Wikipedia:Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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Michele Mariana
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If you want to make changes and try again, copy and paste your article into a new submission and make your changes there. Michele Mariana is an american actress and singer, best known for her voice overs on Sesame Street animated inserts, notably as the recurring characters Cecille The Ball and Gloria The Globe. She is also known for her voice overs on Where's Waldo and Rugrats Career[edit]Based out of Portland, Oregon, Mariana has been a frequent collaborator with clay animation producer Will Vinton. Mariana's first voice role was as the title character in Vinton's 1979 featurette The Little Prince, and she stayed with him on the short film Dinosaurs (as over 20 characters), feature-length The Adventures of Mark Twain (as Becky Thatcher and others), the specials A Claymation Comedy of Horrors and A Claymation Easter Special (as Wilshire Pig), and the cel-animated Saturday morning version of The California Raisins (as Mama Raisin). Other voice credits include guest roles on Rugrats, Reading Rainbow, and Where's Waldo. She supplied several off-stage voices for the stage debut of the play Talk Radio, and did the same for the 1988 Oliver Stone film. On-camera credits include bits in the movies Shadow Play and Zero Effect. She is a frequent narrator for classical music concerts in the Oregon region. Extental Links[edit]IMDB
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Richard Fuller is an American professional wrestler, known by his ringname "Big" Rick Fuller, who competed in North American independent promotions as well as a brief stint in World Championship Wrestling during the late 1990s. He would later be featured in several video games including WCW Nitro and WCW/NWO Thunder. He is also the producer of the 2002 short film Holiday in Dirt and the 2005 documentary Fearless Freaks. Early life and career[edit]Born in Middleboro, Massachusetts, Fuller graduated from Middleborough High School in 1987 and soon began training under "Superfly" Jimmy Snuka and "Mr. USA" Tony Atlas at their wrestling school in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Touring the Northeast during the 1990s, Fuller won championship titles in several promotions and, most notably, feuded with Scott Garland while in the New England Wrestling Association later fighting over the NEWA Heavyweight title during 1992 and 1993. World Championship Wrestling[edit]In early 1997, Fuller made debut in World Championship Wrestling loosing to Lex Luger at the The Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana on January 3, 1997. [1] Regularly appearing on Monday Night Nitro, WCW Saturday Night during the year, he would also loose to Chris Benoit on February 22 [2] and "Diamond" Dallas Page on March 3. [3] Later that month, he would also face Roadblock and Johnny Swinger on WCW Saturday Night before teaming with Roadblock against Lex Luger & The Giant at Monday Night Nitro on March 31, 1997. Suffering losses to Booker T and Jeff Jarrett during the next two months, he would loose to Meng in a dark match on Monday Night Nitro on May 12. After another loss to Jeff Jarrett on WCW Saturday Night on May 24, he also lost to The Giant in a handicap match with Johnny Swinger and Jerry Flynn at Monday Night Nitro on May 26. [4] In early June, he would also suffer additional looses to Ice Train and Buff Bagwell [5] and later to "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan on Monday Night Nitro in Las Vegas, Nevada on July 13. One of the first victims of Bill Goldberg's winning streak during early 1998, Fuller was pinned by Goldberg at WCW Thunder on February 2. He later appeared on WCW Worldwide loosing to Konnan on February 21. [6] as well as appearing on WCW Saturday Night facing Hugh Morris, Jim Duggan and Prince Iaukea as well as to Booker T and Steve McMichael on WCW Thunder before defeating Doc Dean on July 25, 1998. During the next few months however, while scoring victories over preliminary wrestlers, he would loose matches to Scott Norton, Bryan Clark, Marty Jannetty and Jerry Flynn before loosing to WCW World Heavyweight Champion Bill Goldberg at WCW Thunder in Lexington, Kentucky on September 10, 1998. He would also lose to Ernest "The Cat" Miller and Rick Steiner [7] before defeating El Dandy on WCW Worldwide on October 17 [8] Defeating Lash Leroux at WCW Worldwide on January 26, Fuller later teamed with Knuckles Nelson at the NWA Parade of Champions, substituting for the injured Erich Sbraccia, winning the then vacant NWA World Tag Team Championship against Team Extreme (Kit Carson and Khris Germany) winning by reverse decision at the Bronco Bowl in Dallas, Texas on June 10, 1999. [9] However, the two would hold them for less then a week before loosing the titles to Public Enemy in Bolton, Massachusetts on June 17. Fuller would make only occasional appearances with WCW for most of the year, defeating Sick Boy at WCW Thunder in Birmingham, Alabama on July 14 [10] instead wrestling for independent promotions including an appearance at Ultimate Professional Wrestling's Slam & Jam '99 defeating former trainer "Mr. USA" Tony Atlas at the Augusta Civic Center in Augusta, Maine on December 30, 1999. [11] [12] Returning to WCW in early 2000, Fuller faced Tank Abbot at Monday Night Nitro on February 14 [13] and later appeared on WCW Saturday Night during its last months on the air facing The Wall, The Demon and, in the last episode, participated in a 6-man Hardcore Battle Royal won by Brian Knobbs and included Norman Smiley, Adrian Byrd, Dave Burkehead and The Dog on April 1, 2000. Return to the independent circuit[edit]After the close of WCW, Fuller returned to the independent circuit and, while in East Coast Championship Wrestling joined the stable Alliance of Defiance with Kevin Kelly and Billy Fives in early 2001. [14] He would also make an appearance in the World Wrestling Federation facing Devon Storm at the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, Connecticut on May 21. [15] In December 2001, he assaulted then referee Barry Ace during a match for NWA New England after he had unintentionally caused Fuller to mistime a wrestling move. NWA New England Vice President Vinnie Capelli later made a public statement accepted full responsibility for the incident as Barry Ace was not a fully trained referee at the time. Despite this incident, Fuller remained with the promotion and, the following year, he won the NWA New England Heavyweight Championship [16] Recent years[edit]During 2006, Fuller would continue his feud with Brian Milonas in East Coast Championship Wrestling defeating him on May 6 although he was later eliminated by Milonas in the ECCW "Road to the Championship" Tournament on May 20. The following month he debuted New England Championship Wrestling defeating Nat Turner on July 15 although he would later loose to NECW U.S. Champion Eric Shred by disqualification on October 7 and, with Evan Siks, defeated Eddie Edwards & DC Dillinger by disqualification on October 28, 2006. Defeating Triplelicious and Chris Green during the next several weeks, he joined Team Nightmare (Evan Siks, Jason Blade and Brian Fury) defeating Team Sabotage (Kristian Frost, John Walters, Eddie Edwards & DC Dillinger) in an 8-man elimination match on December 16, 2006. In early 2007, he lost to Abyss in a stretcher match during a Powerhouse Wrestling of New England event on January 27 and, the following month in Big Time Wrestling, defeated Eddie Edwards on February 25 before loosing to Mister TA in a dog collar match on March 2, 2007. On May 18, Fuller faced Chaotic Wrestling Heavyweight Champion Brian Milonas in the main event of the Homecoming benefit show in Byfield, Massachusetts, a fundraising event held by Chaotic Wrestling and Fabulous Productions to raise money for charities in the New England area including the Mothers Against Drunk Driving, the Newbury Police Association and the Trista Zinck Scholarship Fund. [17] The match, which featured WWE World Heavyweight Champion John Cena as special referee, also saw Vince McMahon in a rare appearance on the independent circuit who attempted to interfere in the match to be stopped by John Cena. [18] Championships and accomplishments[edit]
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72.74.215.85 00:39, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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Base 15
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Sources[edit]Alternate name 58.165.108.85 03:19, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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Mayur Katariya
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Sources[edit]Mkat18 03:19, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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Wayne Tigges-Baritone
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Sources[edit]www.lyricopera.org www.guybarzilayartists.com 216.80.125.194 03:54, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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Spinning Jenny
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If you want to make changes and try again, copy and paste your article into a new submission and make your changes there. The spinning jenny is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire in the north west of England (although Thomas Highs is another candidate identified as the inventor). The device dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at once. It is also known as the spinning ginny. Contents 1 Components 2 History 3 Success
The basic idea was developed as a machine with eight wooden spindles at one end, spun from a larger than normal wheel at the other. A set of eight rovings were attached to a beam that could roll from the spindle end to the wheel end on a horizontal frame, and the operator could roll it back and forth over the yarn to draw it out to the proper thickness. A clamp-like device in the roving beam allowed the operator to then release all the threads at once, to be collected on spools. The flying shuttle had increased yarn demand by the weavers by doubling their productivity, and now the spinning jenny could supply that demand by increasing the spinners' productivity even more. The machines were often operated by children, who could more easily move about them. The machine produced coarse yarn that lacked strength, but it was still suitable for filling out the weft of fabric, using stronger yarn for the warp. Later developments improved the quality of the yarn, and increased the number of spindles to eighty or more. History James Hargreaves was born in Oswaldtwistle, near Blackburn, in 1720. He received no formal education and was never taught how to read or write. He moved to Stanhill looking for work and raised a family there, working as a spinner and carpenter. James Hargreaves also had 13 children. Two of them sadly passed away. Blackburn was known for the production of Blackburn greys, a type of fabric that combined linen warp and cotton weft. At the time cotton production could not keep up with demand, and Hargreaves spent some time considering how to improve the process. The most common story told about the invention of the device is that his daughter, Jenny, knocked over one of their own spinning wheels. The device kept working as normal, with the spindle now pointed upright. Hargreaves realized there was no particular reason the spindles had to be horizontal, as they always had been, and he could place them vertically in a row. The name is variously said to derive from the tale above (although Hargreaves did not have a daughter called Jenny); from the daughter of Thomas Highs (another craftsman, who is the possible true inventor of the spinning jenny); or from a corruption of engine (see also cotton gin). Success Hargreaves kept the machine secret for some time, but produced a number for his own growing industry. The price of yarn fell, angering the large spinning community in Blackburn. Eventually they broke into his house and smashed his machines, forcing him to flee to Nottingham in 1767. There he set up shop producing jennies in secret for one Mr. Shipley, with the assistance of a joiner named James. Eventually Hargreaves applied for a patent on the jenny in July 1770. By this time a number of spinners in Lancashire were already using copies of the machine, and Hargreaves sent notice that he was taking legal action against them. The manufacturers met, and offered Hargreaves £3000. He at first demanded £7000, and at last stood out for £4000, but the case eventually fell apart when it was learned he had already sold several in the past. The partnership with Shipley carried on "with moderate success" until Hargreaves' death on 22 April 1778. That year Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule, combining the spinning jenny with Richard Arkwright's spinning frame and again dramatically increasing yarn production.
Sources[edit]59.94.246.208 04:38, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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NICK PIROZZI
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Mars Callahan
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Removed copyvio. Precious Roy
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75.80.74.28 04:46, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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John the Magician
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Avantes
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Sources[edit]220.238.6.188 06:08, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
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Spencer Tucker
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Jehst- underworld epics
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Jehst- Underworld epics This is a collaboration album released and primarily by Uk hip hop artist Jehst in 2006. It was released through Lowlife Records. Track list- 1. 'Dunya (my world)'- micall parknsun (produced by jehst) 2. 'Soldier 4 life (remix)'- Universal soldiers (remix produced by jehst) 3. 'Tempa tempa'- Verb T (produced by jehst) 4. 'Money in the bank (remix)'- Asavious feat. Kyza and Yungun (remix produced by jehst) 5. 'Say word!'- Kashmere (produced by jehst) 6. 'If you were me'- Asaviour (Produced by jehst) 7. 'The future (remix)'- Rodney P (remix produced by jehst) 8. 'Grizzly (remix)'- The sundragon (remix produced by jehst) 9. 'Listen'- Sir smirf lil' (produced by jehst) 10.'Watching (remix)'- the Sundragon feat. Klashnekoff and Kyza (remix produced by jehst) 11.'Right now'- Kyza (produced by jehst)
Sources[edit]http://www.amazon.co.uk/Underworld-Epics-Jehst/dp/B000ATJZL6 original copy of album- Jehst- underworld epics 124.186.88.172 06:42, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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HealthCare Volunteer
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Sources[edit]http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/news_press_release,176154.shtml http://www.iyfnet.org/document.cfm/30/900 http://www.healthcarevolunteer.com/aboutus.php
KNRV Reno-Tahoe http://www.krnv.com/Global/story.asp?S=7061804&nav=menu113_5 Tucson, Arizona http://www.kvoa.com/Global/story.asp?S=7061775&nav=menu216_5
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Jeff Velocci is an American professional wrestler, known by his ringname Mason Raige, who competes in North American independent promotions including Mikey Whipwreck's New York Wrestling Connection as well as WWE developmental territories Ohio Valley Wrestling, Derby City Wrestling and Ohio Championship Wrestling. He has also appeared in World Wrestling Entertainment as an on-camera personality in early 2007, most notably as one of The Undertaker's druids at WrestleMania 23 as well appearing on Monday Night Raw as one of Vince McMahon's personal security guards. Early life and career[edit]Born in Holbrook, New York, Velocci was a wrestling fan as a child growing up during the "rock 'n wrestling connection" era and often watched Hulk Hogan on WWF Superstars and WWF Wrestling Challenge during the 1980s as well as attending events at Nassau Coliseum. Graduating from the State University of New York at Oswego with a degree in communications studies and philosophy in 1994, he began teaching english and journalism in Smithtown High School. [1] During this time, after watching MTV's Tough Enough series, Velocci became interested in a career in professional wrestling began training at the now-defunct Critical Mass Pro Wrestling in Hicksville, Long Island on January 7, 2003. Training with Team Taz graduate John Curse, Mike Mayhem and Mikey Whipwreck among others, [2] he began wrestling in the New York area with NWA Cyberspace and the New York Wrestling Connection during the next two years. Appearing on the cover of Newsday on an article for the Hicksville wrestling school, he left his teaching job and began wrestling full time later teaming with Dickie Rodz as Rodz N' Rage to defeat Wayne & Tyler Payne for the NYWC Tag Team Championship on January 29, 2005. New York Wrestling Connection[edit]After being seen by World Wrestling Entertainment road agents at a NYWC event, he was invited to a WWE tryout match in February 2005 and was later offered to join Ohio Valley Wrestling as part of the WWE developmental program. Moving to Louisville, Kentucky, he would split his time between New York and OVW, he and Dickie Rodz retained the NYWC Tag Team titles despite loosing to Brett Matthews & Brian Myers and, at a NWA Cyberspace that same night, defeated Supreme Lee Great and Thrillology on March 26, 2005. [3] One of over 30 wrestlers attending an OVW/WWE tryout camp headed by Jim Cornette, Danny Davis, Tom Pritchard and Rip Rogers between April 15-17, he and Dickie Rodz defeated Grim Reefer & James Newblood on April 29 although he and Rodz would be defeated in a tag team tournament loosing to Matt Striker & Joey Braggiol in the semi-finals the following night. That same day, he would drive from New York to New Jersey to defeat Prince Nana at the NWA Cyberspace Retribution '99 supercard. [4] Facing Brett Matthews & Brian Myers in several matches during the next several weeks, although retaining the tag team titles via disqualification on May 21, he and Rodz would finally lose the titles to Brett Matthews & Brian Myers on June 4, 2005. Several weeks later, after a tag team match between against Danny & Billy Angus ended in a no contest, Velocci would have to be escorted from the building by security on June 25. The following month, Velocci made his first appearance on WWE television as a security guard during a brawl between Edge and Matt Hardy at the Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey on July 11. [5] With Dickie Rodz and Crusher Doogan, Velocci lost to Plazma & Team 3-D in a 6-man tag team match on September 23, he would wrestle twice in one night defeating Stockade and in the main event with Dickie Rodz lost to Matt Hyson and Mike Mondo on October 8. [6] On October 29, after defeating The Solution by countout in a handicap match, Dickie Rodz turned on Velocci attacking him with a steel chair resulting in a severe head would requiring 12 stitches. [7] Feuding with Dickie Rodz and The Solution throughout late 2005, Velocci was at one point suspended from the promotion by NYWC Commissioner Mikey Whipwreck [8] and later defeated Dan Dynasty in a particularly violent match on December 17, 2005. Following the match, Velocci powerbombed Dynasty on a bed of barbed-wire. Ohio Valley Wrestling[edit]Making his debut on Ohio Valley Wrestling, he teamed with J-Mann and The Ogre in a 6-man tag team match loosing to Chet the Jet and The Riggs Brothers on January 21 and, the following night, teamed with Vick Devine to defeat Pat Buck and Ogre. Several days later at an NYWC event, Velocci teamed with Damian Dragon, MEGA, Joey Braggiol and Mikey Whipwreck in a 10-man "Psycho Circus" elimination match defeating Mike Spinelli, Tony Burma, Havok, Papadon, John Shane and Dickie Rodz with Crusher Doogan on January 28. After a three hour tryout match with WWE road agents Tommy Dreamer and Dean Malenko at the Nassau Coliseum, Velocci officially signed a developmental contract with the WWE on February 24. Defeated Rodz for the NYWC Heavyweight Championship the following day, he continued his feud with Rodz defeating him in a rematch on March 18 with Mikey Whipwreck as special guest referee although he would eventually chose to relinquish the title on May 24 due to his commitments in Ohio Valley Wrestling after signing with the WWE. [9] Loosing a tag team match with Discord to Roadkill & Kasey James on April 9, he returned to NYWS to teamed with Plazma, Javi-Air and Brett Matthews & Brian Myers in an 8-man tag team match defeating Dickie Rodz, Crusher Doogan, J.T. Tackleberry, Tony Burma and Mike Spinelli on April 22. Over the next few months he would split his time between New York and OVW loosing to The Riggs Brothers in a tag team match with Fred Williams on April 26 as well as to Boris Alexiev on May 17 before suffering a torn adductor magnus in his upper thigh. He continued wrestling despite the injury and, while taking two weeks off, he returned to competition before his leg was fully healed and completely tore the muscle keeping him sidelined for three months. [10] Returning to action on August 19, he lost to Jacob Duncan in a handicap with Anthony Vein. After loosing to Paul Birchill in a dark match on November 8, he returned to New York although failing to regain the NYWC Heavyweight title from Dickie Rodz on November 28. Defeating Damian Adams on December 1 to become the number one contender to the OCW Heavyweight Championship, he later defeated Vinny Viagra & Damian Adams in a handicap match on January 7 before loosing to Charles Evans & Justin LaRoche in a tag team match with The Real McCoy at a OVW television taping on January 24. Teaming with Maverick, Plazma, Tony Burma, Mike Spinelli and Jerry Lynn, Velocci lost to Dickie Rodz, Dan Dynasty, Jamie Van Lemer, MEGA and The Angus Brothers in the annual 10-man "Psycho Circus" elimination match on January 27 and to "The Big Deal" Daniel Rodimer at an OVW television taping several days later. The following month, he defeated Vinny Viagra for the OCW Heavyweight Championship in Ashland, Kentucky on February 3, 2007. On March 19, Velocci again appeared on Monday Night Raw appearing with Vince McMahon in several backstage segments as one of McMahon's personal security guards. After loosing to Chet the Jett & Steve Lewington in a dark match with Scott Cardinal on March 21, he again appeared at WrestleMania 23 as one of The Undertaker's druids and as part of Melina's entourage on Monday Night Raw the following night. [7] After a second appearance with The Undertaker at Smackdown on April 6, he would successfully defend the OCW Heavyweight Championship against Tank Toland the following night. He would also defeat Jacob Duncan in a dark match at an OVW television taping on May 23 and teaming with Lyle Landsi at a Derby City Wrestling event defeated Lennox Lightfoot & Dre Blitz on June 27. Championships and accomplishments[edit]
Media[edit]
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Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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Rusty Kane
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Sources[edit]202.150.110.118 08:19, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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Common Cause (Anarchist Communist Organisation)
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Common Cause is a Platformist Anarchist Communist Organisation founded in Ontario, Canada. It is a class struggle Anarchist organisation focusing on the possibility of social revolution by the organisation of the working class majority. The primary aim is to create a broad movement of working class support for anarchist ideas in Ontario. Sources[edit]
87.192.57.40 08:23, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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Dane Varese
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Dane released his first studio album, "No Regrets" in 2006 to commerical success both in the United States and overseas. In 2006, Dane's song "Stuck" was featured in the independent comedy The Next Level Currently Dane is performing across the U.S. Sources[edit]http://media.www.asuherald.com/media/storage/paper898/news/2007/09/20/Entertainment/Dane-Varese.Bands.Music.For.Everyone-2982002.shtml http://video.aol.com/video-detail/imc-and-the-dane-varese-band-wwwimctv/665349862 http://www.garageband.com/song?%7Cpe1%7CS8LTM0LdsaSkaFa-amA http://top40-charts.com/news.php?nid=33493&string=Dane http://boards.eonline.com/Insider/Boards/thread.jspa?messageID=1071695 http://www.goteenforums.com/forums/peer-eopapy-support-a.html 68.185.167.228 08:39, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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Blue Soleil
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Sources[edit]As you usually use seperate words for searching this (i.e. "Blue Soleil"), this should be a redirect to the real thing. - Markus Moll 84.186.206.115 09:20, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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Martin Tabyanian
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Sources[edit]70.68.49.78 09:51, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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TMC (Top Marra Club)
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90.196.158.167 11:01, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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MODS
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Music Is My Boyfriend
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Sources[edit]
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Kev Samples
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This request for creation has been reviewed. The reviewer comments appear below the article text.
If you want to make changes and try again, copy and paste your article into a new submission and make your changes there. Kev Samples, is an American R&B singer. Discography The Rush
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Falcon Manor
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Sources[edit]129.44.248.221 16:25, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
Sources[edit]24.63.214.89 16:28, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21 16:28, 21 October 2007 (UTC)24.63.214.89
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Ryan Hui
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This request for creation has been reviewed. The reviewer comments appear below the article text.
If you want to make changes and try again, copy and paste your article into a new submission and make your changes there. Ryan Hui 許懷欣, Ryan Hui wai yun is the elder son of Sam hui (the god of canto-pop). He was born in Hong kong. Having first performed in the Hong Kong Coliseum in 1987 (at the age of eleven), he continues to write musical pieces and perform all over the world. Nowadays, he is a singer/song writer and had released several records. info[edit]Album[edit]links[edit]
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Lynne Scott Safrit
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Biography[edit]Lynne Scott Safrit is the president of Castle & Cooke, Charlotte Region, and project development manager for the North Carolina Research Campus. Safrit is the wife of Walter Safrit II (Attorney), mother of 2, Elizabeth and Wil, and friend to many with the smarts and stamina that qualify her to be capable of any task. Safrit has been a faithful employee of David H. Murdock (billionaire sponsoring the project) for 23 years. Both her mother, Mary Scott, and father, Norman Scott, worked for the mills, as she did for much of her young life. Safrit attended both Catawba College (undergraduate) and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (graduate) and majored in English and Psychology.
Sources[edit]http://www.greatercharlottebiz.com/article.asp?id=552
24.199.139.131 18:43, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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Mar'i Pasha Al Mallah (1856-1930)
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Mar'i Pasha Al Mallah (1856-1930)(Arabic: مرعي باشا الملاح): Syrian political leader and Statesman. Born in Aleppo (1856). Graduated from the Lycee Imperial de Galataseray, Constantinople, 1876. Al Mallah held several appointments in Aleppo under the Ottoman (Turks), including:
And he was Privy to Sultan Abdulhamid II . Represented Aleppo in the Ottoman Parliament of 1908, and served as the last Ottoman Interim Governor of the Province of Aleppo. Following the Ottoman collapse, Al Mallah contributed to the foundation of the first modern Arab state in Syria under King Faysal I, and was elected Deputy Speaker of the Syrian Congress (1919-1920). Finally, he was named Governor General of the State of Aleppo (1924-1926) under the French Mandate. Al Mallah acquired the rank of Beylerbey, which corresponds to the rank of "Lieutenant General," from Sultan Abdulhamid IIand was awarded several Ottoman , French and Syrian decorations Al Mallah was a man of liberal views, open to western ideas and thought, proficient in Turkish, Persian, Arminian and French. He particularly loved photography, and used to keep massive albums featuring Ottoman and European royalty, politicians, writers and musicians. He was also noted for his collection of rare and antiquarian books and manuscripts, which he made available to scholars and researchers by dedicating them to the "Islamic Endowments Library of Aleppo," and the "Library of the Arab Academy" in Damascus. Al Mallah was described by a fellow historian Sheikh Kamil Al Ghazzi as "the leading notable of Aleppo." Moreover, his biography appeared in a number of books, and was also cited in a dozens of historical works on Aleppo and modern Syria written by noted Arab and western scholars. His name also appeared in the memoirs of Syrian politicians as well as the accounts of Arab and western travelers, including the late Crown Prince Mohammed Ali Tawfic of Egypt, who visited Syria before the outbreak of World War I, and the memoirs of Lady Gertrude Bell. Sources[edit]
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The Werewolf Of Allaiz
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The Werewolf Of Allariz
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Coal to liquid hydrocarbons
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If we examine world coal reserves (Figure 1), we get an idea of the vast amount of coal reserves the United States has relative to the rest of the world. The US has 27% of world reserves. Figure 1. World Coal Reserves Although coal is not the single answer to broadening the US energy portfolio, it is certainly abundant enough to make a significant impact. Concentrating on the top three coal reserve states we have the following estimated recoverable reserves. Table 1. Demonstrated and Recoverable Reserves-Top Three States Million Short Tons State Reserves at Active Mines Estimated Recoverable Reserves Demonstrated Reserve Base Montana 1,140 74,989 119,280 Illinois 796 38,019 104,529 Wyoming 7,053 41,804 64,325 Using coal gasification followed by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, the overall liquid, after taking into account process heat and electric power generation, is about 2 barrels of liquids per ton of coal. Therefore the combined total coal-derived liquids of the above three states, when based on the more conservative Estimated Recoverable Reserves is 309,600 million barrels of oil. If total imported oil is 7.3 million barrels per day, then these three states could supply all of the US imported oil for around 70 years. If we relied on coal for all of the US oil consumption of 20 million barrels per day, then we have enough coal in these three states alone to run the US for 41 years. Obviously we are not suggesting that coal be the primary source of liquid fuels for the US, but these calculations certainly demonstrate how vast our coal reserves are and that they are positioned to make a significant impact. The National Coal Council is pushing for government incentives to help generate some 2.6 million barrels of liquid fuel a day from coal by 2025. This would satisfy about 10% of America’s total demand and reduce imported oil by 25%. The coal reserves and the technology are available to meet this goal. Only the economics remains in question Coal gasification followed by Fischer- Tropsch synthesis is proven commercial technology as South Africa is making about 160 thousand barrels per day of liquid product from their coal reserves, by Sasol, Ltd, a partly state-owned company that has several plants in operation. They are currently offering their technology to license. While Sasol would charge a licensing fee, they are more interested in an equity position, as much as 50%, in their licensed projects. China is currently building a coal to liquids facility to produce around 200 thousand barrels per day with their own technology but also wants to use Sasol technology for an additional 80 thousand barrels per day. The Need for a Strategy In 2003, the United States consumed 20 million barrels per day of crude oil with about 55% imported from foreign countries. The greatest suppliers of oil and oil products are Canada, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Venezuela, and Nigeria, in that order. Several of these areas have seen instabilities in recent years. Instability anywhere in the oil patch drives up the price of crude from all sources. These recent instabilities have underlined the need for the US to be significantly less dependent on foreign crude. A summary is given below in the Figure 2 on how U.S. crude oil consumption and production have trended over the last ten years. Figure 2. US Crude Oil Consumption and Production over Last Ten Years One of the continuing trends that we observe is that US crude consumption continues to increase while domestic production decreases. Current Initiatives Currently the Department of Energy (DOE) is focusing its alternative transportation fuel efforts mainly on hydrogen and biomass, as measured by the amount of funding that is allocated in these areas. All hydrogen generated today is produced from a hydrocarbon source, generally natural gas. It could be made electrolytically and if hydroelectric or nuclear power were used, it could be classified a “green” fuel. However, baring the development of surplus cheap nuclear power, we see no economically viable source of hydrogen in the near future. In addition, the infrastructure to distribute hydrogen to fueling locations does not exist. Onboard vehicle storage capabilities will limit the range of any vehicle powered by hydrogen and some attempts to concentrate it via metal hydrides have met with limited success. Hydrogen as a transportation fuel faces many challenges before it can significantly contribute to reducing our dependence on foreign oil. The most significant biomass fuel in the marketplace today is ethanol produced from corn. The current US production is 4 billion gallons per year. The debate over whether a gallon of ethanol requires more energy to produce than it contains has continued over the last 2 decades. Dr. John Deutch, former director of energy research and undersecretary of Energy in the Carter Administration and director of the CIA, and currently a chemistry professor at MIT recently commented on the “Biomass Movement” in the Wall Street Journal. “..cultivation of corn is highly energy-intensive and a significant amount of oil and natural gas is used in growing, fertilizing, and harvesting it. Moreover, there is a substantial energy requirement -much of it supplied by diesel or natural gas for the fermentation and distillation process that converts corn to ethanol. These petroleum inputs must be subtracted when calculating the net amount of oil that is reduced by the use of ethanol in gasoline. .. It is clear that takes two-thirds of a gallon of oil to make a gallon equivalent of ethanol from corn. Thus one gallon of ethanol used in gasohol displaces perhaps one-third of a gallon of oil or less “ Other estimates range from ethanol containing plus or minus 25% of the energy required for manufacture. But the energy issue is largely academic, as the economics of ethanol production depend on a government subsidy to make it a viable fuel. The current subsidy is $0.51 per gallon. An article by Jonathan Fahey in Forbes points out that the real cost of ethanol in today’s dollars is around $4.50 per gallon. The other source of biomass is cellulosic material, such as the much touted switch grass and agricultural by-products like corn stover and straw. However, cellulose must first be converted into sugar and then into ethanol with advanced enzyme technology. Genencor and Novozymes3 have made some headway but this technology is still in the research and development stage. Another important issue we face today is that of greenhouse emissions, notably CO2. Coal has historically been used to generate electric power in the United States and currently represents over half of all electric power generation. As stated in C&E News, .. the US, like the rest of the world has a coal problem: There is a lot of it and it is cheap, but it is dirty... Coal-fired power plants are responsible for 60% of US sulfur dioxide emissions, 33% of US mercury emissions, 25% of nitrogen oxide emissions, and more than 33% of the nation’s carbon dioxide emissions ” However, it doesn’t have to be that way as Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC), shown in Figure 3 for electric power generation makes coal a very clean fuel with the side benefit of increasing the thermal efficiency from around 33% for conventional coal firing to greater than 40% for Figure 3 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle for Electric Power Generation IGCC. DOE is taking the lead in commercializing IGCC in its Future Gen Project slated for southern Illinois. In a typical IGCC plant, coal is first gasified to synthesis gas, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The synthesis gas is scrubbed to remove acid gases and mercury. The synthesis gas is then burned in two sets of turbine drivers, first a combustion turbine and then a steam turbine to produce electricity. If the synthesis gas is passed through a water gas shift converter, the CO converts to CO2. The CO2 can also be scrubbed providing a hydrogen rich steam to the turbines. We have named this scenario “ultra green” as there would be very little CO2 emitted from the power plant. CO2 cannot currently be eliminated entirely as some carbon must be left in the feed to the power plant for flame stability. The increased cost of IGCC over conventional coal firing is 20-25%. However, when you include the benefits of less air pollution and the ability to conveniently capture carbon dioxide emissions, the price difference is not so obvious. Furthermore, if the federal government enacts CO2 emission controls, they could make conventional coal fired technology no longer the economic choice. The primary environmental benefit of IGCC is increased energy efficiency and the potential for significantly reduced air pollution. We think IGCC can be used as a springboard for making liquid hydrocarbons from coal by integrating Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with the electric power generation plant. The run-up in crude prices over the last year to $60-80/barrel has stimulated renewed interest in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Furthermore, technological improvements in FT synthesis, such as slurry phase reactors, plus tougher environmental standard are pointing to Fischer-Tropsch as a promising way to help abundant coal increase its contribution to total energy supply. In addition to removing other pollutants from power generation, IGCC technology also is capable of capturing CO2 which can be sequestered. The DOE has quietly been funding CO2 Sequestration Partnerships around the country. An example is the Blue Sky Sequestration Partnership in Montana. CO2, currently captured from the Great Plains plant in North Dakota, is used in this manner. Thus, IGCC technology combined with CO2 capture can provide a road to increased domestic crude production provided the regional oil fields are receptive to CO2 flooding and the CO2 is available in sufficient quantities. Regional is defined as a radius of 400 to 500 miles of the plant. CO2 is currently pipelined from southwest Colorado (Cortez) into the Texas panhandle at a distance of approximately 450 miles. Thus, the CO2 situation is considerable different from in the energy crisis of the 70’s and 80’s. In the 70’s and 80’s, CO2 was simply emitted to the atmosphere. Today CO2 can be a viable product (not by-product) in its own right. Tomorrow, it may be classified as a pollutant making its capture mandatory. The sale of CO2 in combination with power generation and the production of liquid transportation fuels from coal is a primary focus of this paper. Current Fischer-Tropsch Projects Underway or Being Considered Worldwide, there are three Fischer-Tropsch (FT) plants based on coal in operation. They are all located in South Africa and called Sasol I, Sasol II, and Sasol III; they are the first three projects listed below and they were originally based more on political rather than economical considerations. The world community refused to export oil to South Africa because of the government’s apartheid policy. Since apartheid ended, Sasol has licensed their FT technology mainly for conversion of natural gas to transportation liquids. The recent escalation of crude oil prices has stimulated interest in additional coal-based FT projects, notably in the United States and China. Two commercial projects are moving forward in the US. These are: 1. Rentech Midwest Energy is converting an ammonia plant, in Iowa, based on natural gas to make FT liquids from coal and 2. WMPI, Inc in Pennsylvania is converting coal tailings to liquid fuels. Table 2. World wide Fischer-Tropsch Projects Based on Coal Project Location Status Gasification Technology Coal Feed FT Synthesis Capacity B/day Sasol I South Africa Operating Lurgi Dry Ash Sub-bitumenous Arge Fixed Bed 5,000 Sasol II South Africa Operating Lurgi Dry Ash Sub-bitumenous Circulating Fluid Bed 37,000 Sasol III South Africa Operating Lurgi Dry Ash Sub-bitumenous Circulating Fluid Bed 40,000 WMPI, Inc with DOE Gilberton, Pennsylvania Development Shell Anthracite Culm(tailings) Sasol Slurry 5000 Rentech Energy-Midwest East Dubuque, Iowa Development GE Il 6 and Western coal Rentech Slurry 1800 DKRW-Wyoming Medicine Bow, WY Proposed GE Sub-bitumenous Rentech Slurry 11,000 Rentech PDU Commerce City, CO Proposed GE Eastern and Western Rentech Slurry 10-15 China Project I Shenhua Corp. Shaanxi Province, China Proposed N/A Sasol Slurry 80,000 China Project II Shenua Ningxi Coal, Ltd Ningxia Hui Autonomous, China Proposed N/A Sasol Slurry 80,000 Economics of Power Generation, Transportation Fuels and CO2 from Coal Ultimately, it is economics that drives what we decide to do on our energy needs and whether coal conversion technologies can compete economically with crude oil. For this discussion, we will use a case study approach: specifying the commercial process, establishing the material balances, estimating the capital investment and finally the discounted rate of return on investment. We will use only “green” or “ultra green” technology where the carbon dioxide emissions are captured and sequestered. The six cases will demonstrate the impact of key parameters, such as coal type (Eastern versus Western), the co-production of both electricity and liquid transportation fuels, and using carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in nearby oil fields. In all of these cases, we will use only commercial proven technologies. The six cases we consider are: Based on Montana Rosebud sub-bituminous coal 1. Coal to liquid transportation fuels using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. 2. Coal to electric power using integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) 3. Coal to both liquid transportation fuels and electric power. 4. Ultra-green technology to essentially eliminate all carbon dioxide emissions from the IGCC plant using hydrogen-rich gas for the combustion turbine. Based on Illinois Number 6 bituminous coal 5. Case 3 substituting low sulfur Western coal with high sulfur, low moisture Eastern coals feed. 6. Eastern high sulfur low moisture coal with additional shift conversion to run in. "ultra green” mode with hydrogen-rich gas for combustion turbine These are summarized in the table below with the products, investment, and return on investment. For this analysis, we have set the price of oil at $60/barrel (conservatively equivalent to $1.80/gal for zero sulfur diesel fuel), electricity at $35/Mwatt-hr and CO2 at $1.00/MSCF to establish the cash flow. Table 3. Case Study Summary Case Coal In Ton/day Diesel Bbl/day Electricity Mwatt CO2 MMSCF/day Capital Investment $ Million DCF rate of return, % 1 10,773 9019 342 1,300 14% 2 5,963 525 121 785 12% 3 10,733 4428 525 273 1,100 15% 4 10,733 4439 525 387 1,200 16% 5 8000 4439 525 121 1,125 9% 6 8000 4349 525 297 1,161 12% Oil at $60/barrel, zero sulfur diesel at $1.80/gal, electricity at $35/Mwatt-hr, CO2 at $1.00/MSCF 30 yr project life, 20 yr straight line depreciation, 35% income taxes,4 yr construction(10/10/40/40) Case 5-6 uses Illinois coal at $45/ton, Cases 1-4 use Montana coal at $12/ton. The discounted cash flow (DCF) rate of return on investment is very attractive for cases 1, 3 and 4, all based on using Western subbitumenous coal, Montana Rosebud. Cases 5 and 6, based on bituminous Illinois 6 coal, have a lower return on investment for two primary reasons. First, the Illinois coal is more expensive at $45/ton versus $12/ton for Montana coal. Second, the Illinois coal has less moisture and gasifies more efficiently producing less carbon dioxide. Hence there is less CO2 to sell and this reduces the return on investment in case 5 and 6. Case 3 using Montana coal is a direct comparison to Case 5 using Illinois coal and the return on investment drops from 15% to 9% while Case 6 is a direct comparison to Case 4 and the return drops from 16% to 12%. Although it is easy to justify the CO2 revenue stream for Montana coal, since there are nearby oil fields that will benefit from enhanced oil recovery , it is less clear whether we could find the same scenario in the state of Illinois. Consequently, the return on Cases 5 and 6 for Illinois 6 coal might be actually be lower if we do not have a market for the CO2 produced and are left with simply sequestering it and injecting it in the ground. Case 1- Coal to Liquid Transportation Fuels using Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Commercial Advantages: 1. Uses cheap Western coal. 2. Once-through FT synthesis. 3. Carbon dioxide used for EOR in nearby oil fields. Environmental Advantages: 1. All carbon dioxide is captured. 2. SOx and NOx are eliminated by coal gasification and mercury is captured. Montana subbitumenous coal is gasified by slurrying in water and then fed with oxygen into an entrained flow gasifier such as the GE gasifier (previously known as the Texaco gasifier). This gasifier is shown in Figure 4. The gas composition leaving the gasifier includes carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water, and acid gases (H2S and COS) and small amounts of methane For syngas generation, an entrained flow gasifier, like the GE version or Destec (now called Conoco-Phillips), is preferred because it operates at high temperature and makes very little methane. Figure 4 Texaco gasifierReferring to the process diagram shown in Figure 5, the water is condensed out, and the acid gases including CO2, COS, and H2S are removed separately with a gas scrubbing system such as Selexol. The hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio is then adjusted by flowing part of the scrubbed gas through a CO shift converter to get a ratio of about 2.1/1. The syngas is then fed into a Fischer-Tropsch reactor. It is important to note that we use a “once-through” flow through the Fischer-Tropsch reactor, rather than recycling the unconverted syngas and methane due to the high single pass conversion that we achieve (greater than 90%. Once-through operation eliminates separation equipment, compressors and reactors reducing the capital investment. The unconverted syngas and light ends are burned for plant fuel. Our hydrocarbon yield structure is based on a Fischer-Tropsch fixed bed reactor with a cobalt catalyst. The reaction products include a broad spectrum of hydrocarbons ranging from light gases to middle distillates, and finally waxes, and water according to the following Fischer-Tropsch chemical reaction: Sasol has developed and is starting up a more advanced slurry phase reactor in Qatar. However, we do not have access to the yield structure from that reactor design. Presumably, it is better than fixed bed yields and thus our liquid yields could be conservative. The bubble column slurry reactor consists of a cylindrical column filled with liquid wax. Synthesis gas is sparged into the bottom of the reactor and the bubbles suspend the fine catalyst particles in the liquid medium, where the reaction takes place. The reaction products include a broad spectrum of products ranging from light gases to middle distillates, and finally waxes, and water. Water is separated from the hydrocarbon products in a condenser and the hydrocarbons are then distilled in a fractionation column. Light gases leave overhead middle distillates, an excellent diesel fuel with zero sulfur, exit the middle of the fractionator and finally the heavy waxes leave in the bottoms stream, where they are sent to a hydrocracker to reduce high molecular weight hydrocarbons to light and middle distillate. The carbon dioxide stream is available for sale to oil production facilities. If that is not an option, it can be sequestered for injection in the ground. A recent DOE study by Advanced Resources International6 shows strong potential for CO2 flooding in the Williston Basin of Montana. Lookout Butte and Elk Basin are two such areas being considered. Figure 5.Coal to Liquid Transportation Fuels Case 2- Electric Power Generation using Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Commercial Advantages: 1. IGCC has higher thermal efficiency that direct coal burning. Environmental Advantages: 1. Some carbon dioxide is captured. 2. All SOx and NOx from coal conversion eliminated. Some NOx emitted from the combustion turbine while mercury from coal is captured. This case is similar to Case 1 but now we make no liquid hydrocarbons and instead direct all of the scrubbed syngas to a power generation cycle. The coal input is reduced in half since we only want to make 525 Mwatt of power as this is a typical size electric power generating facility for IGCC. Since the hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio is now longer important, we can eliminate the CO shift converter from the process scheme (Figure 6). More specifically, the unshifted syngas is fed into a combustion turbine which drives one set of electric generators. The hot combustion gas leaving the combustion turbine is then directed into a waste heat boiler to generate superheated steam. This steam is fed into a second set of steam turbines to generate more electricity. This coupling of the gas and steam turbines results in a higher thermal efficiency compared to conventional coal firing. More specifically, the thermal efficiency of IGCC is greater than 40% whereas direct coal firing is around 33%. Figure 6 Coal to Electricity by Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle Case 3- Coal Conversion to Both Liquid Transportation Fuels and Electric Power 1. Unconverted syngas can be burned in the combustion turbine. 2. Ability to make both liquid fuels and electricity. 3. Higher thermal efficiency from IGCC. Environmental Advantages: 1. All carbon dioxide is captured from gasification section but CO2 emitted from the combustion turbine. 2. All SOx, NOx from coal conversion eliminated with a small amount of NOx from the combustion turbine. Mercury in coal is captured. Case 3 is a combination of Case 1 and Case 2 using the same amount of Montana coal as Case 1 but splitting the syngas production into two parts, roughly half for electric power generation, and the other half for production of Fischer-Tropsch liquids. The primary coupling of the two processes is with the light gases leaving the Fischer-Tropsch section of the plant being fed to the electric power section. Referring to Figure 7, the process flows have been described previously for the separate parts of the combined process, so no further discussion is necessary. Figure 7 Coal to Electric Power and Liquid Transportation Fuels Case 4- Ultra-Green Technology to eliminate most carbon dioxide using hydrogen-rich gas in combustion turbines Commercial Advantages: 1. Highest Return on Investment. 2. Unconverted syngas can be burned in the combustion turbine. 3. Ability to make both liquid fuels and electricity. 4. Higher thermal efficiency from IGCC. 5. Combustion turbine burns a hydrogen-rich gas so little CO2 is emitted. Environmental Advantages: 1. Extremely low CO2 emissions. 2. All SOx and NOx are eliminated from coal conversion with a small amount emitted from the combustion turbine. Mercury from coal is captured. This case is quite similar to Case 3 but we now are shifting almost all of the syngas to make a hydrogen rich stream for the combustion turbine in Figure 8. A slip stream is taken before the shift converter. A hydrogen-rich stream leaving the CO2 scrubber is blended with this slip stream achieve the required 2.1/1 hydrogen/CO ratio. The combined stream is then fed to the Fischer-Tropsch section of the plant. Combustion turbines need to be specifically modified to handle hydrogen-rich fuel. Flame stability is a problem and can be partially solved by adding methane to the fuel so that it stabilizes the flame. General Electric, a major gas turbine maker, and has worked with this flame stability problem and claims to have it reasonably solved.8 Obviously this is critical to making the “Ultra Green” case a commercial reality. Figure 8 . “Ultra Green” case to make Electricity and Liquid Fuels Case 5. Eastern high sulfur, low moisture coal instead of Western coal 1. Close to major liquid fuel markets. 2. Allows high sulfur Eastern coal to be used as all sulfur is captured. Environmental Advantages: 1. All SOx, NOx and mercury are captured. Case 5, using Illinois 6 coal, is very similar to Case 3, using Montana Rosebud Coal. A comparison of the properties (proximate analysis) of the two coals is shown in Table 4. Table 4. Comparison of Montana and Illinois Coal Coal Moisture,% Volatiles,% Fixed Carbon Ash,% Sulfur,% Subitumenous Montana Rosebud 22 30 42 5.4 0.7 Bituminous Illinois #6 5 36 49 9.8 3.2 The two major differences between the coals are in the moisture and sulfur content. Specifically, the Rosebud coal is characterized by low sulfur and high moisture. The higher moisture content of the Rosebud hurts the overall thermal efficiency of gasification, particularly for a Texaco gasifier, where the coal is slurried in water. Slurry solids concentration for Illinois coal is typically 65% coal or higher while Montana coal slurry concentrations are in the range of 45% solids. For the cases 5 and 3, the cold gas thermal efficiency for Illinois 6 coal was 79% while the Montana Rosebud ran 67%. Presumably most of this loss was due to the higher water content in the slurry feed which needs to be vaporized before the reaction will take place. Consequently, this results in more of the carbon in the coal being converted to carbon dioxide rather than carbon monoxide to generate the necessary heat of vaporization. If carbon dioxide can be sold, then the higher production of it is not an economic debit but instead a credit. The revenue from CO2 sales can actually exceed the revenue from liquid fuels production. The CO2 revenue stream is the reason the Montana coal (Case 3) has a return on investment of 15% while that of the Illinois coal (Case 5) is 9%. The carbon dioxide stream will be smaller in this Case 5 due to the increased cold gasifier efficiency discussed above. The sulfur will be higher due to the Illinois #6 coal containing about five times as much sulfur. Figure 9 Coal to Electricity and Liquid Fuels using Illinois 6 coal Case 6. Ultra Green mode for converting Illinois 6 Coal to Electricity and Liquid Fuels Commercial Advantages: 1. Close to major liquid fuel markets. 2. Allows high sulfur Eastern coal to be used as all sulfur is captured. Environmental Advantages: 1. Extremely low CO2 emissions. 2. All SOx and NOx from coal conversion are eliminated with a small amount of NOx emitted from the combustion turbine. Mercury is captured. The process flow sheet for this case is identical to the ultra green case using Montana coal (Case 4). Recalling that we shift almost all of the carbon monoxide in the syngas to hydrogen, we require a larger CO shift converter. This results in $37 million more in capital investment for the bigger shift converter. The amount of carbon dioxide produced from lower moisture Illinois No 6 coal is smaller due to the higher efficiency of the gasification step. Less water in the gasifier results in higher cold gas efficiency, and less carbon dioxide produced. Carbon dioxide production for this case is 297 million SCFM compared to 387 million SCFM for the Montana ultra green case. Return on investment is 12% or 3% higher than Case 5 using standard syngas in the combustion turbine. Even though an additional $37 million for the larger shift converter is required, we are able to get a higher return so the additional cost to operate in the ultra green mode seems justified. Future Challenges If crude oil prices drop back to the $40-50/ barrel level, then indirect liquefaction of coal will no longer be economically attractive, particularly with the operating risks associated with this technology and the huge capital investment. Providing assurances and incentives for private industry to build and operate one of these coal plants is critical to moving ahead. The technology is essentially proven by the plants operating in South Africa by Sasol but the risk of investing large amounts of money and then having the product values drop is a nagging worry. Crude price has fluctuated since its discovery in the 19th century and it is reasonable to assume these fluctuations will continue. Thus if a plant is built, its economic outlook will vary with the price of crude. This has been the experience of Great Plains which was built in the oil crisis of the 70’s and 80’s. However, given the world political situation, it seems prudent to move forward with commercialization of this technology. We feel that the US government should take the lead by: 1. Organizing a consortium of oil, coal and power companies to design, build and operate these types of plants. Production of electricity and CO2 for EOR will cushion the economic downside when crude prices drop. 2. Continue the 80% loan guarantee for the synfuels plants. 3. Provide a price support for the product from the plant, perhaps guaranteeing to purchase the entire liquid product at a set price. This guarantee would not be that significant as the plant would only produce 5 to 10 thousand barrels of liquid fuels per day. 4. Offering tax credits to corporations that build and operate “green” coal plants which make either electricity or liquid fuels. 5. Streamlining environmental permitting so that construction can proceed in a timely manner without setbacks by NIMBY groups, environmentalists, etc. Conclusions In summary, we have examined the potential of coal as a resource base to reduce our dependence on foreign oil. The US has sufficient coal reserves to reduce oil imports. We chose to convert coal to liquids via gasification followed by Fischer-Tropsch (indirect liquefaction) for the following reasons: The technology is commercially demonstrated. There are several commercial plants in operation around the world today. The potential for an environmentally green process is exceptional. Integration with other technologies such as IGCC and enhanced oil recovery is significant. We have applied this technology to both eastern and western coal, typified by Illinois 6 and Montana Rosebud respectively. During the course of our work, we have reached a number of important conclusions: 1 Carbon dioxide is a potentially important revenue stream in any coal gasification plant. It value depends on nearby oil fields that are suited to enhanced oil recovery from CO2 injection. 2 The economics of gasification to co-produce power, transportation liquids and CO2 favors western Subitumenous coal over eastern coal. Western Subitumenous coal produces more CO2 per ton of coal gasified while producing less transportation liquid. 3 Considerable work has been done to determine that many western oil fields are suitable for enhanced oil recovery using CO2 flooding. These same studies need to be carried out on eastern oil fields. 4 Using existing technology, such as integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), coal can be a very clean energy source for both electric power generation and liquid fuels production. Greenhouse gas emissions are almost completely eliminated with CO2 capture and sequestering, 5 Co-production of both electricity and liquid transportation fuels from coal seems to generate the highest return on investment. 6 If the CO2 can be sold, then shifting the synthesis gas power plant feed to a high concentration of hydrogen is economically attractive in spite of the increased capital investment for a larger shift converter. In this study, we have clearly demonstrated the potential for coal. We feel that it is time for us to move ahead in developing transportation fuels from this domestic energy resource base. It broadens the US energy resources for liquid hydrocarbons and exploits a huge resource in an environmentally friendly way. References Sources[edit]
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Rosa Valetti
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Born Rosa Vallentin (17 March 1878 in Berlin; Died 10 December 1937), Rosa Valetti was a German actress, cabaret performer and singer. Biography[edit]Valetti was the daughter of industrialist Felix Vallentin and sister of actor Hermann Vallentin. She played her first roles in the theatres of suburban Berlin. Inspired by the November revolution and her meeting with political satirist Kurt Tucholsky, Valetti began performing in cabarets. In 1920, she founded the Café Grössenwahn (Megalomania), which has been recognized as one of the most important literary and political cabarets in 1920s Berlin. Cafe Megalomania was frequented by Expressionist writers, and the program of sketch comedy and political songs reflected Valetti's belief in the cabaret as an instrument of political and social critisicm (Appignanesi, 138). The inflation of 1919 to 1923 and the subsequent collapse of the German economy forced Valetti to close Cafe Megalomania. She directed the cabaret Rakete for a time, then launched another cafe of her own, the Rampe, which hosted the works of revolutionist poet and singer Erich Weinert. Valetti was among the founders of the floating cabaret Larifari during the late 1920s (Appignanesi, 139). In 1928 she performed as Mrs. Peachum in the original cast of Bertolt Brecht's Threepenny Opera, which was staged under the direction of Erich Engels at Berlin's Theater am Schiffbauerdamm (Eckhardt and Gilman, 88-89). Rosa Valetti acted in film roles from 1911. Her age and sturdy mien ensured that she acted mostly in motherly roles, as in the 1925 film Die Prinzessin und der Geiger(The Princess and the Violinist), in which she played a 46-year-old grandmother. In Josef von Sternberg's 1930 film The Blue Angel she plays the mother of the singer Lola-Lola (Marlene Dietrich). Valetti also appears briefly in Fritz Lang's 1931 classic M. as the proprieteror of an underworld cafe. In 1933 Valetti went into exile, performing first in Vienna and Prague, then in Palestine in 1936. She married actor Ludwig Roth and had a daughter, the actress Liesel Valetti, with him. A street in Berlin's Malsdorf district is named "Rosa-Valetti-Straße" in her honor. Filmography[edit]* 1911: Frau Potiphar * 1914: Wollen sie meine Tochter heiraten ? * 1915: Das Laster * 1918: Othello oder: Das Verhängnis eines Fürstenhauses * 1918: Wanderratten * 1918: Die Lachende Maske * 1920: Die Tänzerin Barberina * 1920: Kurfürstendamm * 1920: Christian Wahnschaffe, 1. Teil - Weltbrand * 1920: Die Schuld der Lavinia Morland * 1921: Das Haus zum Mond * 1921: Die Rote Katze * 1922: Die Schneiderkomtess * 1924: Steuerlos * 1924: Zwischen Morgen und Morgen * 1925: Die Prinzessin und der Geiger * 1925: Die Moral der Gasse * 1926: Tartüff (Komödie) * 1926: Schatz, mach' Kasse * 1926: Die Waise von Lowood * 1927: Dr. Bessels Verwandlung * 1927: Wie heirate ich meinen Chef? * 1928: Spione * 1929: Das brennende Herz * 1929: Asphalt * 1930: Der blaue Engel (The Blue Angel) * 1931: Die Abenteuerin von Tunis / Treffpunkt Afrika * 1931: M - Eine Stadt sucht einen Mörder (M) * 1931: Das Ekel * 1931: Ehe mit beschränkter Haftung * 1931: Täter gesucht * 1931: Wiener Wald * 1931: Das Geheimnis der roten Katze * 1932: Die unsichtbare Front * 1932: Die Tänzerin von Sanssouci * 1932: Skandal in der Parkstraße * 1933: Moral und Liebe * 1934: Liliom * 1958: Das gab's nur einmal
Sources[edit]This article and filmography were translated from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Valetti, with additional information as cited from Lisa Appignanesi. The Cabaret. New York: Universe Books,1976. Wolf von Eckardt and Sander L. Gilman. Bertolt Brecht's Berlin: A Scrapbook of the Twenties. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1975. Web links: * Rosa Valetti at Filmportal.de * Rosa Valetti in the Internet Movie Database
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Casaloma
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Sources[edit]Common misspelling 99.233.79.4 21:16, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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The Atco Sessions
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"The Atco Sessions" is an album by pop music artist, Lulu, released on October 29th, 2007 by Rhino Records. The 2 CD set is a compilation of her two Atco albums, "New Routes" and "Melody Fair", as well as singles and unreleased material. Most of the songs here have not been re-released since they were released during 1969-1972. The songs on these albums include collaborations with such famous musicians as Maurice Gibb, Duane Allman, and the Dixie Flyers to name a few. Most of these tracks were recorded at Muscle Shoals Recording Studios in Alabama. Tracklisting: CD 1 (New Routes and Melody Fair): 1. Marley Purt Drive 2. In The Morning of my life 3. People In Love 4. After All (I Live My Life) 5. Feelin' Alright 6. Dirty Old Man7. Oh Me Oh My (I'm A Fool For You Baby) 8. Is That You Love 9. Mr. Bojangles 10. Where's Eddie? 11. Sweep Around Your Own Back Door 12. Good Day Sunshine 13. After The Feeling Is Gone 14. I Don't Care Anymore 15. (Don't Go) Please Stay 16. Melody Fair 17. Take Good Care of Yourself 18. Vine Street 19. Move To My Rythym 20. To The Other Woman (I'm The Other Woman) 21. Hum A Song (From Your Heart) 22. Sweet Memories 23. Saved.
CD 2 (Seperate Singles; Unreleased Songs): 1. Bury Me Down By The River 2. Got To Believe In Love 3. Joker's Wild 4. Come Down In Time 5. Everybody's Got To Clap 6. Back Home 7. Things Are Getting Better 8. Love Song 9. Goodbye, My Love, Goodbye 10. It Takes A Real Man (To Bring Out The Woman In Me) 11. You Ain't Wrong, You Just Ain't Right 12. Even If I Could Change 13. Hum A Song From Your Heart (Session Version) 14. I Don't Care Anymore (Early Mix) 15. Got To Believe In Love (Early Version) 16. Povera Me (Oh Me Oh My)[Italian Version] Sources[edit]News item from Lulu's Official Website http://luluofficial.com/newsitem.php?id=345 24.187.31.220 22:04, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
Sources[edit]65.95.110.15 22:24, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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We Got Next
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Sources[edit]70.245.154.58 22:32, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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Gangplank
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Sources[edit]1. Henrdrix, Mcdermott. Jimi Hendrix: An Illustrated Experience. Atria; Har/Com edition (October 9, 2007). 2. Schumacker. Crossroads: The Life and Times of Eric Clapton. Citadel; Updated edition (March 1, 2003) 3. O'Brian. Master and Commander. W. W. Norton & Company (November 1990) 76.100.68.249 22:43, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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MUPEN64K
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Peewee Moore
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Sources[edit]www.peeweemoore.com, www.archive.org/details/PeeweeMoore, www.realcountrymusic.org/blog/_archives/2006/8/4/2200443.html, www.mucklewain.com/schedulep.htm, www.truckstoppreachers.com/schedule.php, www.timesfreepress.com/blog/cd/, chattanooga.oodle.com/sale/tickets/concert/, www.chattanoogapulse.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2007/10/10/470bbb699a716 69.254.80.67 23:37, 21 October 2007 (UTC) Articles for creation/2007-10-21
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