him on Prime Minister's Questions in November 2002. The next week, Cameron deliberately abstained in a vote on allowing same-sex and unmarried couples to adopt children jointly, against a whip to oppose; his abstention was noted.<ref name="Adoption vote">"Rebels and non-voters", ''The Times'', 6 November 2002</ref> The wide scale of abstentions and rebellious votes destabilised the Iain Duncan Smith leadership. In June 2003, Cameron was appointed as a [[Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet|shadow minister]] in the [[Privy Council Office (United Kingdom)|Privy Council Office]] as a deputy to [[Eric Forth]], who was then [[Shadow Leader of the House of Commons|Shadow Leader of the House]]. He also became a [[Vice-chairman|vice-]][[chairman of the Conservative Party]] when [[Michael Howard]] took over the leadership in November of that year. He was appointed as the Opposition frontbench [[local government]] spokesman in 2004, before being promoted into the [[shadow cabinet]] that June as head of policy co-ordination. Later, he became [[Shadow Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families|Shadow Education Secretary]] in the post-election reshuffle.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4651553.stm "Contender: David Cameron"], ''BBC News Online'', 29 September 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> From February 2002<ref name="Chorion director">"Alli toying with Noddy", ''The Sun'', 26 February 2002; Cameron was appointed shortly before Urbium was spun off from Chorion plc</ref> until August 2005 he was a [[non-executive director]] of Urbium PLC, operator of the ''[[Tiger Tiger (nightclub)|Tiger Tiger]]'' bar chain.<ref name="Drinks industry">Tania Branigan and Michael White, [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/toryleader/story/0,,1645441,00.html "Cameron defends drinks industry links&nbsp;– and tells Paxman where he's going wrong"], ''The Guardian'', 18 November 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2006.</ref> == Leadership of the Conservative Party == [[Image:CameronNewcastle.jpg|thumb|David Cameron campaigning for the 2006 local elections in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]]] === Leadership Election === {{Main|Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 2005}} Following the Labour victory in the [[United Kingdom general election, 2005|May 2005 general election]], [[Michael Howard]] announced his resignation as leader of the Conservative Party and set a lengthy timetable for the [[Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 2005|leadership election]], as part of a plan (subsequently rejected) to change the leadership election rules.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Cameron announced formally that he would be a candidate for the position on 29 September 2005. Parliamentary colleagues supporting him initially included [[Boris Johnson]], Shadow Chancellor [[George Osborne]], then Shadow Defence Secretary and deputy leader of the party [[Michael Ancram]], [[Oliver Letwin]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4304664.stm "Tory leadership: Who backed who?"], ''BBC News Online'', 17 October 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2006.</ref> and former party leader [[William Hague]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4432120.stm "Hague backs Cameron as new leader"], ''BBC News Online'', 12 November 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2006.</ref> Despite this, his campaign did not gain significant support prior to the 2005 Conservative [[Party conference|Party Conference]]. However his speech, delivered without notes, proved a significant turning point. In the speech he vowed to make people, "feel good about being Conservatives again" and said he wanted, "to switch on a whole new generation."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4306540.stm "Cameron targets 'new generation'"], ''BBC News Online'', 4 October 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> In the first ballot of Conservative MPs on 18 October 2005, Cameron came second, with 56 votes, slightly more than expected; [[David Davis (British politician)|David Davis]] had fewer than predicted at 62 votes; [[Liam Fox]] came third with 42 votes and [[Kenneth Clarke]] was eliminated with 38 votes. In the second ballot on 20 October 2005, Cameron came first with 90 votes; David Davis was second, with 57, and Liam Fox was eliminated with 51 votes.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4360662.stm "Cameron and Davis top Tory poll"], ''BBC News Online'', 20 October 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> All 198 Conservative MPs voted in both ballots. The next stage of the election process, between Davis and Cameron, was a vote open to the entire Conservative party membership. Cameron was elected with more than twice as many votes as Davis and more than half of all ballots issued; Cameron won 134,446 votes on a 78% [[Voter turnout|turnout]], beating Davis's 64,398 votes.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4502652.stm "Cameron chosen as new Tory leader"], ''BBC News Online'', 6 December 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2006.</ref> Although Davis had initially been the favourite, it was widely acknowledged that Davis's candidacy was marred by a disappointing conference speech, whilst Cameron's was well received. Cameron's election as the Leader of the Conservative Party and [[Leader of the Opposition (UK)|Leader of the Opposition]] was announced on 6 December 2005. As is customary for an Opposition leader not already a member, upon election Cameron became a member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]], being formally approved to join on 14 December 2005, and sworn of the Council on 8 March 2006.<ref>[http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page8762.asp "Privy Council Appointment of David Cameron MP"], ''[[10 Downing Street]]'', 14 December 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> Cameron's appearance on the cover of ''Time'' in September 2008 was said by the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' to present him to the world as 'Prime Minister in waiting'.<ref name="Time cover">Daniel Martin, "[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1054651/Prime-minister-waiting-David-Cameron-appears-cover-Time-magazine--US-version.html 'Prime minister-in-waiting' David Cameron appears on the cover of Time magazine&nbsp;... but not the US version]", ''Daily Mail'', 12 September 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.</ref> === Reaction to Cameron as Leader === [[File:David Cameron interview and photo shoot at Oxfam HQ, Oxford, 29 June, 2006.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Cameron being interviewed at the headquarters of [[Oxfam]] in 2006.]] Cameron's relatively young age and inexperience before becoming leader have invited satirical comparison with [[Tony Blair]]. ''[[Private Eye (magazine)|Private Eye]]'' soon published a picture of both leaders on their front cover, with the caption "World's first face transplant a success".<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1334944.cms "Britain pins its hopes on David"], ''The Times of India'', 16 December 2005. Retrieved 20 September 2007.</ref> On the [[Left-wing politics|left]], ''New Statesman'' has unfavourably likened his "new style of politics" to Tony Blair's early leadership years.<ref name="Blameron">Nick Cohen, [http://www.newstatesman.com/200508080017 "The birth of Blameron"], ''[[New Statesman]]'', 8 August 2005. Retrieved 2 November 2009.</ref> Cameron is accused of paying excessive attention to image, with [[ITV News]] broadcasting footage from the 2006 Conservative Party Conference in [[Bournemouth]] which showed him wearing four different sets of clothes within the space of a few hours.<ref name="ITN clothes">{{Citation|people=Bradley, Tom|year=2006|title=ITV News|medium=Television series|publisher=ITN}}</ref> Cameron was characterised in a Labour Party political broadcast as "[[Dave the Chameleon]]", who would change what he said to match the expectations of his audience. Cameron later claimed that the broadcast had become his daughter's "favourite video".<ref name="Times weblog">[[Hugo Rifkind]], [http://web.archive.org/web/20060519185114/http://timesonline.typepad.com/ "Well, that worked"], ''The Times'' "People" weblog, 17 May 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2006.</ref> He has also been described by comedy writer and broadcaster [[Charlie Brooker]] as being "like a hollow Easter egg with no bag of sweets inside" in his [[The Guardian|Guardian]] column.<ref>[[Charlie Brooker]], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,,2048049,00.html "David Cameron is like a hollow Easter egg, with no bag of sweets inside. He's nothing. He's no one"], ''The Guardian'', 2 April 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007.</ref> On the [[Right-wing politics|right]], [[Norman Tebbit]], former [[Chairman of the Conservative Party]], has likened Cameron to [[Pol Pot]], "intent on purging even the memory of [[Thatcherism]] before building a New Modern Compassionate Green Globally Aware Party".<ref name="Tebbit criticism">''[[The Economist]]'', 4 February 2006, page 32</ref> [[Quentin Davies]] MP, who defected from the Conservatives to Labour on 26 June 2007, branded him "superficial, unreliable and [with] an apparent lack of any clear convictions" and stated that David Cameron had turned the Conservative Party's mission into a "PR agenda".<ref>{{Citation | title = Conservative MP defects to Labour | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6241928.stm | publisher = BBC News | date = 27 June 2007| accessdate =24 August 2007| location=London}}</ref> [[Traditionalist conservatism|Traditionalist conservative]] columnist and author [[Peter Hitchens]] has written that, "Mr Cameron has abandoned the last significant difference between his party and the established left", by embracing social liberalism<ref name="Peter Hitchens">Peter Hitchens, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1666602,00.html "The Tories are doomed"], ''Guardian Unlimited'', 14 December 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> and has dubbed the party under his leadership "Blue Labour", a pun on [[New Labour]].<ref>{{Citation | title =What does it matter if we are governed by Blue Labour or New Labour?| url = http://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2009/03/what-does-it-matter-if-we-are-governed-by-blue-labour-or-new-labour.html | work = [[The Mail on Sunday]] | date = 23 March 2009 | accessdate =14 October 2009}}</ref> Cameron responded by calling Hitchens a "maniac".<ref>Peter Hitchens [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/columnists/mailonsunday.html?in_page_id=1791&in_article_id=447399&in_author_id=224 "Civilisation? You'll find more in the slums of Iran"], ''Mail on Sunday'', 8 April 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2007.</ref> [[Daily Telegraph]] correspondent and blogger [[Gerald Warner]] has been particularly scathing about Cameron's leadership, arguing that it is alienating [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditionalist conservative]] elements from the Conservative Party.<ref>[http://blogs/telegraph.co.uk/author/geraldwarner Blogs&nbsp;– Gerald Warner] Daily Telegraph</ref> Cameron is reported to be known to friends and family as "Dave" rather than David, although he invariably uses "David'" in public.<ref name="Rumbelow">Helen Rumbelow, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article524770.ece "The gilded youth whose son steeled him in adversity"], ''The Times'', 21 May 2005. Retrieved 4 September 2007.</ref> However, critics of Cameron often refer to him as "Call me Dave" in an attempt to imply [[populism]] in the same way as "Call me Tony" was used in 1997.<ref name="RichardKay">The first such reference in the [[List of newspapers in the United Kingdom|British press]] appears to be Richard Kay, "Cameron taking the Michael", ''Daily Mail'', 1 July 2005, p. 45.</ref> The ''[[The Times|Times]]'' columnist [[Daniel Finkelstein]] has condemned those who attempt to belittle Cameron by calling him 'Dave'.<ref name="Finkelstein">Daniel Finkelstein, [http://timesonline.typepad.com/comment/2006/10/the_dave_test.html "The Dave Test"], ''The Times Comment Central'', 5 October 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> === Shadow Cabinet appointments === [[File:DavidCameronHomeOffice.jpg|thumb|160px|left|Cameron speaking at the Home Office, on 13 May 2010.]] His [[Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (UK)|Shadow Cabinet]] appointments have included MPs associated with the various wings of the party. Former leader [[William Hague]] was appointed to the Foreign Affairs brief, while both George Osborne and [[David Davis (British politician)|David Davis]] were retained, as [[Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer]] and [[Shadow Home Secretary]] respectively. Hague, assisted by Davis, stood in for Cameron during his [[paternity leave]] in February 2006.<ref>{{Citation | title=Conservative front bench | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/guides/457000/457039/html/nn16page1.stm | accessdate= 19 September 2007 | publisher=BBC News}}</ref> In June 2008 Davis announced his intention to resign as an MP, and was immediately replaced as Shadow Home Secretary by [[Dominic Grieve]], the surprise move seen as a challenge to the changes introduced under Cameron's leadership.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/2116367/David-Davis-to-resign-from-shadow-cabinet-and-as-MP.html David Davis to resign from shadow cabinet and as MP], ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'', 12 June 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2009.</ref> [[File:David Cameron's visit2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|David Cameron with [[Theresa May]], who was a member of the [[Shadow Cabinet]] from 1999 until 2010.]] In January 2009 a [[reshuffle]] of the Shadow Cabinet was undertaken. The chief change was the appointment of former [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[Kenneth Clarke]] as Shadow Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Secretary, David Cameron stating that "With Ken Clarke's arrival, we now have the best economic team." The reshuffle saw eight other changes made.<ref>[http://www.conservatives.com/News/News_stories/2009/01/The_strongest_possible_Shadow_Cabinet.aspx The strongest possible Shadow Cabinet] Conservatives.com. Retrieved 1 November 2009.</ref> ===European Conservatives and Reformists=== During his successful campaign to be elected Leader of the Conservative Party, Cameron pledged that under his leadership the Conservative Party's [[Member of the European Parliament|Members of the European Parliament]] would leave the [[European People's Party]] group, which had a "federalist" approach to the European Union.<ref name="Cameron EPP pledge">Michael White, Tania Branigan, "Clarke battles to avoid Tory wooden spoon", ''The Guardian'', 18 October 2005, p. 1</ref> Once elected Cameron began discussions with right-wing and [[eurosceptic]] parties in other European countries, mainly in eastern Europe, and in July 2006 he concluded an agreement to form the [[Movement for European Reform]] with the Czech [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|Civic Democratic Party]], leading to the formation of a new European Parliament group, the [[European Conservatives and Reformists]], in 2009 after the European Parliament elections.<ref name="Movement for European Reform">Nicholas Watt, "Cameron to postpone creation of new EU group", ''The Guardian'', 13 July 2006, p. 14</ref> Cameron attended a gathering at [[Warsaw]]'s Palladium cinema celebrating the foundation of the alliance.<ref>[http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,6671792,Kaczynski__Europe_Is_Anti_Catholic.html Kaczyński: Europe Is Anti-Catholic] ''[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]'', 1 June 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.</ref> In forming the caucus, containing a total of 54 [[Member of the European Parliament|MEPs]] drawn from eight of the 27 [[EU member states]], Cameron reportedly broke with two decades of Conservative cooperation with the centre-right Christian Democrats, the [[European People's Party]] (EPP),<ref name="guardian_03062009">{{Citation | last = Traynor | first = Ian | title = Anti-gay, climate change deniers: meet David Cameron's new friends | work = [[The Guardian]] | date = 2 June 2009 | location=London| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/jun/02/david-cameron-alliance-polish-nationalists | accessdate = 2 June 2009}}</ref> on the grounds that they are dominated by European [[federalism|federalists]] and supporters of the [[Lisbon treaty]].<ref name="guardian_03062009" /> EPP leader [[Wilfried Martens]], former [[prime minister of Belgium]], has stated "Cameron's campaign has been to take his party back to the centre in every policy area with one major exception: Europe.&nbsp;... I can't understand his tactics. [[Angela Merkel|Merkel]] and [[Nicolas Sarkozy|Sarkozy]] will never accept his Euroscepticism."<ref name="guardian_03062009" /> The [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] ''[[New Statesman]]'' magazine reported that the [[US administration]] had "concerns about Cameron among top members of the team" and quoted [[David Rothkopf]] in saying that the issue "makes Cameron an even more dubious choice to be Britain's next prime minister than he was before and, should he attain that post, someone about whom the Obama administration ought to be very cautious."<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/08/obama-cameron-sizzle-substance|title=All "sizzle" and no substance|date=6 August 2009|author = James Macintyre|work = [[New Statesman]]|accessdate =18 October 2009}}</ref> ====Shortlists for Parliamentary Candidates ==== Similarly, Cameron's initial "A-List" of prospective parliamentary candidates has been attacked by members of his party,<ref name=BBC_13_10_06/> with the policy now having been discontinued in favour of gender balanced final shortlists. These have been criticised by senior Conservative MP and Prisons Spokeswoman [[Ann Widdecombe]] as an "insult to women", Widdecombe accusing Cameron of "storing up huge problems for the future."<ref name="Widdecombe">Andy McSmith, "Cameron push for more female MPs 'an insult to women'", ''The Independent'', 22 August 2006</ref><ref name=Mail_13_02_10>{{Citation | last = Pierce | first = Andrew | title = Mutiny of the faithful: Tears, mayhem and resignations&nbsp;– the scenes in a key Tory constituency that have rocked David Cameron | newspaper = Daily Mail | date = 13 February 2010 | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1250661/Mutiny-faithful-Tears-mayhem-resignations--scenes-key-Tory-constituency-rocked-David-Cameron.html | accessdate = 15 February 2010 | location=London}}</ref> The plans have since led to conflict in a number of constituencies, including the widely reported resignation of [[Joanne Cash]], a close friend of Cameron, as candidate in the constituency of [[Westminster North (UK Parliament constituency)|Westminster North]] following a dispute described as "a battle for the soul of the Tory Party".<ref name=Mail_13_02_10/> ===2010 general election === At the [[United Kingdom general election, 2010|2010 general election]] on 6 May, Cameron led the Conservatives to their best performance since the [[United Kingdom general election, 1992|1992 election]] (the last time the Conservatives had won), with the largest number of seats (306) but still 20 seats short of an overall majority, resulting in the nation's first [[hung parliament]] since [[United Kingdom general election, February 1974|February 1974]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results Election 2010 results] [[BBC News]]</ref> Talks between Cameron and [[Liberal Democrats|Liberal Democrat]] leader [[Nick Clegg]] led to an agreed Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition. == Prime Minister == {{Main|Premiership of David Cameron}} [[File:Clegg Victory for the Gurkhas.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Cameron with [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], [[Nick Clegg]], and [[Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change]], [[Chris Huhne]].]] [[File:David Cameron and Barack Obama at the G20 Summit in Toronto.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Cameron, and the President of the United States, [[Barack Obama]], during the [[2010 G-20 Toronto summit]].]] On 11 May 2010, following the resignation of [[Gordon Brown]] as Prime Minister and on his recommendation, [[Queen Elizabeth II]] invited Cameron to form a government.<ref name=BBCNewPM>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/election_2010/8675265.stm|title=David Cameron is UK's new prime minister|date=11 May 2010|work=BBC News|accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref> At age 43, Cameron became the youngest British Prime Minister since [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Lord Liverpool]], who was appointed in 1812.<ref name=Telegraph11May2009YoungestPM>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/david-cameron/7712545/David-Cameron-becomes-youngest-Prime-Minister-in-almost-200-years.html|title=David Cameron becomes youngest Prime Minister in almost 200 years|date=11 May 2010|work=Daily Telegraph|accessdate=11 May 2010 | location=London | first=Andrew | last=Hough}}</ref> In his first address outside [[10 Downing Street]], he announced his intention to form a [[coalition government]], the first since the [[Second World War]], with the [[Liberal Democrats]]. Cameron outlined how he intended to "put aside party differences and work hard for the common good and for the national interest."<ref name=Telegraph11May2009YoungestPM/> As one of his first moves Cameron appointed [[Nick Clegg]], the leader of the Liberal Democrats, as [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Deputy Prime Minister]] on 11 May 2010.<ref name=BBCNewPM/> Between them, the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats control 363 seats in the House of Commons, with a majority of 76 seats.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/13/world/europe/13britain.html?hp Britain’s Improbable New Leaders Promise Big Changes] New York Times, 12 May 2010</ref> On 2 June 2010, Cameron took his first session of [[Prime Minister's Questions]] (PMQs) as Prime Minister, he began by offering his support and condolences to those affected by the [[Cumbria shooting|shootings in Cumbria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Politics/First-PMQs-Of-Coalition-Government-David-Cameron-Takes-His-First-Prime-Ministers-Questions/Article/201006115642233?f=rss|title=Cameron Takes First PMQs Of Coalition Govt|publisher=[[Sky News]]|date=2 June 2010|accessdate=18 October 2010}}</ref> In 2010, at a visit in [[Turkey]], he made it clear he wanted to "fight" for the country's accession to the [[European Union]]. He claimed that those who oppose Turkey's membership of the European Union were driven by "protectionism, narrow nationalism or prejudice", and that the country was "vital for our economy, vital for our security and vital for our diplomacy".<ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-10767768|work=BBC News|title=Cameron 'anger' at slow pace of Turkish EU negotiations|date=27 July 2010}}</ref> On 5 February 2011, Cameron criticised the failure of 'state multiculturalism', in his first speech as PM on radicalisation and the causes of terrorism.<ref>{{cite news |title=State multiculturalism has failed, says David Cameron |author= |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12371994 |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=5 February 2011 |accessdate=5 February 2011}}</ref> == Policies and views == {{Main|Political positions of David Cameron}} === Self-description of views === Cameron describes himself as a "modern [[compassionate conservative]]" and has spoken of a need for a new style of politics, saying that he was "fed up with the [[Punch and Judy]] politics of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Westminster]]".<ref>[[Jonathan Freedland]], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1660457,00.html "Enough of this love-in: Bush was a compassionate conservative too"], ''Guardian Unlimited'', 7 December 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> He has stated that he is "certainly a big [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] fan, but I don't know whether that makes me a Thatcherite."<ref name="new identity">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4446864.stm "Cameron: Tories need new identity"], ''BBC News Online'', 17 November 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> He has also claimed to be a "liberal Conservative", and "not a deeply ideological person."<ref name="Rawnsley">Andrew Rawnsley, [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/focus/story/0,,1669957,00.html "'I'm not a deeply ideological person. I'm a practical one'"], ''Guardian Unlimited'', 18 December 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> As Leader of the Opposition, Cameron stated that he did not intend to oppose the government as a matter of course, and would offer his support in areas of agreement. He has urged politicians to concentrate more on improving people's happiness and "general well-being", instead of focusing solely on "financial wealth".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/5003314.stm "Make people happier, says Cameron"], ''BBC News Online'', 22 May 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> There have been claims that he described himself to journalists at a dinner during the leadership contest as the "[[heir]] to Blair".<ref>Andrew Pierce [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,17129-1811591,00.html "Horror as Cameron brandishes the B word"], ''The Times Online'', 5 October 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2006.</ref> He believes that British [[Muslim]]s have a duty to [[Cultural assimilation|integrate]] into British culture, but notes that they find aspects such as high divorce rates and drug use uninspiring, and notes that "Not for the first time, I found myself thinking that it is mainstream Britain which needs to integrate more with the British Asian way of life, not the other way around."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/may/13/comment.communities |title=David Cameron: What I learnt from my stay with a Muslim family |work=Guardian |date=13 May 2007|accessdate=13 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref> [[Daniel Finkelstein]] has said of the period leading up to Cameron's election as leader of the Conservative party that "a small group of us (myself, David Cameron, George Osborne, [[Michael Gove]], [[Nick Boles]], [[Nick Herbert]] I think, once or twice) used to meet up in the offices of [[Policy Exchange]], eat pizza, and consider the future of the Conservative Party".<ref>{{cite web|last=Finkelstein |first=Daniel |url=http://timesonline.typepad.com/comment/2010/02/the-departure-of-james-purnell-is-a-disaster-for-the-centre-left-because-he-really-matterd--before-the-2005-general-electio.html |title=Why Purnell mattered|publisher=Times Online|date=19 February 2010 |accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> Cameron co-operated with Dylan Jones, giving him interviews and access, to enable him to produce the book ''Cameron on Cameron''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=10479 |title=Peter Oborne's review of Cameron on Cameron in Prospect Magazine, 2008–12|work=Prospect Magazine|date=20 December 2008|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> === Divisive Parliamentary votes === In November 2001, David Cameron voted to modify legislation allowing people detained at a police station to be fingerprinted and searched for an identifying birthmark to be applicable only in connection with a terrorism investigation.<ref>{{Citation | title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 26 Nov 2001 (pt 30) | url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo011126/debtext/11126-30.htm#11126-30_div82 | accessdate= 20 September 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071123131449/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo011126/debtext/11126-30.htm#11126-30_div82 |archivedate = 23 November 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> In March 2002, he voted against banning the hunting of wild mammals with dogs,<ref>{{Citation | title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 18 Mar 2002 (pt 40) | url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020318/debtext/20318-40.htm#20318-40_div199 | accessdate= 20 September 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070523034243/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020318/debtext/20318-40.htm#20318-40_div199 |archivedate = 23 May 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> being an occasional hunter himself.<ref>{{Citation | url=http://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=30 June 2003.54.3&s=hunting+speaker%3A10777#g127.0 | title=House of Commons debates for Monday, 30 June 2003 | accessdate = 20 May 2008}} {{Dead link|date=June 2010| bot=DASHBot}}</ref> In April 2003, he voted against the introduction of a bill to ban smoking in restaurants.<ref>{{Citation | title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 14 Apr 2003 (pt 15) | url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030414/debtext/30414-15.htm#30414-15_div162 | accessdate= 20 September 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070630224840/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030414/debtext/30414-15.htm#30414-15_div162 |archivedate = 30 June 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> In June 2003, he voted against [[NHS Foundation Trusts]].<ref>{{Citation | title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 8 Jul 2003 (pt 27) | url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030708/debtext/30708-27.htm#30708-27_div280 | accessdate= 20 September 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071123131459/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030708/debtext/30708-27.htm#30708-27_div280 |archivedate = 23 November 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Also in 2003, he voted to keep the controversial [[Section 28]] clause.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nicholas Watt |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/jul/02/david-cameron-gay-pride-apology |title=David Cameron's history on Section 28 |work=The Guardian |date= 2 July 2009|accessdate=13 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref> In March 2003, he voted against a motion that the case had not yet been made for the [[Iraq War]],<ref>{{Citation | title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 18 Mar 2003 (pt 47) | url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030318/debtext/30318-47.htm#30318-47_div117 | accessdate= 20 September 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070821064118/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030318/debtext/30318-47.htm#30318-47_div117 |archivedate = 21 August 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> and then supported using "all means necessary to ensure the disarmament of Iraq's [[weapons of mass destruction]]".<ref>{{Citation | title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 18 Mar 2003 (pt 48) | url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030318/debtext/30318-48.htm#30318-48_div118 | accessdate= 20 September 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070821064145/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030318/debtext/30318-48.htm#30318-48_div118 |archivedate = 21 August 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> In October 2003, however, he voted in favour of setting up a judicial inquiry into the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{Citation | title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 22 Oct 2003 (pt 33) | url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo031022/debtext/31022-33.htm#31022-33_div335 | accessdate= 20 September 2007 }}</ref> In October 2004, he voted in favour of the Civil Partnership Bill.<ref>{{Citation | title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 12 Oct 2004 (pt 34) | url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/vo041012/debtext/41012-34.htm#41012-34_div256 | accessdate= 17 September 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070630192558/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/vo041012/debtext/41012-34.htm#41012-34_div256 |archivedate = 30 June 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> In February 2005, he voted in favour of changing the text in the Prevention of Terrorism Bill from "The Secretary of State may make a [[control order]] against an individual" to "The Secretary of State may ''apply to the court'' for a control order&nbsp;..."<ref>{{Citation | title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 28 Feb 2005 (pt 40) | url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmhansrd/vo050228/debtext/50228-40.htm#50228-40_div101 | accessdate= 19 September 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070826160700/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmhansrd/vo050228/debtext/50228-40.htm#50228-40_div101 |archivedate = 26 August 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> In October 2005, he voted against the [[Identity Cards Bill]].<ref>{{Citation | title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 18 Oct 2005 (pt 35) | url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo051018/debtext/51018-35.htm#51018-35_div60 | accessdate= 20 September 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071123131539/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo051018/debtext/51018-35.htm#51018-35_div60 |archivedate = 23 November 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> === Criticism of other parties and politicians === Cameron criticised [[Gordon Brown]] (when Brown was [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]) for being "an analogue politician in a digital age" and referred to him as "the roadblock to reform".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4833440.stm "Cameron attacks 'past it' Brown"], ''BBC News Online'', 22 March 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> He has also said that [[John Prescott]] "clearly looks a fool" in light of allegations of ministerial misconduct.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4964082.stm "Cameron: Prescott looks a 'fool'"], ''BBC News Online'', 2 May 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> During a speech to the Ethnic Media Conference on 29 November 2006, Cameron also described [[Ken Livingstone]], the [[Mayor of London]], as an "ageing [[Left-wing politics|far left]] politician" in reference to Livingstone's views on [[multiculturalism]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6157517.stm "Cameron attacks 'outdated' mayor"], ''BBC News Online'', 30 November 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2006.</ref> Since becoming prime minister, he has reacted to press reports that Brown could be the next head of the [[International Monetary Fund]] by hinting that he may block Brown from being appointed to the role, citing the huge national debt that Brown left the country with as a reason for Brown not being suitable for the role.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-13127225]</ref> Cameron has accused the [[United Kingdom Independence Party]] of being "fruitcakes, loonies and closet racists, mostly,"<ref>Nick Assinder, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4875502.stm "UKIP and Cameron's war of words"], ''BBC News Online'', 4 April 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> leading UKIP leader [[Nigel Farage]] to demand an apology for the remarks. Right-wing Conservative MP [[Bob Spink]], who later defected to UKIP, also criticised the remarks,<ref name="spink">Brendan Carlin, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1514976/Tory-MP-defends-Ukip-in-racist-row.html "Tory MP defends Ukip in racist row"], ''Telegraph'', 6 April 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> as did the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]''.<ref name="Telegraph">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2006/04/05/dl0502.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/04/05/ixnewstop.html "UKIP deserves better"], ''Telegraph'', 5 April 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> Cameron was seen encouraging Conservative MPs to join the [[standing ovation]] given to Tony Blair at the end of his last Prime Minister's Question Time; he had paid tribute to the "huge efforts" Blair had made and said Blair had "considerable achievements to his credit, whether it is peace in Northern Ireland or his work in the developing world, which will endure".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6245346.stm "Cameron praises Blair achievement"], ''BBC News Online'', 27 June 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007.</ref> In 2006, Cameron made a speech in which he described extremist [[Islamic]] organisations and the [[British National Party]] as "mirror images" to each other, both preaching "creeds of pure hatred".<ref>{{cite news|author=Hélène Mulholland |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2007/jan/29/religion.politics |title=Muslim extremists are mirror image of BNP, says Cameron |work=Guardian |date= 29 January 2007|accessdate=13 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Cameron is listed as being a supporter of [[Unite Against Fascism]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://uaf.org.uk/about/founding-signatories/|title=Founding signatories|publisher=Unite Against Fascism|accessdate=17 April 2010}}</ref> Cameron, in late 2009, urged the [[Lib Dems]] to join the Conservatives in a new "national movement" arguing there was "barely a cigarette paper" between them on a large number of issues. The invitation was rejected by the Liberal Democrat leader, [[Nick Clegg]], who attacked Cameron at the start of his party's annual conference in Bournemouth, saying that the Conservatives were totally different from his party and that the Lib Dems were the true "progressives" in UK politics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wheeler |first=Brian |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8264994.stm |title=Clegg rejects Tory alliance call |publisher=BBC News |date=20 September 2009 |accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> ===European Union=== In 2010, the government was condemned by [[Denis MacShane]] for their opt-out policy concerning the [[European Union]] directive aimed at combatting the practice of sex slavery through international cooperation.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/30/coalition-opts-out-sex-trafficking "Labour condemns UK 'opt out' from EU directive against sex trafficking"], Nicholas Watt. Robert Booth. The Guardian. August 30, 2010. Accessed March 1, 2011.</ref> == Political commentary == {{Section-diffuse}} === Allegations of social elitism === [[File:Conservative Party Reception.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Cameron speaking at a Conservative reception in 2008.]] While [[Leader of the Conservative Party]], Cameron has been accused of reliance on "old-boy networks"<ref name=Guardian_12_08_06>{{Citation | last = Taylor | first = Matthew | title = Under the Green Oak, an old elite takes root in Tories | newspaper = The Guardian | date = 12 August 2006 | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/guardianpolitics/story/0,,1843008,00.html | accessdate = 15 February 2010 | location=London}}</ref> and attacked by his party for the imposition of selective shortlists of [[prospective parliamentary candidate]]s.<ref name=BBC_13_10_06>{{Citation | title = Don't ditch Tory values, MP warns | publisher = BBC News Online | date = 13 October 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/6046668.stm | accessdate = 15 February 2010 | location=London}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' has accused Cameron of relying on "the most prestigious of old-boy networks in his attempt to return the [[Tory|Tories]] to power", pointing out that three members of his [[shadow cabinet]] and 15 members of his [[Frontbencher|front bench]] team were "[[Old Etonians]]".<ref name=Guardian_12_08_06/> Similarly, ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' has commented that "David Cameron has more [[Eton College|Etonians]] around him than any leader since [[Harold Macmillan|Macmillan]]" and asked whether he can "represent Britain from such a narrow base."<ref>Robert Winnett and Holly Watt, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2394030_1,00.html "Focus: Reservoir toffs"], ''Times Online'', 8 October 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> Former Labour cabinet minister [[Hazel Blears]] has said of Cameron, "You have to wonder about a man who surrounds himself with so many people who went to the same school. I'm pretty sure I don't want 21st-century Britain run by people who went to just one school."<ref>Greg Hurst, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,17129-2462913,00.html "Class attack by Blears on Tories"], ''Times Online'', 21 November 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2006.</ref> Some supporters of the party have accused Cameron's government for [[cronyism]] on the [[Frontbencher|front benches]], with [[Tom Cowie|Sir Tom Cowie]], [[working-class]] founder of [[Arriva]] and former Conservative donor, ceasing his donations in August 2007 due to disillusionment with Cameron's leadership, saying, "the Tory party seems to be run now by Old Etonians and they don't seem to understand how other people live." In reply, Shadow Foreign Secretary [[William Hague]] said when a party was changing, "there will always be people who are uncomfortable with that process".<ref>{{Citation | title = Donor condemns Cameron leadership | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6934329.stm | publisher = BBC News | date = 7 August 2007| accessdate =24 August 2007}}</ref> [[File:David Cameronspeaking2.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Cameron speaking in 2010.]] In a response to Cameron at [[Prime Minister's Questions]] in December 2009, [[Gordon Brown]] addressed the Conservative Party's [[inheritance tax]] policy, saying it "seems to have been dreamed up on the playing fields of Eton". This led to open discussion of "[[class conflict|class war]]" by the mainstream media and leading politicians of both major parties, with speculation that the [[United Kingdom general election, 2010|2010 general election]] campaign would see the Labour Party highlight the backgrounds of senior Conservative politicians.<ref name=Express_03_12_09>{{Citation | last = Hall | first = Macer | title = Gordon Brown unleashes "class war" attack on David Cameron | newspaper = Daily Express | date = 3 December 2009 | url = http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/143798/Gordon-Brown-unleashes-class-war-attack-on-David-Cameron | accessdate = 15 February 2010}}</ref><ref name=Telegraph_21_01_10>{{Citation | last = Collins | first = Nick| title = The class war: British politics ahead of the general election | newspaper = Daily Telegraph | date = 21 January 2010 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/election-2010/7044016/The-class-war-British-politics-ahead-of-the-general-election.html | accessdate = 15 February 2010 | location=London}}</ref> ===Raising teaching standards=== At the launch of the Conservative Party's education [[manifesto]] in January 2010, Cameron declared an admiration for the "brazenly elitist" approach to education of countries such as [[Singapore]] and [[South Korea]] and expressed a desire to "elevate the status of teaching in our country". He suggested the adoption of more stringent criteria for entry to teaching and offered repayment of the loans of maths and science graduates obtaining first or 2.1 degrees from "good" universities. Wes Streeting, president of the [[National Union of Students (United Kingdom)|National Union of Students]], said "The message that the Conservatives are sending to the majority of students is that if you didn't go to a university attended by members of the Shadow Cabinet, they don't believe you're worth as much." In response to the manifesto as a whole, Chris Keates, head of teaching union [[NASUWT]], said teachers would be left "shocked, dismayed and demoralised" and warned of the potential for [[strike action|strikes]] as a result.<ref name=Telegraph_18_01_10>{{Citation | last = Kirkup | first = James | title = David Cameron pledges 'brazen elitism' in teaching | newspaper = Daily Telegraph | date = 7 February 2010 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/david-cameron/7014885/David-Cameron-pledges-brazen-elitism-in-teaching.html | accessdate = 15 February 2010 | location=London}}</ref><ref name=Independent_18_01_10>{{Citation | last = Garner | first = Richard | title = 'Only for elite' fear over Tory teaching deal | newspaper = The Independent | date = 18 January 2010 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/only-for-elite-fear-over-tory-student-loans-deal-1871847.html | accessdate = 15 February 2010 | location=London}}</ref><ref name=Mirror_19_01_10>{{Citation | title = Teachers union warn David Cameron faces class war | newspaper = Daily Mirror | date = 19 January 2010 | url = http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2010/01/19/cam-s-facing-a-class-war-115875-21978076/ | accessdate = 15 February 2010}}</ref> === South Africa === In April 2009, ''[[The Independent]]'' reported that in 1989, while [[Nelson Mandela]] remained imprisoned under the [[South Africa under apartheid|apartheid regime]], David Cameron had accepted a trip to South Africa paid for by an anti-sanctions lobby firm. A spokesperson for Cameron responded by saying that the Conservative Party was at that time opposed to [[economic sanctions|sanctions]] against South Africa and that his trip was a fact-finding mission. However, the newspaper reported that Cameron's then superior at Conservative Research Department called the trip "jolly", saying that "it was all terribly relaxed, just a little treat, a perk of the job. The [[P. W. Botha|Botha]] regime was attempting to make itself look less horrible, but I don't regard it as having been of the faintest political consequence." Cameron distanced himself from his party's history of opposing sanctions against the regime. He was criticised by Labour MP [[Peter Hain]], himself an anti-apartheid campaigner.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/revealed-camerons-freebie-to-apartheid-south-africa-1674367.html |title=Cameron's freebie to apartheid South Africa |date=26 April 2009 |author=Jane Merrick, James Hanning |work=[[The Independent]] | location=London }}</ref> === Turkey and Israel === [[File:Davidcameron Glob Inst.jpg|left|thumb|200px|David Cameron at the Globalisation Institute.]] Professor [[Barry Rubin]] is reported to have given '''his interpretation''' of Cameron's speech in [[Ankara]] in August 2010 as follows: {{blockquote|"Turkey is 100 per cent right, I have no criticism of [[Hamas]], we should accept a permanent revolutionary Islamist terrorist, genocidal statelet on the Mediterranean. And we can ignore Turkey's pro-Hamas policy and provocative behavior because without abandoning that approach Turkey can still play a productive role."<ref>[http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/08/coping_with_turkeys_islamist_l.html Coping with Turkey's Islamist Lurch] American Thinker, 9 August 2010</ref>}} [[Zalman Shoval]], former [[Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations|Israeli ambassador to the United Nations]] said, David Cameron "apparently believes that by condemning Israel, he could "curry favor with Erdogan", and buy "protection against terrorism in his own country."<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=183421 David Cameron looking both ways] Jerusalem Post, 2 August 2010</ref> === Allegations of recreational drug use === During the leadership election, allegations were made that Cameron had used [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and [[cocaine]] recreationally before becoming an MP.<ref>Nicholas Lezard, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/drugs/Story/0,2763,1638897,00.html "What cocaine says about you"], ''Guardian Unlimited'', 10 November 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2006.</ref> Pressed on this point during the BBC programme ''[[Question Time (television)|Question Time]]'', Cameron expressed the view that everybody was allowed to "err and stray" in their past.<ref name="bbc-cameron-pressed-on-drugs">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4340328.stm "Cameron pressed on drugs question"], ''BBC News'', 14 October 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2008.</ref> His refusal to deny consumption of either cannabis or cocaine prior to his parliamentary career has been interpreted as a tacit admission that he has in fact consumed both of these illegal drugs. During his 2005 Conservative leadership campaign he addressed the question of drug consumption by remarking that "I did lots of things before I came into politics which I shouldn't have done. We all did."<ref name="bbc-cameron-pressed-on-drugs" /> == Standing in opinion polls == In the first month of Cameron's leadership, the Conservative Party's standing in opinion polls rose, with several pollsters placing it ahead of the ruling [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]. While the Conservative and Labour Parties drew even in early spring 2006, following the [[United Kingdom local elections, 2006|May 2006 local elections]] various polls once again generally showed Conservative leads.<ref>[http://www.ukpollingreport.co.uk/blog/voting-intention/ "Current voting intention"], ''UKPollingReport.co.uk''</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/david-cameron/|title=David Cameron|work=Daily Telegraph|accessdate=15 June 2009 | location=London}}</ref> When [[Gordon Brown]] became [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] on 27 June 2007, Labour moved ahead and its ratings grew steadily at Cameron's expense, an [[ICM Research|ICM]] poll<ref>Patrick Hennessy and Melissa Kite [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/07/15/nbrown115.xml "Gordon Brown has biggest lead over Tories"] ''[[Sunday Telegraph]]'', 15 July 2007</ref> in July showing Labour with a seven point lead in the wake of controversies over his policies. An ICM poll<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,,2172186,00.html "The swing against Cameron"] ''The Guardian'', 19 September 2007</ref><ref>Julian Glover and Patrick Wintour, [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/gordonbrown/story/0,,2115329,00.html "Brown effect propels Labour to election-winning lead"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 30 June 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2007.</ref> in September saw Cameron rated the least popular of the three main party leaders. A [[YouGov]] poll for Channel 4<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/guardianpolitics/story/0,,2177033,00.html "Ratings boost for Brown as defection talk rattles Tories"] ''The Guardian'', 26 September 2007</ref> one week later, after the Labour Party Conference, extended the Labour lead to 11 points, prompting further speculation of an early election. Following the Conservative Party Conference in the first week of October 2007, the Conservatives drew level with Labour<ref>[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/polls/story/0,,2184122,00.html "Cameron bounces back"] ''The Guardian'', 5 October 2007</ref> When Prime Minister Brown declared he would not call an election for the autumn,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7031749.stm "Brown rules out autumn election"] ''BBC News'', 6 October 2007</ref> a decline in Gordon Brown and Labour's standings followed. At the end of the year a series of polls showed improved support for the Conservatives<ref>[http://www.newsoftheworld.co.uk/0212_tories_high.shtml "Tories 15-yr high"] ''News of the World'', 2 December 2007</ref> giving them an 11 point lead over Labour. This decreased slightly in early 2008,<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/eu/story/0,,2247318,00.html "Happy in Europe but still best friends with the US"] ''The Guardian'', 26 January 2008</ref> and in March the Conservatives had their largest lead in opinion polls since October 1987, at 16 points.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3559480.ece "Support for Labour hits 25-year low"], ''The Sunday Times'', 16 March 2008.</ref> In May 2008, following the worst local election performance from the Labour Party in 40 years, the Conservative lead was up to 26 points, the largest since 1968.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.yougov.co.uk/extranets/ygarchives/content/pdf/Sun%2008%2005%2008%20toplines.pdf|title =YouGov, Sun survey results|publisher=YouGov}}</ref> In December 2008, a [[ComRes]] poll showed the Conservative lead had decreased dramatically <ref>[http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/blog/archives/1715 ''Voting Intention]'' UK Polling Report, 3 December 2008</ref> though by February 2009 it had recovered to reach 12 points.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/23/icm-poll-february-2009 |title=ICM opinion poll |date=23 February 2009 |author=Julian Glover |work=The Guardian |accessdate=28 May 2009 | location=London}}</ref> A period of relative stability in the polls was broken in mid-December 2009 <ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/dec/14/tory-lead-nine-points-guardian-icm-poll |title=Tory lead cut to nine points in Guardian/ICM poll |date=14 December 2009 |author=Tom Clark |work=The Guardian |accessdate=31 January 2010 | location=London}}</ref> <ref name=Mail_31_01_10>{{Citation | last = Walters | first = Simon | title = Tory poll lead slips as party denies David Cameron rift with George Osborne | newspaper = Daily Mail | date = 31 January 2010 | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1247426/Tory-poll-lead-slips-party-denies-David-Cameron-rift-George-Osborne.html | accessdate = 31 January 2010 | location=London}}</ref> and before the 2010 general election most polls correctly predicted a hung parliament. == Personal life == Cameron married [[Samantha Cameron|Samantha Gwendoline Sheffield]], the daughter of [[Sheffield Baronets|Sir Reginald Adrian Berkeley Sheffield, 8th Baronet]] and Annabel Lucy Veronica Jones (now The [[Annabel Astor, Viscountess Astor|Viscountess Astor]]), on 1 June 1996 at the Church of [[St Augustine of Canterbury]], [[East Hendred]], [[Oxfordshire]].<ref name="Peer"/> The Camerons have had four children. Their first child, Ivan Reginald Ian, was born on 8 April 2002 in [[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]], London,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findmypast.com/BirthsMarriagesDeaths.jsp |title=Births England and Wales 1984–2006 |publisher=Find My Past|date= |accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> with a rare combination of [[cerebral palsy]] and a form of severe [[epilepsy]] called [[Ohtahara syndrome]], requiring round-the-clock care. Recalling the receipt of this news, Cameron is quoted as saying: "The news hits you like a [[freight train]]... You are depressed for a while because you are grieving for the difference between your hopes and the reality. But then you get over that, because he's wonderful."<ref name="Focus">Quoted in "Focus: Can Boy Wonder save the Tories?", ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'', 9 October 2005</ref> Ivan died at [[St Mary's Hospital, London|St Mary's Hospital]], [[Paddington]], London, on 25 February 2009, aged six.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7909562.stm|title=Cameron's eldest son Ivan dies |date=25 February 2009|accessdate=25 February 2009|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> [[File:David Cameron St Stephen's Club 2.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Cameron leaving [[St Stephen's Club]]]] David and Samantha Cameron have two daughters, Nancy Gwen<ref name="Daughter Nancy">{{Citation|title=I want to be Gwen says Mrs Cameron|work=Daily Express|date=25 August 2007}}</ref> (born 2004), and Florence Rose Endellion (born 24 August 2010),<ref name="BBC News 4th child">{{cite news | title = Camerons announce birth of fourth child | date = 24 August 2010 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11074163 | work = BBC News | accessdate = 24 August 2010}}</ref> and a son, Arthur Elwen (born 2006).<ref name="Son Arthur Elwen">{{Citation|title=Arthur Elwen Cameron meets the public|work=Evening Standard|date=17 February 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/mar/22/david-cameron-wife-samantha-baby David Cameron's wife expecting baby] The Guardian, 22 March 2010</ref> Cameron took [[paternity leave]] when his second son was born, and this decision received broad coverage.<ref>{{Citation|first=Roland|last=White|title=Cameron puts in for spot of paternity leave|publisher=Times Online|date=5 February 2006|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article727123.ece | location=London}}</ref> It was also stated that Cameron would be taking paternity leave after his second daughter was born.<ref name="BBC News 4th child"/> His second daughter, Florence Rose Endellion, was born on 24 August 2010, three weeks prematurely, while the family was on holiday in [[Cornwall]]. Her third given name, Endellion, is taken from the village of [[St Endellion]] near where the Camerons were holidaying.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11089358|title= Camerons reveal daughter's name|publisher= BBC |work= BBC News|date= 25 August 2010|accessdate= 25 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE67N3DN20100824|title= UK PM David Cameron's wife gives birth to baby girl|publisher= Reuters|date= 24 August 2010|accessdate= 24 August 2010 | first=Adrian | last=Croft}}</ref> A ''[[Daily Mail]]'' article from June 2007 quoted ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]'' compiler [[Philip Beresford]], who had valued the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] Leader for the first time, as saying: "I put the combined family wealth of David and Samantha Cameron at £30&nbsp;million plus. Both sides of the family are extremely wealthy."<ref name="Femail article">Zoe Brennan, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/femail/article.html?in_article_id=462313&in_page_id=1879 "'Dave' Cameron says he's in touch with reality&nbsp;... but with so much wealth and blue blood you have to wonder"], ''[[Daily Mail]]'', 16 June 2007; Retrieved 8 January 2008</ref> Another estimate is {{Nowrap|£3.2 million}}, though this figure excludes the million-pound legacies Cameron is expected to inherit from both sides of his family.<ref>Samira Shackle, Stephanie Hegarty and George Eaton [http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/10/oxford-universitywealth-school The new ruling class] ''New Statesman'' 1 October 2009</ref><ref>Glen Owen [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/election/article-1280554/The-coalition-millionaires-23-29-member-new-cabinet-worth-1m--Lib-Dems-just-wealthy-Tories.html The coalition of millionaires: 23 of the 29 member of the new cabinet are worth more than £1m... and the Lib Dems are just as wealthy as the Tories] ''Mail on Sunday'', 23 May 2010</ref> In early May 2008, David Cameron decided to enroll his daughter Nancy at a [[State school]]. The Camerons had been attending its associated church<ref>[http://www.stmaryabbotschurch.org/ St Mary Abbots Church]</ref>, which is nearby the Cameron family home in [[North Kensington]], for three years.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7392744.stm Leaders make state school choices] BBC News, 9 May 2008</ref> On 8 September 2010 it was announced that Cameron would miss [[Prime Minister's Questions]] in order to fly to [[southern France]] to see his father, Ian Cameron, who had suffered a [[stroke]] with coronary complications. Later that day, with David and other family members at his bedside, Ian died.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-camerons-father-dies-after-stroke-2073550.html|title=David Cameron's father dies after stroke|publisher=[[The Independent]]|date=8 September 2010|accessdate=8 September 2010 | location=London | first1=James | last1=Tapsfield}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23875455-david-camerons-father-seriously-ill-with-stroke.do|title=David Cameron's father seriously ill after stroke|publisher=The London Evening Standard|accessdate=8 September 2010|date=8 September 2010}}</ref> On 17 September 2010, Cameron attended a private ceremony for the funeral of his father in [[Berkshire]], which prevented him from hearing the address of [[The Pope]] to [[Westminster Hall]], an occasion he would otherwise have attended.<ref>{{cite news|author=2:46AM BST 17 Sep 2010 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/david-cameron/8009233/David-Cameron-attends-fathers-funeral.html |title=David Cameron attends father's funeral |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=2010-09-17 |accessdate=2010-11-23 |location=London}}</ref> Cameron supports a cat, [[Larry (cat)|Larry]], which lives at 10 Downing Street. Cameron supports [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa Football Club]].<ref>Lisa Smith [http://www.birminghampost.net/midlands-birmingham-sport/west-midlands-sports/aston-villa-fc/2008/05/20/david-cameron-not-bothered-by-euro-clash-he-s-a-villa-fan-65233-20935561/ "David Cameron not bothered by Euro clash&nbsp;– he's a Villa fan"] ''[[Birmingham Post]]'', 20 May 2008, retrieved 21 May 2008</ref> and, in 2011, became a member of [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]. ===Cycling=== He regularly uses his bicycle to commute to work. In early 2006 he was photographed cycling to work followed by his driver in a car carrying his belongings. His Conservative Party spokesperson subsequently said that this was a regular arrangement for Cameron at the time.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hypocrisy claim over Cameron bike |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4953922.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=28 April 2006 |accessdate=4 August 2009 }}</ref> Cameron's bicycle was stolen in May 2009 while he was shopping. It was recovered with the aid of ''[[The Sunday Mirror]]''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Cameron reunited with stolen bike |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7527403.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=27 July 2008 |accessdate=4 August 2009}}</ref> His bicycle has since been stolen again from near his house.<ref>{{Citation |title=Cameron's bicycle is stolen again |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8035603.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=6 May 2009 |accessdate=4 August 2009}}</ref> He is an occasional jogger and has raised funds for charities by taking part in the Oxford 5K and the [[Great Brook Run]].<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1171889/David-Cameron-nearly-runs-puff-mile-charity-run-childrens-hospital.html David Cameron nearly runs out of puff in five-mile charity run for children's hospital] ''[[Daily Mail]]'' (20 April 2009) Retrieved on 28 December 2009</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/oxfordshire/8432439.stm David Cameron runs in charity mud race] BBC News (28 December 2009) Retrieved on 28 December 2009</ref> ===Faith=== Speaking of his religious beliefs, Cameron has said: "I've a sort of fairly classic [[Church of England]] faith".<ref name=SackOsbo>Geordie Greig [http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23765406-david-cameron-would-i-sack-george-osborne-yes-absolutely-if-i-have-to.do David Cameron: Would I sack George Osborne? Yes absolutely if I have to&nbsp;...], ''[[Evening Standard|London Evening Standard]]'', 6 November 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2009.</ref> He states that his politics "is not faith-driven", adding: "I am a [[Christian]], I go to church, I believe in God, but I do not have a direct line."<ref name="dailymail_26072007">{{Citation | title = The birth of disabled son tested my faith: Cameron | work = [[Daily Mail]] | date =26 July 2007| url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-471083/The-birth-disabled-son-tested-faith-Cameron.html | accessdate = 28 December 2009 | location=London}}</ref> On religious faith in general he has said: "I do think that organised religion can get things wrong but the Church of England and the other churches do play a very important role in society."<ref name=SackOsbo/> Questioned as to whether his faith had ever been tested, Cameron spoke of the birth of his severely disabled eldest son, saying: "You ask yourself, 'If there is a God, why can anything like this happen?'" He went on to state that in some ways the experience had "strengthened" his beliefs.<ref name="dailymail_26072007" /> == Styles == * David Cameron Esq (1966–2001) * David Cameron Esq MP (2001–2005) * The Rt Hon David Cameron MP (2005—) == Ancestry == Among Cameron's ancestors is King [[William IV]], who is his 5-times great-grandfather through an illegitimate daughter who was the mother of Agnes Duff, [[Countess Fife]], who is shown in the ancestry chart below. {{ahnentafel top|width=100%}} {{ahnentafel-compact6 |style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; |border=1 |boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |boxstyle_6=background-color: #fcc; |1= 1. '''David William Donald Cameron''' |2= 2. Ian Donald Cameron |3= 3. Mary Fleur Mount |4= 4. Ewen Donald Cameron |5= 5. Enid Agnes Maud Levita |6= 6. [[Sir William Mount, 2nd Baronet|Sir William Malcolm Mount, 2nd Baronet]] |7= 7. Elizabeth Nance Llewellyn |8= 8. Ewen Allan Cameron |9= 9. Rachel Margaret [[Geddes]] |10= 10. [[Cecil Levita|Sir Arthur Francis Levita]] |11= 11. Stephanie Agnes Cooper |12= 12. [[Sir William Mount, 1st Baronet|Sir William Arthur Mount, 1st Baronet]] |13= 13. Hilda Lucy Adelaide Low |14= 14. Owen John Llewellyn, of [[Moulsford]] |15= 15. Anna Elizabeth Mann |16= 16. [[Ewen Cameron (banker)|Sir Ewen Cameron]] |17= 17. Josephine Elizabeth Houchen |18= 18. Alexander Geddes |19= 19. Frances R. Sharp |20= 20. [[Cecil Levita|Sir Emile George Charles Levita]] |21= 21. Katherine Plumridge Rée |22= 22. [[Sir Alfred Cooper]] |23= 23. Lady Agnes Cecil Emmeline [[Duff]] |24= 24. [[William George Mount|Sir William George Mount, of Wasing Place]] |25= 25. Marianne Emily Clutterbuck |26= 26. (William) Malcolm Low, [[Esq.]] |27= 27. Lady Ida Matilda Alice Feilding |28= 28. Evan Henry Llewellyn |29= 29. Mary Blanche Somers |30= 30. General Sir William John Mann |31= 31. Julia Brown |32= 32. Sir William Cameron |33= 33. Catherine Cameron |34= 34. John Houchen |35= 35. Susannah Vautier |36= 36. John Geddes |37= 37. Jean McConnachie |38= 38. Hugh Sharp |39= 39. Rachel Stewart |40= 40. Emile George Charles Levita |41= 41. Katherine Plumridge Rée |42= 42. Hermann Philip Rée |43= 43. Catherine German |44= 44. William Cooper |45= 45. Anna Marsh |46= 46. [[James Duff, 5th Earl Fife]] |47= 47. [[Agnes Duff, Countess Fife]] |48= 48. [[William Mount (Isle of Wight MP)|Sir William Mount]] |49= 49. Charlotte Talbot |50= 50. Colonel Robert Clutterbuck |51= 51. Elizabeth Anne Hulton |52= 52. General Sir John Low |53= 53. Augusta Ludlow Shakespear |54= 54. [[William Feilding, 7th Earl of Denbigh|William Basil Percy Feilding, 7th Earl of Denbigh, 6th Earl of Desmond]] |55= 55. Lady Mary Elizabeth Kitty Moreton |56= 56. Llewellyn Llewellyn |57= 57. Eliza William Strick |58= 58. Sir Thomas Somers |59= 59. Elizabeth Williams |60= 60. |61= 61. |62= 62. |63= 63. }}</center> {{ahnentafel bottom}} ==See also== *[[United Kingdom coalition government 2010 to present]] == Notes == {{Reflist|colwidth=120em|group="nb"}} == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == External links == {{Portal box|United Kingdom|Biography}} {{Sister project links|author=yes|wikt=no|v=no|b=no|n=Category:Barack Obama}} * [http://www.davidcameronmp.com/ David Cameron] ''official website'' * [http://www.conservatives.com/People/David_Cameron.aspx David Cameron] official Conservative Party profile * [http://www.number10.gov.uk Number 10] Official Number 10 website * {{MPLinksUK | hansard = mr-david-cameron | guardian = 6188/david-cameron | publicwhip = David_Cameron | theywork = david_cameron | record = David-Cameron/Witney/661 | bbc = 25752.stm | journalisted=david-cameron}} *{{Guardiantopic|politics/davidcameron}} **[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Archive/0,9328,649666,00.html David Cameron's columns (2001–2004)] as Conservative Party diarist at ''[[The Guardian]]'' *{{NYTtopic|people/c/david_cameron}} *[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/david-cameron/ David Cameron] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' *{{TED|speakers/david_cameron.html}} *{{C-SPAN|davidcameron}} *{{IMDb|2090098}} *{{Worldcat id|lccn-nr2007-1108}} *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_news/politics/4502656.stm The David Cameron story], Brian Wheeler, ''[[BBC News]]'', 6 December 2005 *[http://www.wargs.com/noble/cameron.html Ancestry of David Cameron] from William Addams Reitwiesner {{S-start}} {{s-par|uk}} {{S-bef|before=[[Shaun Woodward]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Witney (UK Parliament constituency)|Witney]] | years=[[United Kingdom general election, 2001|2001]]–present}} {{s-inc}} |- {{S-off}} {{S-bef|before=[[Tim Collins (politician)|Tim Collins]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet|Shadow Secretary of State for Education and Skills]]|years=2005}} {{S-aft|after=[[David Willetts]]}} |- {{S-bef|before=[[Michael Howard]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the Opposition (UK)|Leader of the Opposition]]|years=2005–2010}} {{S-aft|after=[[Harriet Harman]]}} |- {{S-bef|rows=3|before=[[Gordon Brown]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]|years=2010–present}} {{s-inc|rows=3}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for the Civil Service]]|years=2010–present}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[First Lord of the Treasury]]|years=2010–present}} |- {{s-ppo}} {{S-bef|before=[[Michael Howard]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]]|years=[[Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 2005|2005]]–present}} {{s-inc}} |- {{s-prec|ew}} {{S-bef|before= [[John Sentamu]]|as=[[Archbishop of York]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Gentlemen<br><small>''as Prime Minister''</small>|years=}} {{S-aft|after=[[Nick Clegg]] |as=[[Lord President of the Council]]}} |- {{s-prec|sc}} {{S-bef|before= [[William Hewitt (moderator)|William Hewitt]]|as=[[Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Gentlemen<br><small>''as Prime Minister''</small>|years=}} {{S-aft|after=[[John Bercow]]|as=[[Speaker of the British House of Commons|Speaker of the House of Commons]]}} |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#cfc;" | [[Order of precedence in Northern Ireland]] {{S-bef|before=[[Kenneth Clarke]]|as=[[Lord Chancellor]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Gentlemen<br><small>''as Prime Minister''</small>|years=}} {{S-aft|after=[[Nick Clegg]] |as=[[Lord President of the Council]]}} {{S-end}} {{Navboxes |title=David Cameron navigational boxes |list1= {{David Cameron}} {{Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom}} {{Great Offices of State}} {{Cameron Cabinet}} {{UK heads of governments}} {{Leaders of British political parties}} {{UK Conservative Party}} {{Conservative Party leadership election, 2005}} {{United Kingdom general election, 2010}} {{European Council}} {{G8 Leaders}} {{Current G20 Leaders}} {{UK Order of Precedence (Gentlemen)}} {{Leaders of the Opposition UK}} }} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}} {{Good article}} {{Persondata |NAME=Cameron, David |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=The Right Honourable David Cameron MP |SHORT DESCRIPTION=Prime Minister of the United Kingdom |DATE OF BIRTH=9 October 1966 |PLACE OF BIRTH=Oxfordshire, England |DATE OF DEATH= |PLACE OF DEATH= }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cameron, David}} [[Category:David Cameron| ]] [[Category:1966 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:English people of Scottish descent]] [[Category:Old Etonians]] [[Category:People from London]] [[Category:People from West Berkshire (district)]] [[Category:Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford]] [[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs]] [[Category:Current national leaders]] [[Category:English Anglicans]] [[Category:Honorary Fellows of Brasenose College, Oxford]] [[Category:Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)]] [[Category:Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)]] [[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies]] [[Category:Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:UK MPs 2001–2005]] [[Category:UK MPs 2005–2010]] [[Category:UK MPs 2010–]] [[af:David Cameron]] [[an:David Cameron]] [[ar:ديفيد كاميرون]] [[arz:ديفيد كاميرون]] [[az:Devid Kemeron]] [[be:Дэвід Кэмеран]] [[bi:David Cameron]] [[br:David Cameron]] [[bs:David Cameron]] [[bg:Дейвид Камерън]] [[ca:David Cameron]] [[cs:David Cameron]] [[cy:David Cameron]] [[da:David Cameron]] [[de:David Cameron]] [[el:Ντέιβιντ Κάμερον]] [[eo:David Cameron]] [[es:David Cameron]] [[et:David Cameron]] [[eu:David Cameron]] [[fa:دیوید کامرون]] [[fi:David Cameron]] [[fr:David Cameron]] [[ga:David Cameron]] [[gd:David Cameron]] [[gl:David Cameron]] [[gv:David Cameron]] [[he:דייוויד קמרון]] [[hr:David Cameron]] [[hsb:David Cameron]] [[hu:David Cameron]] [[hy:Դևիդ Քեմերոն]] [[id:David Cameron]] [[ie:David Cameron]] [[io:David Cameron]] [[is:David Cameron]] [[it:David Cameron]] [[ja:デーヴィッド・キャメロン]] [[ka:დეივიდ კამერონი]] [[ko:데이비드 캐머런]] [[kw:David Cameron]] [[la:David Cameron]] [[lb:David Cameron]] [[lt:David Cameron]] [[lv:Deivids Kemerons]] [[mr:डेव्हिड कॅमेरॉन]] [[ms:David Cameron]] [[new:डेविड क्यामरन]] [[nl:David Cameron]] [[nn:David Cameron]] [[no:David Cameron]] [[oc:David Cameron]] [[os:Кэмерон, Дэвид]] [[pam:David Cameron]] [[pl:David Cameron]] [[pt:David Cameron]] [[ro:David Cameron]] [[ru:Кэмерон, Дэвид]] [[scn:David Cameron]] [[sh:David Cameron]] [[simple:David Cameron]] [[sk:David Cameron]] [[sq:David Cameron]] [[sr:Дејвид Камерон]] [[sv:David Cameron]] [[ta:டேவிட் கேமரன்]] [[th:เดวิด คาเมรอน]] [[tl:David Cameron]] [[tr:David Cameron]] [[tt:Дэвид Кэмерон]] [[uk:Девід Камерон]] [[vi:David Cameron]] [[yi:דייוויד קאמעראן]] [[yo:David Cameron]] [[zh-min-nan:David Cameron]] [[zh-yue:甘民樂]] [[zh:戴维·卡梅伦]]'