ἕως

See also: έως and Ἕως

Ancient Greek

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hé.ɔːs/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)e.os/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈe.os/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈe.os/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈe.os/

Etymology 1

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.^[1]

Noun

ἕως • (héōs) f (genitive ἕω); second declension

Attic form of ἠώς (ēṓs)
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.7.1:
  ἐδόκει γὰρ εἰς τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν ἕω ἥξειν βασιλέα σὺν τῷ στρατεύματι μαχούμενον
  edókei gàr eis tḕn epioûsan héō hḗxein basiléa sùn tôi strateúmati makhoúmenon
  For he thought that the king would come with his army the next morning to fight.

Declension

Attic second declension of ἡ ἕως; τῆς ἕω (Attic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	ἡ ἕως hē héōs
Genitive	τῆς ἕω tês héō
Dative	τῇ ἕῳ têi héōi
Accusative	τὴν ἕω tḕn héō
Vocative	ἕως héōs
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂wot. Cognates include Sanskrit यावत् (yāvat, “until”).^[2]

Alternative forms

εἵως (heíōs), εἷος (heîos), ἧος (hêos) — Epic
ᾰ̔́ς (hás) — Aeolic, Doric
ἇως (hâōs) — Doric

Conjunction

ἕως • (héōs)

(relative particle, used to express the point of time up to which an action goes)
1. until, till
  1. (as a temporal conjunction)
    1. (with indicative) of a fact in past time
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.342, (compare Odyssey 5.123)
      - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 225, (compare Aeschylus, The Persians 428.464)
      - 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 506B, (compare Cratylus 396C)
    2. (with subjunctive, relating to an uncertain event in the future)
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.291, (compare 24.183)
      - 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 810
      - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 555
      - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 147
      - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 764
    3. (with optative, relating to an uncertain event in the past)
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.386, (compare 9.376)
      - 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 766
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 59D
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.78
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 101D, (compare Sophocles, Women of Trachis 687)
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.386
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.800
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.367
    4. (with infinitive, only in late authors)
      - 60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae
  2. (with single words, mostly of adverbs of time)
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.1.25
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.143
    - 70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 1:24
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.108
    - New Testament, First Epistle of John 2:9
    - 50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of Luke 23:5
    1. (with a preposition)
      - Palatine Anthology 5.201
      - 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 1.11.14
2. (mostly at the beginning of a verse in Homer) while, as long as
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.315, (compare 17.358)
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 1026
  - 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 710
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.40
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.90
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 12.328
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.15
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.507
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.41
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.193
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.120
  1. (in Attic, with subjunctive)
    - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1435
    - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 85B
  2. (with optative, in case of repeated action)
    - 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 155A

Adverb

ἕως • (héōs) (Epic)

for a time, like τέως (téōs)
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.142
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.143
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.277
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.148
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.126

type	interrogative	indefinite	(medial) demonstrative	proximal demonstrative	distal demonstrative	relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
basic	τίς	τις, ἔνιοι	†ὁ, οὗτος	ὅδε	ἐκεῖνος	ὅς	ὅστις	ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός	ἕτερος, ἄλλος
dual	πότερος	πότερος, ποτερός				ὁπότερος
quality	ποῖος	ποιός	†τοῖος, τοιοῦτος	τοιόσδε		οἷος	ὁποῖος	ὅμοιος	ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος
quantity	πόσος	ποσός	†τόσος, τοσοῦτος	τοσόσδε		ὅσος	ὁπόσος
manner	πῶς	πως	†τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως	ὧδε		ὡς	ὅπως	ὁμῶς	ἑτέρως, ἄλλως
method, path, place	πῇ	πῃ	τῇ, ταύτῃ	τῇδε	ἐκείνῃ	ᾗ	ὅπῃ		ἄλλῃ
place	ποῦ, †πόθι	που, †ποθι	ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε	ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι	οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι	ὅπου, †ὁπόθι	αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ	ἄλλοθι
source	πόθεν	ποθεν	†τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν	ἐνθένδε	ἐκεῖθεν	ὅθεν	ὁπόθεν	†ὁμόθεν	ἄλλοθεν
destination	ποῖ, †πόσε	ποι	ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε, δεῦρο	ἐκεῖσε	οἷ	ὅποι, †ὁπόσε	αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε	ἄλλοσε
time	πότε, πῆμος	ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε	τότε, τῆμος	τημόσδε		ὅτε, ἦμος	ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος	ἅμα	ἄλλοτε
exact time	πηνίκα		†τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα	τηνικάδε		ἡνίκα	ὁπηνίκα	αὐτίκα
duration of time			τέως			ἕως
size, age	πηλίκος	πηλίκος	†τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος	τηλικόσδε		ἡλίκος	ὁπηλίκος	ὁμῆλιξ
repetition	ποσάκις, ποσίνδα	ποσάκις	τουτάκις, τοσάκις			†ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις	ὁποσάκις
multiplication	ποσαπλάσιος					ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων
order	πόστος	ποστός					ὁπόστος
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions.

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἕως 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 492-3
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἕως 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 493

Ancient Greek

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Conjunction

Adverb

See also

References

Further reading