View source for -ka

{{also|ka-|Appendix:Variations of "ka"}}
==Basque==

===Suffix===
{{head|eu|suffix}}

# {{n-g|Used to form adverbs from nouns.}}
#: {{suffixusex|eu|tarte|tarteka|t1=gap, interval|t2=intermittently}}
## [[looking for]]
##: {{suffixusex|eu|ote|oteka|t1=gorse, furze|t2=looking for gorse}}
## [[divided]] in, [[distributed]] in
##: {{suffixusex|eu|talde|taldeka|t1=group|t2=in groups}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|eu}}

==Curripaco==

===Suffix===
{{head|kpc|suffix}}

# {{n-g|progressive tense marker}}
#: ''nuiraka'' : I am drinking

===References===
* Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, ''Agreement in two Arawak languages'', in ''The Typology of Semantic Alignment'' (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, {{ISBN|0199238383}}), page 398

==Czech==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|cs|sla-pro|*-ъka}}.

===Suffix===
{{cs-noun|f}}

# {{n-g|appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name}}
#: {{suffixusex|cs|lékař|lékařka}}

===Suffix===
{{cs-noun|f|g2=m-an}}

# {{n-g|appended to words to create a [[diminutive]] form of a noun}}
#: {{suffixusex|cs|vlna|vlnka}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|cs}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:cs:Slovnik afixu}}

==Finnish==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|fi|urj-fin-pro|*-ka|id=particle}}, from {{inh|fi|urj-pro|*-ka}}. Originally probably an emphatic particle.

===Particle===
{{fi-clitic|cat2=coordinating conjunctions|var=kä}} {{tlb|fi|enclitic particle}}

# {{n-g|functionally a conjunction, suffixed to the negation verb to join two main clauses}}; [[and]] (not) (see {{m-lite|fi|eikä}})
#: {{m-lite|fi|ei}} &rarr; {{m-lite|fi|eikä|ei'''kä'''}}
# {{lb|fi|non-productive}} {{n-g|Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes}}
#: {{m-lite|fi|saati}} &rarr; {{m-lite|fi|saatikka|saati'''kka'''}}
# {{lb|fi|non-productive}} {{n-g|Extends monosyllabic stems to avoid words with only a single light syllable.}}
#: {{m-lite|fi||jo-}} &rarr; {{m-lite|fi|joka|jo'''ka'''}}, {{m-lite|fi||ku-}} &rarr; {{m-lite|fi|kuka|ku'''ka'''}}, {{m-lite|fi||mi-}} &rarr; {{m-lite|fi|mikä|mi'''kä'''}}

====Usage notes====
* This particle is no longer productive.
* In some words the particle may appear as {{m|fi||-kka}}; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier {{m|fi||-hka}} (with a preceding {{m|fi||-h-}}).

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|fi}}
{{col-auto|fi
|-kalainen
|eikä<qq:the most common usage of this clitic>
}}

==Hungarian==

===Etymology===
From {{der|hu|fiu-pro|-}}. Compare {{cog|fi|-kka}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{hu-IPA}}
* {{rhymes|hu|kɒ|s=1}}

===Suffix===
{{head|hu|suffix|cat2=diminutive suffixes}}

# {{lb|hu|diminutive suffix}} {{ng|Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.}}
#: {{afex|hu|cukor|t1=sugar|cukor'''ka'''|t2=candy}}
#: {{afex|hu|asztal|t1=table|asztal'''ka'''|t2=small table}}
#: {{m|hu|jár||to walk}} → {{m|hu|járó||walking}} → {{m|hu|járó'''ka'''||playpen}}

====Usage notes====
* {{q|diminutive suffix}} Variants:
*: '''{{l|hu|-ka}}''' is added to back-vowel words
*: '''{{l|hu|-ke}}''' is added to front-vowel words

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|hu|pos=diminutive adjective}}
{{suffixsee|hu|pos=diminutive noun}}
{{suffixsee|hu|pos=proper noun}}
{{suffixsee|hu|pos=proper noun clipping}}

===See also===
* [[-cska]]
* [[Appendix:Hungarian suffixes]]

==Ilocano==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|ilo|poz-pro|*ka}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|ilo|/ka/}}

===Pronoun===
{{head|ilo|pronoun}}

# {{n-g|Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun}}; [[you]]
#: {{uxi|ilo|Napan'''ka'''n?|Did '''you''' go already?}}
#: {{uxi|ilo|Estudiante'''ka'''.|'''You''' are a student.}}
# {{n-g|Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses {{m|ilo|-ko||I, my}} and {{m|ilo|-ka||you}}}}
#: {{uxi|ilo|Ay-ayaten'''ka'''.|'''I''' love '''you'''.}}
#: {{uxi|ilo|Estudiante'''ka'''.|'''You''' are '''my''' student.}}

====See also====
{{ilo-personal pronouns}}

==Ingrian==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|izh|urj-fin-pro|*-ka}}. Cognates include {{cog|fi|-kä|-ka}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{izh-p}}

====Particle====
{{head|izh|particle|cat2=clitics|front-vowel variant|-kä}}

# {{n-g|Used to turn a clause [[interrogative]].}}
# {{n-g|Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses}}: [[neither]], [[nor]], [[and]] [[not]]

=====Usage notes=====
* In the interrogative function, when added to verbs, ''-ka'' is only used after the consonant ''-t''. Otherwise, the reduced form {{m|izh|-k}} or its alternative form {{m|izh|-ko}}/{{m|izh|-kö}} is used.
* In the joining function, an alternative {{m|izh|-k}} is (rarely) also used.

====Suffix====
{{izh-suffix|-kä}}

# {{lb|izh|unproductive}} {{n-g|Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect.}}
#: {{suffixusex|izh|lang1=urj-fin-pro|*mi|alt1=*mi-|mikä}}
#: {{suffixusex|izh|lang1=urj-fin-pro|*ku|alt1=*ku-|kuka}}
# {{lb|izh|unproductive}} {{n-g|Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|izh}}

===Etymology 2===
Akin to dialectal {{cog|fi|kaa|-kaa}} and {{cog|et|-ga}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{izh-p|A=-kaa}}

====Suffix====
{{izh-suffix|-kä}}

# {{lb|izh|chiefly|Ala-Laukaa}} {{n-g|Used to form the [[comitative case]] when added to a genitive of a noun.}}

===References===
* {{R:izh:Nirvi:1971|page=118}}

==Japanese==

===Romanization===
{{ja-romaji}}

# {{ja-romanization of|か}}

==Kambera==

===Pronoun===
{{head|xbr|pronoun}}

# {{n-g|first person singular [[accusative]] [[enclitic]]}}

===Particle===
{{head|xbr|particle}}

# {{n-g|[[perfective]] aspect [[enclitic]]}}
#: {{ux|xbr|[[na-|Na-]][[mutung]][[-ka]].|It burned down.}}

====See also====
{{xbr-clitics}}

{{cln|xbr|pronominal clitics}}

==Lower Sorbian==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|dsb|sla-pro|*-ъka}}.

===Suffix===
{{head|dsb|suffix|g=f|cat2=diminutive suffixes|cat3=noun-forming suffixes|cat4=female equivalent suffixes}}

# {{non-gloss|added to masculine nouns to form a feminine}}
# {{non-gloss|added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|dsb}}

==Old Polish==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|zlw-opl|sla-pro|*-ъka}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{zlw-opl-IPA}}

===Suffix===
{{head|zlw-opl|suffix|g=f}}

# {{ng|feminine noun suffix}}
#: {{suffixusex|zlw-opl|ambroże|ambrożka}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|zlw-opl}}

===Suffix===
{{head|zlw-opl|suffix form|g=n}}

# {{inflection of|zlw-opl|-ko||gen|s|;|nom//voc|p}}

==Pipil==

===Suffix===
{{head|ppl|suffix}}

# Forms nouns from verbs or adjectives

===Further reading===
* Campbell, L. (1985). ''The Pipil Language of El Salvador''. Mouton De Gruyter. p.48

==Polish==

===Etymology===
{{dercat|pl|ine-bsl-pro|ine-pro|inh=2}}
{{inh+|pl|zlw-opl|-ka}}, from {{inh|pl|sla-pro|*-ъka}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{pl-pr|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf--ka.wav}}

===Suffix===
{{head|pl|suffix|g=f|cat2=diminutive suffixes}}

# {{ng|feminine noun suffix}}
#: {{syn|pl|-na}}
#: {{suffixusex|pl|Azjata|Azjatka}}
# {{ng|diminutive noun suffix}}
#: {{suffixusex|pl|część|cząstka}}

====Declension====
{{pl-decl-noun-f|-|k}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|pl}}

===Suffix===
{{head|pl|suffix form|g=n}}

# {{inflection of|pl|-ko||gen|s|;|nom//voc|p}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:pl:PWN}}

==Serbo-Croatian==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|sh|sla-pro|*-ъka}}.

===Suffix===
{{sh-suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.}}

===See also===
* {{l|sh|-inka}}
* {{l|sh|-enka}}
* {{l|sh|-ovka}}

==Slovak==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|sk|sla-pro|*-ъka}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|sk|/ka/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|sk|suffix|cat2=diminutive suffixes}}

# {{n-g|denotes that the word is a feminine version of the word it is appended to}}
#: {{l|sk|Talian|g=m||Italian (man)}} + -ka = {{l|sk|Talianka|g=f||Italian (woman)}}
# {{n-g|sometimes denotes a word as a [[diminutive]]}}
#: {{l|sk|mucha|g=f||fly}} + -ka = {{l|sk|muška|g=f||small fly}}

====Declension====
{{sk-decl-noun|-ka|-ky|-ke|-ku|-ke|-kou|-ky|[[-iek]], [[-ok]]|[[-kám]], [[-kam]]|-ky|[[-kách]], [[-kach]]|-kami}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|sk}}

==Slovincian==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|zlw-slv|sla-pro|*-ъka}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{zlw-slv-pr|h=-|r=-}}

===Suffix===
{{h|zlw-slv|suffix|g=f}}

# {{ng|forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature}}
#: {{suffixusex|zlw-slv|bednorz|bednorka}}
#: {{suffixusex|zlw-slv|jagôda|jagódka}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|zlw-slv}}

==Somali==

===Article===
{{head|so|article|feminine|-ta}}

# {{n-g|The masculine definite article}}; [[the]]

====Usage notes====
* This form is used after the consonants ''-b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s'' and ''-sh''.
* After words ending in ''-g, -aa, -i, -y'' and ''-w'', the form {{m|so|-ga}} is used.

===References===
* {{R:so:QAS|ka}}

==Swahili==

===Suffix===
{{head|sw|suffix}}

# {{alternative form of|sw|-ika|nodot=1}} {{non-gloss|used in some verbs ending in ''-ia'', in all verbs ending in ''-e'', in conversive verbs ending in ''-oa'', or ''-ua'', in all words ending in ''-i'', and in nouns and adjectives ending in ''-u''}}
#: {{suffixusex|sw|sikia|alt1=-sikia|t1=to hear|sikika|alt2=-sikika|t2=to audible}}
#: {{suffixusex|sw|fungua|alt1=-fungua|t1=to open|funguka|alt2=-funguka|t2=to be opened}}
#: {{suffixusex|sw|shughuli|t1=occupation, trade|shughulika|alt2=-shughulika|t2=to be busy}}

====Derived terms====
* {{catlink|Swahili causative verbs}}

==Upper Sorbian==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|hsb|sla-pro|*-ъka}}.

===Suffix===
{{head|hsb|suffix|cat2=diminutive suffixes}}

# {{non-gloss|added to masculine nouns to form a feminine}}
# {{non-gloss|added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|hsb}}

==Votic==

===Etymology===
From {{m|vot|kaaz}}, {{m|vot|kaa}}. Compare {{cog|et|-ga}}, {{cog|izh|-ka}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|vot|/-kɑː/}}
* {{IPA|vot|[-kɑ]|a=Luutsa,Liivtšülä}}

===Suffix===
{{head|vot|suffix}}

# {{n-g|Forms the [[comitative case]] to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms.}}

====Usage notes====
This suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.

==Ye'kwana==
{{mch-variant}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{mch-IPA}}

===Etymology 1===
Cognate to {{cog|car|ka||to take away, to deprive of|pos=verb}}, {{cog|tri|-ka|pos=privative verbalizer}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alt|mch|-kkwa||allomorphs}}{{attention|mch|also -cha?}}

====Suffix====
{{head|mch|suffix}}

# {{senseid|mch|privative}} {{ng|forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’:}} [[dis-]], [[ex-]]

=====Usage notes=====
This suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Ye'kwana. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become {{m|mch|-kkwa}}.

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|mch}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|mch|sai-car-pro|*-ka|pos=suffix forming allative postpositions}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|mch|suffix}}

# {{senseid|mch|allative}} {{ng|forms [[allative]] or [[locative]] [[postposition]]s:}} [[to]], [[at]]

=====Derived terms=====
{{suffixsee|mch|-ka (allative)}}

===Etymology 3===

====Suffix====
{{head|mch|suffix}}

# {{ng|allomorph of {{m|mch|-a|pos=nonpast or past imperfective suffix}} used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with {{m|mch||k}}}}

===References===
* {{R:mch:Cáceres|148|head=-ka}}
* Douglas, Jordan A. G. (2019) ''A Formal and Semantic Reconstruction of Cariban Postpositions'', page 34–36