History of Aurangzib/Volume 1/Chapter 3

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4512427History of Aurangzib, Vol. IJadunath Sarkar

​

CHAPTER III.

First Viceroyalty of the Deccan,

1636-1644.

Towards the close of Akbar's reign, the Mughal Empire began to extend beyond the Narmada The Mughals enter the Deccan. river, which had so long been its southern boundary, except for the coast-strip running from Guzerat to Surat. Khandesh, the rich Tapti valley, was annexed in the year 1599.[1] Taking advantage of the discord and weakness reigning in Ahmadnagar, Akbar wrested from it Berar, the southern portion of the present Central Provinces. The murder of the heroic Chand Bibi by her factious nobles delivered the city of Ahmadnagar into his hands (1600); the boy Sultan was deposed and the kingdom annexed.[2] Thus in a few years the Mughal frontier had been pushed from the Narmada to the upper ​ courses of the Krishna river (here called the Bhimá). But the annexation was in form only. The new territory was too large to be effectively governed or even fully conquered. Everywhere, especially in the south and the west, local officers of the old dynasty refused to obey the conqueror, or began to set up puppet princes as a screen for their self-assertion. The Sultans of Bijapur and Golkonda seized the adjacent districts of their fallen neighbour.

During Jahangir's feeble reign the Mughal advance was stayed and even beaten back. The Pause during Jahangir's reign. Emperor lay under the voluptuous spell of Nur Jahan. His generals took bribes from the Deccani kings and let the war languish.[3] A great leader, too, arose in the South. Malik Ambar, an Abyssinian of rare genius and capacity, became prime minister of the shadowy king of Ahmadnagar, and for a time restored the vanished glories of the house. His wise revenue system made the peasantry happy, while enriching the State. A born leader of men, he conciliated all parties, maintained order, and left a ​name for justice, vigour and public benefit which has not been forgotten yet.[4] Building up a grand alliance of the Deccani Powers he attacked the Mughals in overwhelming force, drove them back to Burhanpur, and closely invested their Viceroy in that city (1620). The crisis broke the sleep of Jahangir. His brilliant son Shah Jahan was sent to the Deccan with a strong relieving force, and by firmness and skill he recovered much that had been lost since the death of Akbar. But the internal discords of the Mughal Court during Jahangir's dotage prevented the effectual conquest of the Deccan and the cause of the Imperialists did not prosper.

With the accession of Shah Jahan to the throne of Delhi the scene changed.Activity under Shah Jahan. He began a vigorous policy in the Deccan. His generals soon felt that their new master could not be befooled or disobeyed. Husain Shah, the last king of the Nizam Shahi dynasty, was captured (1633), and the old possessions of his house began to be won by his vanquisher.[5]

​But a fresh complication now arose. The Sultans of Bijapur and Golkonda cast longing glances at the adjacent forts and districts of Ahmadnagar, and tried to secure parts of the floating wreckage of the ruined kingdom. Nizam Shahi officers entered the service of the Bijapur king or were secretly aided by him in resisting the Mughals. He bribed them to give up to him some of their late master's forts. Shahji Bhonsla, the father of the celebrated Shivaji, with his light cavalry gave the Mughals great trouble. He could not be finally subdued without first getting control over Bijapur and Golkonda.[6]

The occasion called for heroic exertions, and Shah Jahan made his preparations on a befitting scale.Grand preparations for war. For more efficient administration, Daulatabad and Ahmadnagar were now separated from the province of Khandesh and made an ​ independent charge, with its separate viceroy and capital, (November, 1634). Early in the next year a Mughal force from Daulatabad gave Shahji a long chase, but returned to Ahmadnagar without being able to catch the swift Maratha. The Emperor himself arrived at Daulatabad to direct the operations (21st February, 1636.)[7] Three large armies, totalling 50,000 men, were held ready to be launched upon Bijapur and Golkonda if they did not submit, while a fourth, eight thousand strong, under Shaista Khan, was despatched to capture the Nizam Shahi forts in the north-west, and to take possession of the Junnar and Nasik districts.[8]

The news of this immense armament cowed down Abdullah,Golkonda submits. the king of Golkonda, and without striking a blow in defence of his independence he agreed to become a vassal of the Mughals. With an abjectness shameful in a crowned head, he promised an annual tribute, coined gold and silver pieces at his capital in the name of Shah Jahan, and caused the Mughal Emperor to be proclaimed from the pulpit as ​ his suzerain, while he stood by in loyal approval! (April, 1636.)[9]

The king of Bijapur had not fallen so low as that. He made a stand for the Bijapur ravaged. power and dignity of his ancestors. But the three Mughal armies at once entered his kingdom from three points, Bidar in the N. E., Sholapur in the W. and Indapur in the S. W. With a ruthlessness surpassing that of the French who desolated the Palatinate, the Mughal invaders everywhere destroyed all traces of cultivation, burnt down the houses, drove off the cattle, butchered the villagers, or dragged them away to be sold as slaves. With a refinement of cruelty they forced their prisoners to carry their own property for the benefit of the captors! Flourishing villages were ruined for ever, and the population thinned.[10] But like the Dutch of a generation later, the ​

Bijapuris opposed to their foes the courage of despair. They cut the dam of the lake of Shahpur, flooded the country round the capital, and thus saved the city from invasion. The Mughal raiders returned baffled to their own territory.[11] Both sides now felt the need of peace, and a compromise was soon arrived at. Shah Jahan made a treaty with the king of Bijapurt[12] on the following terms—

Terms of peace with Bijapur. (1) Adil Shah, the king of Bijapur, must acknowledge the overlordship of the Emperor and promise to obey his orders in future.

(2) The pretence of a Nizam Shahi kingdom should be ended and all its territories divided between the Emperor and the Bijapur king. Adil Shah should not violate the new Imperial frontier nor let his servants hinder the Mughal officers in occupying and settling the newly annexed districts.

(3) The Sultan of Bijapur was to retain all his ancestral territory with the following additions from the Ahmadnagar kingdom:—in the west, the Sholapur and Wangi mahals, between the ​Bhima and the Sina rivers, including the forts of Sholapur and Parenda; in the north-east, the parganahs of Bhalki and Chidgupa;[13] and that portion of the Konkan which had once belonged to the Nizam Shahs, including the Puna and Chakan districts. These acquisitions comprised 50 parganahs and yielded a revenue of 20 lakhs of hun (or eighty lakhs of rupees). The rest of the Nizam Shahi dominion was to be recognized as annexed to the Empire beyond question or doubt.

(4) Adil Shah should pay the Emperor a peace-offering of twenty lakhs of rupees in cash and kind. But no annual tribute was imposed.

(5) Golkonda being now a State under Imperial protection, Adil Shah should in future treat it with friendship, respect its frontier (which was fixed at the river Manjira, or roughly at 78⁰ East longitude), and never demand costly presents from its Sultan, to whom he must behave "like an elder brother."

(6) Each side undertook not to seduce the ​ officers of the other from their master's service, nor to entertain deserters, and Shah Jahan promised for himself and his sons that the Bijapur king would never be called upon to transfer any of his officers to the Imperial service.

(7) Shahji Bhonsla, who had set up a princeling of the house of Nizam Shah, should not be admitted to office under Bijapur, unless he ceded Junnar, Trimbak, and some other forts still in his hands to Shah Jahan. If he declined, he was not to be harboured in Bijapur territory or even allowed to enter it.

On 6th May, 1636, Shah Jahan sent to Adil Shah a solemn letter impressedTreaty ratified. with the mark of his palm dipped in vermillion, promising the above terms with an appeal to God and the Prophet to be witnesses. A portrait of the Emperor enclosed in a frame set with pearls and emeralds and hung by a string of pearls, which Adil Shah had begged, accompanied the letter. The Bijapur king received them on the 20th and in return delivered to the Mughal ambassador an autograph letter sealed with his own seal, formally agreeing to the treaty, and in the presence of the ambassador swore on the Quran to observe the conditions.[14]

​ For the ratification of the treaty an abstract of it was engraved on a gold plate and delivered to Adil Shah.

A still happier settlement was effected with Treaty with Golkonda. the Sultan of Golkonda. On 25th June presents worth 40 lakhs of rupees arrived from him, with an autograph letter in which he vowed allegiance to the Emperor. Out of the four lakhs of hun, which he was bound to pay every year to the kings of Ahmadnagar, one-half was transferred to the Emperor, and the other remitted for the future.[15] This tribute was stipulated for in huns, a South Indian gold coin weighing about 52 grains. But as the exchange value of the hun in relation to the rupee afterwards varied, the king of Golkonda sowed another of the seeds of his future disputes with the Mughals.[16]

Thus after forty years of strife the affairs of theMughal position in the Deccan assured. Deccan were at last settled. The position of the Emperor was asserted beyond challenge, his boundaries clearly defined, and his suzerainty over the Southern kingdoms formally established. A long period of peace could be now looked forward to, except for the hunting down of Shahji ​ (who still led a shadowy Nizam Shahi king by the string), and the capture of a few forts like Udgir and Ausa, where the old Nizam Shahi officers still defied the Mughals. The Bijapur king, therefore, requested Shah Jahan to return to Northern India, as his continued presence with a large army was scaring away the Deccan peasantry from their homes and fields, and preventing the restoration of cultivation. As for the five forts in Shahji's hands, Adil Shah himself would wrest them from the usurper for the Mughals.

Nothing being now left for Shah Jahan to do in the Deccan, he turned his back on Daulatabad (11th July, 1636) and set out for Mandu. Three days afterwards he sent away Aurangzib after investing him with the viceroyalty of the Deccan.[17]

The Mughal Deccan at this time[18] consisted of four provinces:—

I. Khandesh or the Tapti valley, between the Satpura range in the north and Mughal provinces in the Deccan. the Sahyadri mountain in the south, with its capital at Burhanpur and fort at Asirgarh. ​ II. Berar, South-east of Khandesh, being bounded on the north by the Mahadeo hills and the Gond territory at the heart of the modern Central Provinces, and on the south by the Its Ajanta range and the Painganga river. capital was Ellichpur, and fort Gawilgarh.

III. Telingana, a vast and undefined territory of hills and forests, with a sparse and savage population, stretching south of Berar from Chanda and the Wainganga river to the northern and north-eastern frontiers of Golkonda. The whole of it was upland (Balaghat).[19]

IV. Daulatabad, with Ahmadnagar and other dependencies. This was the Deccan proper and contained the seat of the viceroy at the fort of Daulatabad, while the civil station founded by Malik Ambar a few miles off, at Khirki, rapidly grew in size and splendour under Aurangzib and was newly named Aurangabad. The province was bounded on the north by the Ajanta hills and the Painganga river. Its eastern frontier as now defined was an imaginary line drawn about 77 15 East longitude, along the Manjira river, from Nander to Qandahar[20] and Udgir. ​From the last named fort the line took a sharp turn due west to Ausa (a little above the 18th degree of North latitude), and then bent north-westwards by the northern limit of the Sholapur district, and the forts of Visapur, Parner and Junnar, till it struck the Western Ghats. At this part the Ghod river was the southern limit. Beyond Junnar, the boundary ran northwards along the Ghats, till it met the S. W. frontier of Khandesh at the angle where the Chandor hills branch off eastwards.[21]

There were in all 64 forts, mostly perched on hills, in these four provinces, and the total revenue was five krores of rupees, with which Aurangzib was to meet all the charges of administration. All fief-holders in the Deccan received orders to wait on the prince with their fixed contingents of troops, as ten forts had yet to be conquered.

Shah Jahan had before his departure deputed Capture of Udgir.two generals, one to besiege Udgir and Ausa in the S. E., and the other to conquer Junnar in the west and crush Shahji.

​ Khan-i-Dauran with his division arrived before Udgir[22] on 19th June and at once took possession of the village under the fort. Trenches were opened on the s., the w., and the s. w., and mines run from the western side. As the mines approached the wall, the garrison lost heart and their leader, an Abyssinian named Siddi Miftah, opened negotiations for surrender. But he demanded too high a price, and the siege was pressed on. A mine was fired and the outer earth-work (technically called Shir Haji,) a hundred yards in circuit, was blown down with all its guns, ballista and other armaments. But as the citadel was unharmed, no assault was delivered. At last on 28th September, after a defence of more than three months, the fort capitulated; Siddi Miftah was taken into Imperial service with the title of Habsh Khan and the rank of a Commander of Three Thousand.[23]

Meantime Ausa had been invested and a detach- ​ment left under Rashid Khan to carry on its Fall of Ausa.siege. The fall of Udgir set free a large force for strengthening the attack, while it damped the ardour of the defenders of Ausa. The commandant, a Rajput named Bhojbal, kept up a ceaseless fire on the besiegers. But when the trenches reached the edge of the ditch and mining was started, Bhojbal at last lost heart, gave up the fort (19th October), and was taken into the Imperial army as a Commander of One Thousand.[24]

Khan-i-Zaman's division had been equally successful in the Junnar district and the Konkan.[25]Pursuit of Shahji. A Bijapur contingent under Randaula Khan co-operated with him according to the new treaty. Leaving Ahmadnagar about the end of June, he marched on Junnar, of which the town was held by the Mughals and the fort by the Marathas. Two thousand men were told off to invest it, while the general himself marched with the rest of his army to capture Shahji's home near Puna. Heavy rain detained him for a month on the bank ​of the Ghod river.[26] When at last the Mughals reached Lauhgaon on the Indrayani river, 34 miles from Shahji's camp, the Maratha chief fled south to the hills of Kondhana (Sinhagarh) and Torna.[27]

The Mughals could not follow him at once as they had to cross three big rivers Shahji submits.and also waited to see whether Randaula Khan would succeed in inducing Shahji to give up his forts peacefully. At last they crossed the Bhor-ghat in three divisions. Meantime Shahji had fled to the Konkan by the Kumbhá Pass and begged for asylum in vain at Danda-Rajpuri and other places. Then he doubled back by the same pass. But hearing that the Mughals had entered the Konkan, he lost his head, and fled towards the fort of Mahuli, some 32 miles north-east of Bombay. Khan-i-Zaman followed hard on his track, leaving his baggage behind. News came to him that Shahji was at Muranjan, 30 miles ahead. The Mughals pushed on thither in spite of the mud; but as soon as they were seen descending from a hillock ​

6 miles behind the place, the Marathas lost heart and fled, leaving much of their property behind. At this the Mughals galloped on, slew many of Shahji's rear-guard, and chased them for 24 miles, till their horses gave up in sheer exhaustion. Shahji then effected his escape; but his camp, baggage, spare horses, and camels, and the royal kettledrum, umbrella, palki, and standard of his creature, the boy Nizam Shah, were all captured. The Maratha leader fled fast and in twenty-four hours reached Mahuli, dismissed his unnecessary retainers, and prepared to stand a a siege. Khan-i-Zaman made another forced march through the rain and mud, seized the village at the foot of the fort with its store of provisions, and sat down before the two gates of Mahuli, stopping all ingress and egress. Shahji, after higgling for terms, at last capitulated: he entered the Bijapur service, and gave up to the Mughals his Nizam Shahi princeling, together with Junnar and six other forts still held by his men. Evidently he got good terms out of the Imperial Government, but the Court-historian is discreetly silent about the details. The campaign was over by the end of October, and Khan-i-Zaman returned to Aurangzib at Daulatabad to act as the Prince's chief adviser.

​ Khan-i-Dauran,[28] after capturing Udgir and Exactions from the Gond Rajahs. Ausa, had extorted from the king of Golkonda a famous elephant named Gajmati, or “the Pearl among Elephants", priced one lakh of rupees, with another lakh of rupees for covering it with gold plates and hawda to make it worthy of presentation to the Emperor. He next marched into the Gond country, between the Wardha and the Wainganga, levying contributions. First he seized the forts of Ashta and Katanjhar (Katanjhiri) from the hands of some refractory Gond chiefs, and then besieged Nagpur, the stronghold of Kukia, the Gond Rajah of Deogarh, who had refused to pay contribution. Three mines were fired, overthrowing two towers and parts of the wall; the assault was delivered, and the commandant Deoji taken prisoner. Kukia now came down on his knees: he interviewed Khan-i-Dauran (16 January, 1637), and made peace by presenting one and a half lakhs of rupees in cash and all his elephants (170 in number) and promising an annual tribute of one and one-third lakhs of rupees. Nagpur was restored to him.

The victorious Khan-i-Dauran returned to the Emperor, with 8 lakhs of rupees levied from the ​ Gond chiefs and others, and was extolled by his master above all his other generals, and given the high title of Nusrat Jang or "Victorious in War".[29]

Gains of the Imperial Government. The period of warfare which began with the Bundela Expedition in September, 1635, and ended now, enriched the Mughal treasury with tribute and booty amounting to two krores of rupees, and added to the empire a territory which when cultivated yielded a revenue of one krore. The Emperor now despatched a pompous letter to the Shah of Persia boasting of these conquests and gains.[30]

Aurangzib, however, was not long idle. The new treaties with Bijapur and Golkonda and the submission of the Gond country barred his aggression in the south and north-east. So, the Emperor authorised him to enrich himself and extend his dominion towards the north-west by conquering Baglana.[31]

Between Khandesh and the Surat coast lies the district of Baglana. It is a Baglana described. small tract, stretching north and south for about 160 miles from the Tapti river to the Ghatmata hills ​ of the Nasik district, and 100 miles east and west across the Ghats. It contained only a thousand villages and nine forts, but no town of note. Small as was its area, its well-watered valleys and hill-slopes smiled with corn-fields and gardens; all kinds of fruits grew here and many of them were famous throughout India for their excellence. The climate, except in the rainy season, is cool and bracing. The State was further enriched by the fact that the main line of traffic between the Deccan and Guzerat had run through it for ages.[32]

A Rathor family, claiming descent from the royal house of ancient Kanauj,Its ruler. had ruled this land in unbroken succession for fourteen centuries. The Rajahs styled themselves Shah and used the distinctive title of Baharji. They coined money in their own names and enjoyed great power from the advantageous situation of their country and the impregnable strength of their hill forts, two of which, Saler and Mulher, were renowned throughout India as unconquerable.[33]

​But this position and these strongholds became the cause of their ruin when the Mughals conquered Guzerat and Khandesh and wanted to join hands across Baglana. An independent prince and master of mountain fastnesses could not be left in possession of the main route between these two provinces of the empire. The great Akbar had invaded the district, but after a seven years' fruitless siege[34] he had compounded with the Rajah, Pratap Shah, by ceding to him several villages as the price of protection to all merchants passing through his land. Bairam Shah was now seated on the throne of Pratap.

Aurangzib sent an army of 7000 men under Mulher besieged.Maloji, a Deccani officer in the Imperial service, and Muhammad Tahir Khurasani (afterwards Wazir Khan) to besiege the capital Mulher.[35] This fort covers the spacious top of a low hill close to the Mosam river, 9 miles north-east of Saler. As is the case with all Deccani forts, it shelters a walled village lower down the hill side, called the Bari or in the language of further south the Pettah. Here lived the Rajah and his family. On 16th January, ​ 1638, the Mughal army in three divisions stormed the lower fort or Bari, with heavy loss on both sides.[36] The Rajah with some 500 men retired to the upper fort and was there blockaded. A month's close investment reduced him to submission. He sent his mother and minister to Baglana annexed. offer to Aurangzib the keys of his other eight forts and to beg for himself a post in the Emperor's service, (15th February). The overture was accepted; he was created a Commander of Three Thousand and consoled with an estate in Sultanpur, a district of Khandesh, north of the Tapti. On 4th June, he evacuated Mulher; his kingdom was annexed, and its revenue fixed at 4 lakhs for the present. A month later, his kinsman Rudbá surrendered the fort of Piplá, 9 miles south of Saler. One hundred and twenty pieces of artillery, large and small, were seized in the forts.[37]

Bairam Shah's son-in-law, Somdev, ruled over Rámnagar. But as the revenue of this petty ​ State fell short of its public expenditure, it was deemed unworthy of annexation. A contribution of ten thousand rupees was, however, exacted from him.

Aurangzib's promotions. Aurangzib's first viceroyalty of the Deccan extended from 14th July, 1636 to 28th May, 1644. During these eight years he paid four visits to his father in Northern India, leaving some great noble, usually his maternal uncle Shaista Khan, to act for him. He gradually rose in rank, being promoted to a Command of Twelve Thousand (his additional force being 7,000 troopers) on 14th August, 1637, and next to the rank of a Commander of Fifteen Thousand (the additional troopers being 9,000) on 23rd February, 1639.[38] Only a few incidents of this period are recorded in history.

Kheloji Bhonsla, the first cousin of Shahji, had held a high rank among the Kheloji Bhonsla put to death by Aurangzib. Nizam Shahi officers. In 1629 he came over to the Mughals with his two brothers, Maloji and Parsuji, got the rank of a Commander of Five Thousand, and distinguished himself under the banners of his new master. But in 1633 when the fort of Daulatabad, the last stronghold of Nizam ​ Shah, was about to fall into the hands of the Imperialists, Kheloji deserted to Bijapur and repeatedly fought against the Mughal armies. The Maratha general's wife, when going to bathe in the Godavari, was captured by the Mughal Subahdar, who sent him word, “A man's wealth is only for saving his honour. If you pay me four lakhs of rupees I shall release your wife without doing harm to her chastity." No husband can resist such an appeal, and Kheloji paid this huge ransom. Soon afterwards, he was dismissed by the Bijapur Sultan who had made peace with Shah Jahan. Ruined by these losses, Kheloji came to the home of his forefathers near Daulatabad and took to a life of plunder and lawlessness. Aurangzib, on getting news of his place of hiding, sent a party of soldiers under Malik Husain and put the Maratha free-booter to death (about October, 1639).[39]

In 1640, "the Zamindar of Gondwana" (i,e., the new Rajah of Deogarh) waited on the young viceroy at Burhanpur with a thanks-offering of four lakhs of rupees in return for his being allowed to succeed his late father.[40]

On 25th March, 1642, a costly set of presents offered by Aurangzib and consisting of gems, ​ jewelled ware, rare products of the Deccan, and elephants, was displayed before the Emperor, who accepted out of them one lakh and twenty thousand rupees' worth, and suitably rewarded the giver in return.[41]

  1. ↑ Berar in Elliot, VI. 84, 94, 98. Khandesh, VI. 134—146.
  2. ↑ Elliot, VI. 99—101.
  3. ↑ For the Mughal wars in the Deccan in Jahangir's reign, see Abdul Hamid, I. B. 182—201, Khafi Khan, i. 282—294, 304 307, 314-324, 347-350. Gladwin, 19, 21, 25, 37—39, 51—54, etc.
  4. ↑ For Malik Ambar see Abdul Hamid, I. B. 34, 197—200, Khafi Khan, i. 273—276, 282—285, 291—294, 304, 305, 314—322, 347-350, Gladwin, 51—54, 73—76, Dilkasha, 10—11, 90—92, Grant Duff, i. 94-97, India Office Persian MS. No. 1957 (Tarikh-i-Shivaji), 6b—7b.
  5. ↑ This king of Ahmadnagar, a mere puppet in the hands of his minister Fatih Khan (the son of Ambar), was given up to the Mughals at the capture of Daulatabad, 17th June 1633, (Abdul Hamid I. A. 528) and imprisoned in Gwalior in September (540). Shahji set up another prince, whom he surrendered in November or December 1636. This boy is called a son (I. B. 135) and elsewhere a kinsman (khesh) of Nizam Shah (I. B. 36, 229, 256).
  6. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 35, 135, 140.
  7. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 62, 68—69, 138.
  8. ↑ For Shaista Khan's operations, Abdul Hamid, I. B. 135—141, 146—150, Khafi Khan, i. 521—523.
  9. ↑ Abd. Ham. I. B. 145.
  10. ↑ Khan-i-Dauran slew 2000 men at the village of Kalian (Abdul Hamid, I. B. 151). And so also at other places. Khan-i-Zaman in the Kolhapur district sold 2000 prisoners of war, male and female, into slavery (Abd. Ham. I. B. 163). The operations of Khan-i-Dauran's division are described in Abd. Ham. I. B. 151—154, Syed Khan-i-Jahan's in 155—160, Khan-i-Zaman's in 160—165. The whole in Khafi Khan, i. 520—521, 525—530.
  11. ↑ Abd. Ham. I. B. 153, Khafi Khan, i. 527.
  12. ↑ For the treaty with Bijapur see Abdul Ham. I. B. 168-173, 203, and Khafi Khan, i. 531—534, 537. For the treaty with Golkonda, Abd. Ham. I. B. 177—180.
  13. ↑ Wangi, 1811 N. 75°12 E. one mile E. of the Bhima and 21 m. S. W. of Parenda (Ind. At., 39 S. E.) Parenda, 18°15 N. 75°31 E. (Ibid.) Bhalki, 18°2 N. 77°15 E., 19 m. N. E. of Kaliani (Ibid, 56.) Chidgupa 17°42 N. 77°17 E., 21 m. S. E. of Kaliani and 10 m. W. of Homnabad (Ibid, 57). Chakan, 18°45 N. 73°55 E., 30 m. S. of Junnar (Ibid, 39 N. W.).
  14. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 167, 173, 175.
  15. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 177-179.
  16. ↑ Adab-i-Alamgiri (Khuda Bakhsh MS.) 56a.
  17. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 202, 205.
  18. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 205, 62-63.
  19. ↑ The Golkonda frontier was along the Manjira river, west of Karimungi, 9 m. N. E. of Bidar (sheet 56) Abdul Hamid, I. B. 230, has Kumgir, evidently a mistake.
  20. ↑ Qandahar in the Deccan, 35 miles north of Udgir (Ind. At. 56). Nilang, a fort midway between Udgir and Ausa, belonged to Bijapur.
  21. ↑ Chamargunda is spoken of as near the frontier of Mughal Ahmadnagar (Abd. Ham., I. B. 137). The province of Daulatabad included the sarkars of Ahmadnagar, Patan, Bir, Jalnapur, Junnar, Sangamnir, and Fatihabad or Dharur (Ibid, 62.)
  22. ↑ Udgir, 18°21 N. 77°10 E. (Indian Atlas, Sh. 56) 24 miles north of Bhalki. Ausa, 18°15 N. 76°33 E., five miles south of the Towraj river which flows into the Manjira (Ibid.).
  23. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 217-219, 248.
  24. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 220-221.
  25. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 225-230. Junnar, 19°12 N. 73°56 E. (Ind. At. 39 N. W.).
  26. ↑ He evidently halted at Sirur, close to which is the cantonment of Ghodnadi (Ind. At. 39 N. W.).
  27. ↑ Lohogaon, 10 m. N. E. of Puna and three miles south of the Indrayani (Ind. Atlas, Sh. 39 S. W.) on the way to Sirur. For Torna the text has Tornad.
  28. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 230-233.
  29. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 246-247.
  30. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 257-266, 181.
  31. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 280.
  32. ↑ For a description of Baglana, see Ain-i-Akbari, ii. 251, Abdul Hamid, II. 105-106, Imp. Gaz. vi. 190-192. Tavernier's Bergram (i. 37) probably stands for Baglana. Khafi Khan, i. 561. Finch and Roe, (Kerr, viii. 277, ix. 256).
  33. ↑ Saler, 20:43 N. 70 E, 5263 feet above sea-level, 9 miles s. w. of Mulher (Ind. At. 38 N. W.) Mulher, 20:46 N. 747 E. on the Mosam river (37 S. W.) Pipla, 20.35 N. 74 E. 9 m. s. of Saler (38 N. W.)
  34. ↑ Imp. Gaz. vi. 191. I can find no support of this statement in Abul Fazl or Badauni.
  35. ↑ M. U. iii. 937, 522.
  36. ↑ Khafi Khan says that a daredevil Mughal officer named Syed Abdul Wahhab Khandeshi, with 4 or 5 Syeds expert in hill climbing, one standard-bearer, one trumpeter and one water-carrier, made a secret march by an unfrequented jungle path for three successive nights and on the fourth day appeared on the ridge of the Bari, and suddenly attacked it with a great noise. Encouraged by his example, the Mughal forces on the plain charged up hill and stormed the Bari.
  37. ↑ Abdul Hamid, II. 106—109; Khafi Kh. i. 542, 561—564.
  38. ↑ Abdul Hamid, I. B. 277, II. 138.
  39. ↑ Abdul Hamid, II. 166, Masir-ul-Umara, iii. 520-521.
  40. ↑ Abdul Hamid, II. 197.
  41. ↑ Ibid, 289.
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