सह

See also: साही, सिंह, सही, सेही, and सौंह

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit सह (sahá).

Postposition

सह • (sah)

1. with, along with, together with

Preposition

सह • (sah)

1. with, along with, together with
   • 2017 November 2, “भूतानचे राजे सहपरिवार पंतप्रधान मोदींच्या भेटीला! [bhūtānce rāje sahaprivār pantapradhān modīñcyā bheṭīlā!]”, in ABP Majha‎^[1], New Delhi, archived from the original on 22 November 2017:

     भूतानचे राजे सहपरिवार पंतप्रधान मोदींच्या भेटीला!

     bhūtānce rāje sahparivār pantapradhān modīñcyā bheṭīlā!

     Bhutan's King at Prime Minister Modi's meeting with [his] family!

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “सह”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “सह”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• saha (Latin script)
• 𑀲𑀳 (Brahmi script)
• সহ (Bengali script)
• සහ (Sinhalese script)
• သဟ or သႁ (Burmese script)
• สห or สะหะ (Thai script)
• ᩈᩉ (Tai Tham script)
• ສຫ or ສະຫະ (Lao script)
• សហ (Khmer script)
• 𑄥𑄦 (Chakma script)

Conjunction

सह (saha)

1. Devanagari script form of saha (“together with”)
   • c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎^[2] (overall work in Pali), page 12; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:

     चसहग्गहणेन धकारस्स हकारादेसो होति;

     Casahaggahaṇena dhakārassa hakārādeso hoti;

     By taking it together with 'ca', one gets a change of 'dh' to 'h';

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• সহ (Assamese script)
• ᬲᬳ (Balinese script)
• সহ (Bengali script)
• 𑰭𑰮 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀲𑀳 (Brahmi script)
• သဟ (Burmese script)
• સહ (Gujarati script)
• ਸਹ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌸𑌹 (Grantha script)
• ꦱꦲ (Javanese script)
• 𑂮𑂯 (Kaithi script)
• ಸಹ (Kannada script)
• សហ (Khmer script)
• ສຫ (Lao script)
• സഹ (Malayalam script)
• ᠰᠠᡥᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘭𑘮 (Modi script)
• ᠰᠠᠾᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧍𑧎 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐳𑐴 (Newa script)
• ସହ (Odia script)
• ꢱꢲ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆱𑆲 (Sharada script)
• 𑖭𑖮 (Siddham script)
• සහ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑪁𑪂 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚨𑚩 (Takri script)
• ஸஹ (Tamil script)
• సహ (Telugu script)
• สห (Thai script)
• ས་ཧ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒮𑒯 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨰𑨱 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /sɐ.ɦɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈs̪ɐ.ɦɐ/

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

सह • (sahá) stem, m

1. the month मार्गशीर्ष (mārgaśīrṣa)
2. a particular fire
3. a species of plant (not known which plant)
4. name of a son of manu
5. name of a son of प्राण (prā-ṇa) and ऊर्जस्वती (ūrjasvatī)
6. name of a son of धृतराष्ट्र (dhṛtarāṣṭra)
7. name of a son of Krishna and Madri
8. (with Buddhists) name of a division of the world
9. (Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) name of various plants (unclear which plants)
10. Unguis odoratus

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of सह
Nom. sg.	सहः (sahaḥ)
Gen. sg.	सहस्य (sahasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	सहः (sahaḥ)	सहौ (sahau)	सहाः (sahāḥ)
Vocative	सह (saha)	सहौ (sahau)	सहाः (sahāḥ)
Accusative	सहम् (saham)	सहौ (sahau)	सहान् (sahān)
Instrumental	सहेन (sahena)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहैः (sahaiḥ)
Dative	सहाय (sahāya)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahebhyaḥ)
Ablative	सहात् (sahāt)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahebhyaḥ)
Genitive	सहस्य (sahasya)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहानाम् (sahānām)
Locative	सहे (sahe)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहेषु (saheṣu)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to hold, posess, overcome, overpower”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔχω (ékhō, “have, possess, hold”), σχῆμᾰ (skhêma, “form, shape, figure”), σχολή (skholḗ, “leisure, free time; philosophy”) whence Latin schola (“leisure time for learning, schooltime, school”); Latin sēverus (“severe, strict, harsh”). See also सहस् (sahas).

Adjective

सह • (sahá)

1. powerful, mighty
2. overcoming, vanquishing
3. bearing, enduring, withstanding, defying, equal to, a match for (+ genitive or compound)
4. causing, effecting, stimulating, exerting
5. able to, capable of (infinitive or compound)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of सह
Nom. sg.	सहः (sahaḥ)
Gen. sg.	सहस्य (sahasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	सहः (sahaḥ)	सहौ (sahau)	सहाः (sahāḥ)
Vocative	सह (saha)	सहौ (sahau)	सहाः (sahāḥ)
Accusative	सहम् (saham)	सहौ (sahau)	सहान् (sahān)
Instrumental	सहेन (sahena)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहैः (sahaiḥ)
Dative	सहाय (sahāya)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahebhyaḥ)
Ablative	सहात् (sahāt)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahebhyaḥ)
Genitive	सहस्य (sahasya)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहानाम् (sahānām)
Locative	सहे (sahe)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहेषु (saheṣu)

Feminine ā-stem declension of सह
Nom. sg.	सहा (sahā)
Gen. sg.	सहायाः (sahāyāḥ)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	सहा (sahā)	सहे (sahe)	सहाः (sahāḥ)
Vocative	सहे (sahe)	सहे (sahe)	सहाः (sahāḥ)
Accusative	सहाम् (sahām)	सहे (sahe)	सहाः (sahāḥ)
Instrumental	सहया (sahayā)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहाभिः (sahābhiḥ)
Dative	सहायै (sahāyai)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहाभ्यः (sahābhyaḥ)
Ablative	सहायाः (sahāyāḥ)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहाभ्यः (sahābhyaḥ)
Genitive	सहायाः (sahāyāḥ)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहानाम् (sahānām)
Locative	सहायाम् (sahāyām)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहासु (sahāsu)

Neuter a-stem declension of सह
Nom. sg.	सहम् (saham)
Gen. sg.	सहस्य (sahasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	सहम् (saham)	सहे (sahe)	सहानि (sahāni)
Vocative	सह (saha)	सहे (sahe)	सहानि (sahāni)
Accusative	सहम् (saham)	सहे (sahe)	सहानि (sahāni)
Instrumental	सहेन (sahena)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहैः (sahaiḥ)
Dative	सहाय (sahāya)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahebhyaḥ)
Ablative	सहात् (sahāt)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahebhyaḥ)
Genitive	सहस्य (sahasya)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहानाम् (sahānām)
Locative	सहे (sahe)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहेषु (saheṣu)

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

सह • (sahá) stem, n

1. (Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) = बल (bala)
2. kind of salt

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of सह
Nom. sg.	सहम् (saham)
Gen. sg.	सहस्य (sahasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	सहम् (saham)	सहे (sahe)	सहानि (sahāni)
Vocative	सह (saha)	सहे (sahe)	सहानि (sahāni)
Accusative	सहम् (saham)	सहे (sahe)	सहानि (sahāni)
Instrumental	सहेन (sahena)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहैः (sahaiḥ)
Dative	सहाय (sahāya)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahebhyaḥ)
Ablative	सहात् (sahāt)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahebhyaḥ)
Genitive	सहस्य (sahasya)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहानाम् (sahānām)
Locative	सहे (sahe)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहेषु (saheṣu)

Etymology 4

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-gʰé ~ *sm̥-gʰó-, from *sm̥- (“whole, all, together (with)”) + *gʰé (“indeed, at any rate”, discourse/emphatic particle). The first element is equivalent to स- (sa-); the second element is equivalent to ह (ha) and also found in नहि (nahi) (< *ne-gʰí); see also हि (hi), घ (gha). Cognate with Latin singulus, Albanian gjithë.

Postposition

सह • (sahá)

1. together with, along with, with

   with √grah and ā-√dā — to take with one

   with √dā — to give to take away with one

   (with कृत्वा (kṛtvā) and accusative) taking with one; in the company of

2. often as a preposition governing instrumental case, but generally placed after the governed word

   तेन सह (tena saha) — along with him

   1. (exceptionally with ablative)

   ऐश्वर्यात् सह (aiśvaryāt saha) — with sovereignty

3. in common, in company, jointly, conjointly, in concert
4. often used as a prefix in compounds, expressing "community of action"

   सहाध्ययन (sahā-dhyayana) — studying together, companionship in study

5. forming adjectives expressing "the companion of an action"

   सहचर (saha-cara) — going with, accompanying, associating with

6. (prefixed to adverbs of time) at the same time or simultaneously with

   सहपूर्वाह्णम् (saha-pūrvā-hṇam) — simultaneously with the beginning of forenoon

7. (rarely at the end of a compound)

   वैनतेयसह (vainateya-saha) — with vainateya

Etymology 5

From the preposition, probably etymologically "one who is with (another person)".

Noun

सह • (sahá) stem, m

1. companion

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of सह
Nom. sg.	सहः (sahaḥ)
Gen. sg.	सहस्य (sahasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	सहः (sahaḥ)	सहौ (sahau)	सहाः (sahāḥ)
Vocative	सह (saha)	सहौ (sahau)	सहाः (sahāḥ)
Accusative	सहम् (saham)	सहौ (sahau)	सहान् (sahān)
Instrumental	सहेन (sahena)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहैः (sahaiḥ)
Dative	सहाय (sahāya)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahebhyaḥ)
Ablative	सहात् (sahāt)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahebhyaḥ)
Genitive	सहस्य (sahasya)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहानाम् (sahānām)
Locative	सहे (sahe)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहेषु (saheṣu)

Descendants

• Romani: -ça
• Pali: saha
  • → Khmer: សហ (saʼhaʼ)
• → Marathi: सह (sah)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “सह”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1193.