歲

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See also: 歳, 岁, 亗, and 嵗
歲 U+6B72, 歲
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6B72
← 歱
[U+6B71] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 歳 →
[U+6B73]
歲 U+2F8F3, 歲
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F8F3
← 㱎
[U+2F8F2] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 殟 →
[U+2F8F4]

Translingual

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Traditional 歲
Shinjitai 歳
Simplified 岁

Han character

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歲 (Kangxi radical 77, 止+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 卜一戈竹竹 (YMIHH), four-corner 21253, composition ⿱止⿵戌𣥂)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 577, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16326
  • Dae Jaweon: page 967, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1443, character 20
  • Unihan data for U+6B72

Chinese

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trad. 歲
simp. 岁
alternative forms
嵗
亗
㞸
㱑
歳
嵗
亗
㞸
㱑
歳
𡻕
𫞓
𢧡
𢧁
𭭚
㒸
⿵𡶔𡭕
 

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 歲
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (歲) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
噦 *qʰʷaːds, *qʷrad, *qʷad
翽 *qʰʷaːds
鐬 *qʰʷaːds
濊 *qʰʷaːds, *qʷaːds, *qʷads, *qʰʷaːd
歲 *sqʰʷads, *sqʰʷad
劌 *kʷrads
顪 *qʰʷads
穢 *qʷads
薉 *qʷads
獩 *qʷads
饖 *qʷads
奯 *qʰʷaːd
Uncommon instance of 歲／岁 (suì) in the oracle bone script showing the two 止 components.

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰʷads, *sqʰʷad) : semantic 步 + phonetic 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) to indicate the passing of time as "movement". Hence, the original version was close to 𢧁. In addition to 戉, various components such as 月 (“moon; month”) used to be present, sometimes as simple as two dots.

The current form derives from the Qin-style handwriting of the late Warring States (with a full-width 止 on the top and a bottom-left 撇 stroke extending outward as in 戊 or 戌 instead of bending inward as in 戉), which was also inherited by the clerical script.

Etymology

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A derivative of 越 (OC *ɢʷad, “to pass over”) (Mei, 1979, 1992). Ultimately probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwat (“to travel; to go through”); compare Tibetan སྐྱོད (skyod, “to go”) (Mei, 1979, 1992; Gong Hwang-cherng, 2002; STEDT).

The functions of the *s- prefix and the *-s suffix are not clear. Possible explanations include:

Alternatively, it may be derived from a word like 圓 (OC *ɢon, “round; circle”) (< Proto-Sino-Tibetan *wal (“round; circular”)), literally "to start the circle/cycle again" (Schuessler, 2007).

Outside of Sino-Tibetan, this word has been compared to Thai ขวบ (kùuap, “year”), which Bodman (1980) considers to be a loan from Chinese, as well as Proto-Austronesian *kawaS (“year; season; sky”) (Sagart, 2005).

Also see Schuessler (2007) and Smith (2012) for a discussion on the semantic development of this word, especially the connection between "Jupiter" and "year".

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • Meixian:
    • sê4 - vernacular;
    • sui4 - literary.
Note:
  • hṳe̿ - vernacular;
  • sṳ̿ - literary.
Note:
  • huói - vernacular;
  • suói - literary.
Note:
  • hue4 - vernacular;
  • sue4 - literary.
Note:
  • hè/hèr/hòe - vernacular;
  • sòe - literary.
Note:
  • huê3 - vernacular;
  • suê3 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 歲
Mandarin Beijing /suei⁵¹/
Harbin /suei⁵³/
Tianjin /suei⁵³/
Jinan /suei²¹/
Qingdao /sue⁴²/
Zhengzhou /suei³¹²/
Xi'an /suei²¹/
Xining /suɨ²¹³/
Yinchuan /suei¹³/
Lanzhou /suei¹³/
Ürümqi /suei²¹³/
Wuhan /sei³⁵/
Chengdu /suei¹³/
Guiyang /suei²¹³/
Kunming /sei²²/
/suei²¹²/
Nanjing /suəi⁴⁴/
Hefei /se⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /suei⁴⁵/
Pingyao /suei³⁵/
Hohhot /suei⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /sø³⁵/
Suzhou /se̞⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /sz̩ʷei⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /sz̩⁴²/
Hui Shexian /ɕye³²⁴/
/ɕy³²⁴/
Tunxi /se⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /sei⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /səi⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /sui⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /sui⁵³/
Taoyuan /se⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /søy³³/
Nanning /ɬui³³/
Hong Kong /søy³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /sue²¹/
/he²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /huɔi²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xuɛ³³/
/sy³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /sue²¹³/
/hue²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /sui³⁵/
/hue³⁵/
Rime
Character 歲
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 祭 (36)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 相銳切
Baxter sjwejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/siuᴇiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sʷiɛiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/siuæiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/swiajH/
Li
Rong 		/siuɛiH/
Wang
Li 		/sĭwɛiH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/si̯wɛiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		suì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		seoi3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 歲
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		suì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sjwejH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s-qʷʰat-s/
English year

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 歲 歲
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 12165 12175
Phonetic
component 		歲 歲
Rime
group 		祭 月
Rime
subdivision 		1 1
Corresponding
MC rime 		雪
Old
Chinese 		/*sqʰʷads/ /*sqʰʷad/
Notes 甲金文戉分化字，
說文戌聲非

Definitions

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歲

  1. (literary) Jupiter (planet)
  2. year
  3. Tai Sui, the god representing each of these years
  4. (literary) age
  5. (literary) time; period
  6. (literary) crop harvests of the year
  7. Classifier for time: year
  8. Classifier for age (of a person or animal): year old
    你現在幾歲？／你现在几岁？  ―  Nǐ xiànzài jǐ suì?  ―  How old are you now?
    我十八歲。／我十八岁。  ―  Wǒ shíbā suì.  ―  I am 18 years old.
    一個十歲的女孩／一个十岁的女孩  ―  yīge shí suì de nǚhái  ―  a ten-year-old girl

Usage notes

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Ages in 歲／岁 (suì) are traditionally reckoned using the Chinese lunar calendar, considered as 1 year old at the moment of birth and increasing not during birthdays, but at the Chinese New Year.

See also

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Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (歲):
  • → Japanese: 歳(さい) (sai)
  • → Korean: 세(歲) (se)
  • → Vietnamese: tuế (歲)

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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歲

(Hyōgai kanji)

  1. Alternative form of - 歳(さい) (sai, “year (age counter)”)
  2. Alternative form of - 才(さい) (sai, “year (age counter)”)

Readings

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  • On (unclassified): せい (sei)、さい (sai)
  • Kun: とし (toshi)、よわい (yowai)

Usage notes

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This character lacks JIS support and is not used in Japan. The character 歳 (U+6B73) is used instead.

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 歲 (MC sjwejH). Recorded as Middle Korean 셰 (syey) (Yale: syey) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

歲 (eumhun 해 세 (hae se))

  1. hanja form? of 세 (“age (counter); year (about age)”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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歲: Hán Nôm readings: tuế, tuổi

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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