毒

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毒 U+6BD2, 毒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6BD2
← 毑
[U+6BD1] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 毓 →
[U+6BD3]

Translingual

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Traditional 毒
Simplified 毒
Japanese 毒
Korean 毒

Han character

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毒 (Kangxi radical 80, 毋+4, 8 strokes in traditional Chinese and Japanese, 9 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 手一田卜戈 (QMWYI), four-corner 50507, composition ⿱龶母(GKV) or ⿱龶毋(HTJ))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 589, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16730
  • Dae Jaweon: page 981, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2382, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+6BD2

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 毒
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (毒) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
瑇 *dɯːɡs, *duːɡ
纛 *duːɡs, *duːɡ
碡 *doːɡ, *duːɡ, *duɡ
毒 *l'uːɡ
蝳 *duːɡ

Pictogram (象形) - a woman wearing a feathered ornament - original form of 纛 (OC *duːɡs, *duːɡ). If this is the correct interpretation, see also 每.

Alternatively, Li Xueqin (2012) proposes it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uːɡ) : semantic 屮 (“vegetation”) + phonetic 毐 (OC *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ), meaning "a type of poisonous plant."

Etymology

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“poison”
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *duk ~ tuk (“poison; to poison”). Cognate with Tibetan དུག (dug, “poison; toxin”), གདུག (gdug), གདུག་པ (gdug pa, “vicious; evil; poisonous”), Burmese တောက် (tauk, “to suffer from toxicity; to be ill; to be poisonous”).
“to poison” (Pronunciation 2)
A departing tone variant, meaning “to poison”, is preserved in southern varieties, including Cantonese, Hakka, Min, southern Gan, and southern Wu. It is derived from the sense “poison” with the *–s suffix in Old Chinese.
“nerdy”
Derived from 毒撚.

Pronunciation 1

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trad. 毒
simp. # 毒
alternative forms
𭖪
𡴛
𡹆
𥲮
𦸕
𭖪
𡴛
𡹆
𥲮
𦸕
𫦚
𧉉
𤯟
 
Note: duk1 - only used in the phonetic transcription 身毒 (“India”).
Note:
  • dù - literary;
  • tū - vernacular.
Note:
  • dŭk - literary;
  • dĕ̤k - vernacular.
Note:
  • dorh7 - literary;
  • dah7 - vernacular.
Note:
  • to̍k - literary (“poison; cruel; fierce”);
  • ta̍k - vernacular.
Rime
Character 毒
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 沃 (6)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 徒沃切
Baxter dowk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/duok̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/duok̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/dok̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/dawk̚/
Li
Rong 		/dok̚/
Wang
Li 		/duok̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/dʱuok̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		dú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		duk6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 毒
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		dú
Middle
Chinese 		‹ dowk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[d]ˁuk/
English poison (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 毒
Reading # 1/1
No. 2486
Phonetic
component 		毒
Rime
group 		覺
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		毒
Old
Chinese 		/*l'uːɡ/

Definitions

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毒

  1. poison; toxin; venom; bane
    有毒  ―  yǒudú  ―  poisonous
  2. † calamity; disaster; trouble
  3. † pain; suffering
  4. † crime; evil
  5. to poison; to administer poison to
    毒死蟑螂  ―  dúsǐ zhāngláng  ―  to kill cockroaches with poison
  6. † to harm; to injure
  7. † to hate; to resent
  8. † Alternative form of 督 (dū, “to manage; to govern”)
  9. poisonous; noxious
    毒蛇  ―  dúshé  ―  venomous snake
    毒氣／毒气  ―  dúqì  ―  poisonous gas
  10. † heavy; thick
  11. (figurative) pernicious influence; harmful influence
    餘毒／余毒  ―  yúdú  ―  residual poison
  12. severe; fierce; violent
    外面的太陽很毒。 [MSC, trad.]
    外面的太阳很毒。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wàimiàn de tàiyáng hěn dú. [Pinyin]
    The sun outside is very fierce.
  13. malicious; cruel; sinister
    他的心腸真毒！／他的心肠真毒！  ―  Tā de xīncháng zhēn dú!  ―  How cruel is he!
  14. (literary, or in compounds) narcotics; narcotic drugs
    吸毒  ―  xīdú  ―  to take drugs (of illicit or recreational nature)
    販毒／贩毒  ―  fàndú  ―  to traffic in narcotics
  15. (Hong Kong Cantonese) nerdy

Synonyms

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Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (毒):
  • → Japanese: 毒(どく) (doku)
  • → Korean: 독(毒) (dok)
  • → Vietnamese: độc (毒)

Others:

  • → Vietnamese: thuốc (“drug”)
  • → Zhuang: doeg (“poison; to poison; evil”)

Pronunciation 2

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trad. 毒
simp. # 毒
alternative forms 杜 Cantonese
餖／饾 Hakka
透 Eastern Min
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 毒
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		dú
Middle
Chinese 		‹ dowk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m-[d]ˁuk-s/
English to poison (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

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毒

  1. (Cantonese, Hakka, Min, colloquial) to poison; to administer poison to

Pronunciation 3

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trad. 毒
simp. # 毒
alternative forms 𭖪

Definitions

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毒

  1. Used in 毒冒, which is an alternative form of 玳瑁 (dàimào)

Pronunciation 4

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trad. 毒
simp. # 毒
alternative forms 踱
喥

Definitions

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毒

  1. (Northern Wu) Alternative form of 踱 (8doq, “dumb,dull”)

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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毒

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. poison

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds
Kanji in this term
毒
どく
Grade: 5
on'yomi

Pronunciation

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Noun

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毒(どく) • (doku) 

  1. poison, toxin

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource


Etymology 1

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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毒 (eumhun 독 독 (dok dok))

  1. hanja form? of 독 (“poison”)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Hanja

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毒 (eumhun 거북 대 (geobuk dae))

  1. Alternative form of 玳 (“hanja form? of 대 (“turtle”)”)
  2. Alternative form of 瑇 (“hanja form? of 대 (“turtle”)”)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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毒: Hán Nôm readings: độc, nọc

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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