根

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根 U+6839, 根
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6839
← 核
[U+6838] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 栺 →
[U+683A]

Translingual

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Stroke order
10 strokes

Han character

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根 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 木日女 (DAV), four-corner 47932, composition ⿰木艮)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 524, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14745
  • Dae Jaweon: page 912, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1208, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+6839

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 根

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 根
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (艮) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
艱 *krɯːn
齦 *kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn
眼 *ŋrɯːnʔ
蛝 *ɡrɯːn
限 *ɡrɯːnʔ
硍 *ɡrɯːnʔ
豤 *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn
詪 *ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns
根 *kɯːn
跟 *kɯːn
珢 *kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn
艮 *kɯːns
茛 *kɯːns
墾 *kʰɯːnʔ
懇 *kʰɯːnʔ
垠 *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn
泿 *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn
痕 *ɡɯːn
拫 *ɡɯːn
鞎 *ɡɯːn
很 *ɡɯːnʔ
恨 *ɡɯːns
銀 *ŋrɯn
檭 *ŋrɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯːn) : semantic 木 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).

Etymology

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Possibly of Austroasiatic origin (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *(d)kər (“tree, plant”) (whence Proto-Vietic *kəl > Vietnamese cây, Muong câl), *d₂gəl ~ d₂g(əə)l (“trunk; stump”) (whence Khmer គល់ (kŭəl, “stump; floating log”), Proto-Monic *t(l)gəl (“stump”)).

Alternatively, Smith (2011) proposes a derivation from 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) with redundant nominalizing suffix *-n. See 荄 for more.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • Meixian:
    • gin1 - vernacular;
    • gên1 - literary.
Note:
  • gṳ̆ng - vernacular (“root; descendant; base”);
  • gŏng - literary (“source; basis”).
Note:
  • geng1 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
  • gêng1 - Jieyang;
  • ging1 - Chaoyang.
Rime
Character 根
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 痕 (53)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古痕切
Baxter kon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kən/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kən/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kən/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kən/
Li
Rong 		/kən/
Wang
Li 		/kən/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kən/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gēn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gan1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 根
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gēn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kon ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]ˁə[r]/
English root, trunk

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 根
Reading # 1/1
No. 3920
Phonetic
component 		艮
Rime
group 		文
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		根
Old
Chinese 		/*kɯːn/

Definitions

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根

  1. (botany) root (Classifier: 條／条 m)
    樹根／树根  ―  shùgēn  ―  root of a tree
  2. base; basis; foundation
  3. family root; ancestors
    尋根／寻根  ―  xúngēn  ―  to search for one's ancestral roots
  4. (figurative) descendant; offspring
  5. source; origin
  6. (figurative) penis (Classifier: 條／条 m)
  7. (Buddhism) indriya; faculty; spiritual faculty
  8. (arithmetic) root
    均方根  ―  jūnfānggēn  ―  root mean square
  9. (mathematics) solution to an algebraic equation (Classifier: 個／个 m)
  10. (chemistry) radical
  11. (computing) root
    根目錄／根目录  ―  gēn mùlù  ―  root directory
    根分區／根分区  ―  gēn fēnqū  ―  root partition
  12. completely; from the source
  13. Classifier for long, slender objects, such as cigarettes, fingers, candles, ropes, and guitar strings. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier

Synonyms

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  • (descendant):
edit
  • (source):
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  • (arithmetic root): 方根 (fānggēn)
  • (classifier):
Dialectal synonyms of 根 (“(classifier for pieces of headhair)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 根
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 根
Taiwan 根
Chengde 根兒
Chifeng 根
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 根
Heihe 根
Qiqihar 根
Harbin 根兒
Jiamusi 根兒
Baicheng 根兒
Changchun 根兒
Tonghua 根兒
Shenyang 根兒
Jinzhou 根
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 根兒
Tangshan 根兒
Cangzhou 根
Baoding 根
Shijiazhuang 根
Lijin 根
Jinan 根兒
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 根兒
Dandong 根
Yantai 根
Qingdao 根兒
Zhucheng 根
Central Plains Mandarin Lingbao 根兒
Jining 根
Linfen 根
Shangqiu 根
Yuanyang 根
Zhengzhou 根
Xinyang 根
Baihe 根
Xi'an 根
Baoji 根
Tianshui 根
Xining 根
Xuzhou 根
Fuyang 根
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 根
Lanzhou 根
Dunhuang 根
Hami 根
Ürümqi 根
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 根
Nanchong 根
Dazhou 根
Hanyuan 根
Xichang 根
Zigong 根
Chongqing 根
Wuhan 根
Yichang 根
Xiangyang 根
Tianmen 根
Guiyang 根
Zunyi 根
Bijie 根
Liping 根
Zhaotong 根
Dali 根
Kunming 根
Mengzi 根
Guilin 根
Liuzhou 根
Jishou 根
Changde 根
Hanzhong 根
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 根
Yangzhou 根
Lianyungang 根
Nantong 根
Anqing 根
Wuhu 根
Hefei 根
Hong'an 根
Cantonese Hong Kong 條
Huizhou Shexian 根
Jin Taiyuan 根
Yangyuan 根兒
Datong 根
Xinzhou 根
Lüliang (Lishi) 根
Changzhi 根
Linhe 根
Jining 根
Hohhot 根
Erenhot 根
Pingshan 根兒
Zhangjiakou 根兒
Handan 根
Linzhou 根
Suide 根
Southern Min Quanzhou 支
Yongchun 支
Dialectal synonyms of 根 (“(classifier for single chopsticks)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 根, 支
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 根
Taiwan 根
Chengde 根兒
Chifeng 根
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 根
Heihe 根
Qiqihar 根
Harbin 根兒
Jiamusi 根兒
Baicheng 根兒
Changchun 根兒
Tonghua 根兒
Shenyang 根兒
Jinzhou 根
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 根兒
Tangshan 根兒
Cangzhou 根
Baoding 根
Shijiazhuang 根
Lijin 根
Jinan 根兒
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 根兒
Dandong 根
Yantai 根
Qingdao 根兒
Zhucheng 根
Central Plains Mandarin Lingbao 根兒
Jining 根
Linfen 根
Shangqiu 根
Yuanyang 根
Baihe 根
Xi'an 根
Baoji 根
Tianshui 根
Xining 根
Xuzhou 根
Fuyang 根
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 根
Lanzhou 根
Dunhuang 根
Hami 根
Ürümqi 根
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 根
Nanchong 根
Dazhou 根
Hanyuan 根
Zigong 根
Chongqing 根
Wuhan 根
Yichang 根
Xiangyang 根
Tianmen 根
Guiyang 根
Zunyi 根
Bijie 支
Liping 根
Zhaotong 根
Dali 根
Kunming 根
Mengzi 根
Guilin 根
Liuzhou 根
Jishou 根
Changde 根
Hanzhong 根
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 根
Lianyungang 根
Lianshui 根
Anqing 根
Hefei 根
Hong'an 根
Cantonese Guangzhou 隻
Hong Kong 支, 隻
Jin Taiyuan 根
Yangyuan 根
Datong 根
Xinzhou 根
Lüliang (Lishi) 根
Changzhi 根
Linhe 根
Jining 根
Hohhot 根
Erenhot 根
Pingshan 根兒
Zhangjiakou 根兒
Handan 根
Linzhou 根
Suide 根
Eastern Min Fuzhou 奇
Southern Min Xiamen 奇
Quanzhou 奇
Yongchun 奇
Zhangzhou 奇
Singapore (Hokkien) 奇
Datian 奇
Jieyang 支
Leizhou 奇
Dialectal synonyms of 根 (“(classifier for needles)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 根
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 根兒, 個
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 根
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 苗, 根兒
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 根
Wuhan 口, 根
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 根
Hefei 根
Cantonese Guangzhou 眼
Hong Kong 支, 眼
Taishan 眼
Yangjiang 口
Gan Nanchang 根, 管
Hakka Meixian 枚
Jin Taiyuan 根
Northern Min Jian'ou 枚
Eastern Min Fuzhou 條
Southern Min Xiamen 支
Chaozhou 支
Wu Suzhou 隻, 根
Wenzhou 枚
Xiang Changsha 口
Shuangfeng 口
Dialectal synonyms of 支 (“(classifier for cigarettes)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 支
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 根兒, 顆, 支
Taiwan 根
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 顆, 根兒
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 根兒, 支
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 杆
Wuhan 根
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 根, 支
Hefei 根
Cantonese Guangzhou 支
Hong Kong 支, 飛
Yangjiang 支
Gan Nanchang 根
Hakka Meixian 支
Jin Taiyuan 根, 支
Northern Min Jian'ou 支, 筒
Eastern Min Fuzhou 條
Southern Min Xiamen 支, 叢
Tainan 支
Chaozhou 支
Wu Suzhou 根, 支
Wenzhou 支
Xiang Changsha 根
Shuangfeng 根

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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根

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. root
  2. base, foundation

Readings

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  • Go-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
  • Kun: ね (ne, 根, Jōyō)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
根
ね
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. First cited to the Kojiki of 712.[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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根(ね) • (ne) 

  1. [from 712] a root of a plant
  2. [from 720] (by extension) the source or root of something
  3. [from 1000] the cause or basis for something
  4. [from mid-1300s] one's nature, the character one has by birth
Synonyms
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Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
根
こん
Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 根 (MC kon). First cited in Japanese contexts in the 法華義疏 (Hokke Gisho) dated to 615,[1] a commentary on the Buddhist Lotus Sutra that was written in Classical Chinese.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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根(こん) • (kon) 

  1. [from 615] (Buddhism) the original motive force leading to perception of something by the five senses or by thought
  2. [from 1477] genitals; more commonly, the male genitals
  3. [from 1790] perseverance, patience
    Synonym: 根気 (konki)
  4. [from 1889] (mathematics) a root, such as a square root (calque of English root)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “根”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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根 (eumhun 뿌리 근 (ppuri geun))

  1. hanja form? of 근 (“root; base; stump”)

Compounds

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Okinawan

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Kanji

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根

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology

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Cognate with Japanese 根 (ne).

Noun

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根(にー) (nī) 

  1. root

Vietnamese

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Han character

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根: Hán Nôm readings: căn, cằn, cỗi

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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