on the lower lake of Constance. On the occasion of his jubilee
(1876), which was celebrated all over Germany, he was granted
a patent of hereditary nobility by the grand duke of Baden.
He died at Karlsruhe on the 9th of April 1886.
His works, other than those already mentioned, are Frau Aventiure, Lieder aus Heinrich von Ofterdingens Zeit (1863); Juniperus, Geschichte eines Kreuzfahrers (1866); Bergpsalmen (1870); Waldeinsamkeit (1880); Der Heini von Steier (1883); and Hugideo, eine alte Geschichte (1884). Volumes of Reisebilder (1887); Episteln (1892); and Briefe (1898) were published posthumously. Scheffel’s Gesammelte Werke have been published in six volumes (1907). Cf. also A. Ruhemann, Joseph Victor von Scheffel (1887); G. Zernin, Erinnerungen an Joseph Victor von Scheffel (1887); J. Prölss, Scheffels Leben und Dichten (1887); L. von Kobell, Scheffel und seine Frau (1901); E. Boerschel, J. V. von Scheffel und Emma Heim (1906).
SCHEFFER, ARY (1793–1858), French painter of Dutch
extraction, was born at Dort on the 10th of February 1795. After
the early death of his father, a poor painter, Ary was taken to
Paris and placed in the studio of Guérin by his mother, a woman
of great energy and character. The moment at which Scheffer
left Guérin coincided with the commencement of the Romantic
movement. He had little sympathy with the directions given
to it by either of its most conspicuous representatives, Sigalon,
Delacroix or Géricault, and made various tentative efforts—“Gaston
de Foix” (1824), “Suliot Women” (1827)—before he
found his own path. Immediately after the exhibition of the
last-named work he turned to Byron and Goethe, selecting from
Faust a long series of subjects which had an extraordinary
vogue. Of these, we may mention “Margaret at her Wheel”;
“Faust Doubting”; “Margaret at the Sabbat”; “Margaret
Leaving Church ”; the “Garden Walk”; and lastly, perhaps the
most popular of all, “Margaret at the Well.” The two “Mignons”
appeared in 1836; and “Francesca da Rimini,” which is on the
whole Scheffer’s best work, belongs to the same period. He now
turned to religious subjects: “ Christus Consolator " (1836) was
followed by “Christus Remunerator,” “The Shepherds Led by the
Star” (1837), “The Magi Laying Down their Crowns,” “Christ
in the Garden of Olives,” “Christ bearing his Cross,” “Christ
Intex-red” (1845), “St Augustine and-Monica” (1846), after which
he ceased to exhibit, but, shut up in his studio, continued to
produce much which was first seen by the outer world after his
death, which took place at Argenteuil on the 15th of June 1858.
At the posthumous exhibition of his works there figured the
“Sorrows of the Earth,” and the “Angel Announcing the Resurrection,”
which he had left unfinished. Amongst his numerous
portraits those of La Fayette, Béranger, Lamartine and Marie
Amélie were the most noteworthy. His reputation, much shaken
by this posthumous exhibition, was further undermined by the
sale of the Paturle Gallery, which contained many of his most
celebrated achievements; the charm and facility of their composition
could not save them from the condemnation provoked
by their poor and earthy colour and vapid sentiment. Scheffer,
who married the widow of General Baudrand, was only made
commander of the Legion of Honour in 1848—that is, after
he had wholly withdrawn from the Salon. His brother Henri,
born at the Hague on the 27th of September 1798, was also a
fertile painter.
See Vitet’s notice (1861) prefixed to Bingham’s publication of works of A. Scheffer; Etex, Ary Scheffer; Mrs Grote, Life of A. Scheffer (1860).
SCHELANDRE, JEAN DE (c. 1585–1635), Seigneur de
Saumazènes, French poet, was born about 1585 near Verdun
of a Calvinist family. He studied at the university of Paris
and then joined Turenne’s army in Holland, where he gained
rapid advancement. He was the author of a tragedy, Tyr et
Sidon, ou les Junestes amours de Belcar et Méliane, published in
1608 under the anagram-name Daniel d’Anchères, and reprinted
with numerous changes in 1628 under the author’s own name.
In defiance of all rules the action proceeds alternately at Tyre,
where Belcar, prince of Sidon, is a prisoner, and at Sidon where
Léonte, prince of Tyre, is a prisoner and pursues his gallant
adventures. The play, which was divided into two days and
ten acts, had a complicated plot and contained 5000 lines. It
required an immense stage on which the two towns should
be represented, with a field between, where the contests should
take place. It is noteworthy as an attempt to introduce the
liberty of the Spanish and English drama into France, thus
anticipating the romantic revolt of the 19th century. It has
been suggested that Schelandre was directly acquainted with
Shakespearian drama, but of this there is no direct proof, although
he appears to have spent some time in England and to have seen
James I. Tyr et Sidon is reprinted in the 8th volume of the
Ancien Théâtre français. Schelandre was also the author of a
Stuartide (1611), and of Les Sept Excellents Travaux de la pénitence
de Saint Pierre (1636). He pursued his military career to the
end of his life, dying at Saumazènes in 1635 from wounds received
in the German campaign of Louis d’Épernon, Cardinal de la
Valette.
See Ch. Asselineau, Jean de Schelandre (Paris, 1854).
SCHELDT (Fr. Escaut, Flem. Schelde), a river rising near
Catelet in France, entering Belgium near Bleharies in Hainaut,
and iiowing past Tournai, Oudenarde, Ghent and Termonde
till it reaches Antwerp., Some distance below Antwerp, in front
of the island Beveland, where the river divides into two channels,
respectively north and south of the island, both banks belong
to Holland. Of the two channels named, the southern, which
reaches the sea at Flushing, is the more important and is used
for ocean commerce. The Scheldt has a length of 250 m., of
which, by a skilful arrangement of locks, not less than 207 rn. are
navigable. The principal tributaries are the Lys and the Dender.
By the treaty of Munster in 1648 the Dutch obtained the right
to close the Scheldt' to navigation, and they clung tenaciously
to it for over two centuries. In 1839 on the final dissolution of
the kingdom of the Netherlands, Holland gave definite form
to this right by fixing the toll, and by obtaining the assent of the
powers to the arrangement which fettered the trade of Antwerp.
In 1863 after long negotiations Belgium bought up this right—each
of the powers interested in the trade contributing its quota—and
the navigation of the Scheldt was then declared free.
SCHELER, JEAN AUGUSTE ULRIC (1819–1890), Belgian
philologist, was born at Ebnat, Switzerland, in 1819. His
father, a German, was chaplain to King Leopold I. of Belgium,
and Jean Scheler, after studying at Bonn and Munich, became
King’s librarian and professor at the Brussels Free University.
His investigations in Romance philology earned him a wide
reputation. He died at Ixelles, Belgium, in 1890.
The most important of his numerous philological works are: Mémoire sur la conjugaison française considérée sous le rapport étymologique (Brussels, 1847), Dictionnaire d’étymologie française d’apres les résultats de la science moderne (Brussels, 1862), Étude sur la transformation française des mats latins (Ghent, 1869). He also edited the fourth edition of Diez’s Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen (Bonn, 1878), and completed Grandgagnage’s Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue wallonne (Louvain, 1880). He also published several critical editions of middle ages texts, including one of Les Poésies de Froissart (Brussels, 1870–1872), and a monograph Sur le séjour de l’apôtre saint Pierre à Rome (Brussels, 1845), which was translated into German and English.
SCHELLING, FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON (1775–1854), German philosopher, was born on the 27th of January 1775 at Leonberg, a small town of Württemberg. He was educated at the cloister school of Bebenhausen, near Tübingen, where his father, an able Orientalist, was chaplain and professor, and at the theological seminary at Tübingen, which he was specially allowed to enter when he was three years under the prescribed age. Among his (elder) contemporaries were Hegel and Holderlin. In 1792 he graduated in the philosophical faculty. In 1793 he contributed to Paulus's Memorabilien a paper “Über Mythus, historische Sagen, und Philosopheme der ältesten Welt”; and in 1795 his thesis for his theological degree was De Marcione Paullinarum e pistol arum emendatore. Meanwhile a much more important influence had begun to operate on him, arising out of his study of Kant and Fichte. The Review of Aenesidemus and the tractate On the Notion of Wissenschaftslehre found in his mind most fruitful soil. With characteristic zeal and impetuosity Schelling had no sooner grasped the leading ideas of Fichte's amended form of the critical philosophy than he put together his impressions of it in his Über die Möglichkeit
