家

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See also: 傢, 冢, and 冡
家 U+5BB6, 家
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BB6
← 宵
[U+5BB5] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 宷 →
[U+5BB7]

Translingual

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Stroke order
10 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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家 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 十一尸人 (JMSO), four-corner 30232, composition ⿱宀豕)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 286, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7169
  • Dae Jaweon: page 566, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 930, character 15
  • Unihan data for U+5BB6

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 家
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (家) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
家 *kraː
傢 *kraː
幏 *kraː, *kraːs
稼 *kraːs
嫁 *kraːs

Oracle bone script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraː) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 𢑓 (, “male pig”).[1] An archaic variant closer to the original drawing is 𡩀. See 𢑓 (xiá) for more. Similar to 冡.

Later the phonetic component have been corrupted to 豕, so Shuowen Jiezi erroneously analyzed it as Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraː) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + abbreviated phonetic 豭 (OC *kraː, “pig”).

All etymologies based on the modern version of the phonetic component (豕) are folk etymologies since they miss the original component (𢑓).

  1. ^ 姚萱，2016, 殷墟甲骨文“■”、“■”兩字考辨 in《中国文字研究》，上海：上海书店出版社，2016年8月第二十三辑。

Etymology 1

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 家
2nd round simp. 𡦼
alternative forms
傢／家
宊
𠖔
𡧚
𡩅
傢／家
宊
𠖔
𡧚
𡩅
𡩙
𡩚
𡩵
𡩀
 
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 家 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 家 (Cantonese)
一棟住著一家人的房子

Cognate with Tibetan མཁར (mkhar, “castle; house”) (Schuessler, 2007).

嫁 (OC *kraːs, “to give a girl in marriage”) is the exoactive of 家 (OC *kraː, “house; household; family”).

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note:
  • ke/kiee - vernacular;
  • ka/kia - literary.
Note:
  • gê1 - vernacular;
  • gia1 - literary (used only in operas).
Note:
  • 1cia - literary (Shanghainese, Suzhounese), standard reading (Hangzhounese);
  • 1ka - colloquial (Shanghainese, Suzhounese), younger speakers (Hangzhounese).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 家
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕiɑ²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕia²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕia²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕia²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕia²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕia³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/ 國～
/ka⁵⁵/ 人～
Chengdu /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕia̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕiɑ³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕia²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕia¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiɑ¹³/
/t͡ɕiɑ⁵³/ 娘～
Hohhot /t͡ɕia³¹/
/t͡ɕiaʔ⁰/ 人～
Wu Shanghai /ka⁵³/
/t͡ɕia⁵³/
Suzhou /kɑ⁵⁵/
/t͡ɕiɑ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕiɑ³³/
Wenzhou /ko³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕia³¹/
/ka³¹/
Tunxi /kɔ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕia³³/
/ka³³/
Xiangtan /kɒ³³/
Gan Nanchang /kɑ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /ka⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kɑ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ka⁵³/
Nanning /ka⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /ka⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ka⁵⁵/
/ke⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ka⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ka⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /ke³³/
/ka³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ka²³/
/kia²³/
/kɛ²³/
Rime
Character 家
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古牙切
Baxter kae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠa/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚa/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ka/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨ/
Li
Rong 		/ka/
Wang
Li 		/ka/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ka/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiā
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gaa1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 家
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiā
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kæ ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁra/
English household

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 家
Reading # 1/1
No. 5919
Phonetic
component 		家
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		嘉
Old
Chinese 		/*kraː/
Definitions
[edit]

家

  1. home
    回家  ―  huíjiā  ―  to return home
    我的家就在這裡。 [MSC, trad.]
    我的家就在这里。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ de jiā jiù zài zhèlǐ. [Pinyin]
    My home is here.
  2. family; household (Classifier: 頭／头 c)
    家庭  ―  jiātíng  ―  family
    家事  ―  jiāshì  ―  family matters
    李家  ―  Lǐ jiā  ―  The Li family
    我家有四口人。  ―  Wǒ jiā yǒu sì kǒu rén.  ―  We are a family of four.
  3. (polite, for family member) my
    家父  ―  jiāfù  ―  my father
  4. domesticated; domestic
    家兔  ―  jiātù  ―  domestic rabbit
    家貓／家猫  ―  jiāmāo  ―  domestic cat
  5. Classifier for families, businesses and companies.
    一家餐廳／一家餐厅  ―  yī jiā cāntīng  ―  a restaurant
    兩家商店／两家商店  ―  liǎng jiā shāngdiàn  ―  two shops
    四家人家  ―  sì jiā rénjiā  ―  four families
  6. school of thought; philosophical school
    儒家  ―  Rújiā  ―  Confucian school
    道家  ―  Dàojiā  ―  Daoist School
    一家之言  ―  yījiāzhīyán  ―  one's own thought, opinion, interpretation, etc.
  7. (historical, obsolete) fief of ministers or senior officials
  8. Suffix denoting a person with a certain occupation or social standing. -er
    船家  ―  chuánjiā  ―  boatperson
    行家  ―  hángjiā  ―  expert; connoisseur
  9. Suffix denoting specialist in a certain activity or field. -ist; -er
    藝術家／艺术家  ―  yìshùjiā  ―  artist
    科學家／科学家  ―  kēxuéjiā  ―  scientist
    野心家  ―  yěxīnjiā  ―  person of ambition; careerist
  10. (in a game) party; side
    對家／对家  ―  duìjiā  ―  opposite player
    莊家／庄家  ―  zhuāngjiā  ―  banker; house
  11. Suffix used after a noun to specify a type of person.
    親家／亲家  ―  qìngjia  ―  one's child's parents-in-law
    仇家  ―  chóujiā  ―  personal enemy
    老人家身體可還好啊？ [MSC, trad.]
    老人家身体可还好啊？ [MSC, simp.]
    Lǎorénjiā shēntǐ kě hái hǎo a? [Pinyin]
    Is the parent of yours well?
  12. a surname
Synonyms
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  • (family):
edit
Dialectal synonyms of 家 (“home”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 家
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 家
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 家
Taiwan 家
Malaysia 家
Singapore 家
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 家
Jinan 家
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 家, 屋
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 家
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 屋頭, 家
Wuhan 屋裡, 家
Guilin 家
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 家, 家頭
Hefei 家
Cantonese Guangzhou 屋企
Hong Kong 屋企
Macau 屋企
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 屋企
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 屋企
Taishan 屋企, 企
Kaiping (Chikan) 屋企, 企
Dongguan 屋企
Yunfu 屋己
Yangjiang 屋己, 屋
Maoming (Xinpo) 屋己
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 屋企
Singapore (Guangfu) 屋企
Gan Nanchang 屋裡
Hakka Meixian 屋下
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 屋
Huiyang 屋下
Dongguan (Qingxi) 屋下
Boluo (Bendihua) 屋
Heyuan (Bendihua) 屋下
Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) 屋下
Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) 屋下
Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) 屋下
Wengyuan 屋下
Liannan 屋下
Jiexi 屋家
Luhe 屋下
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 屋下
Changting 屋下
Wuping (Yanqian) 屋下
Liancheng 屋下
Ninghua 屋下
Ningdu 屋下
Tonggu (Sandu) 屋下
Ganzhou (Panlong) 屋下
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 屋下
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 屋下
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 屋下
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 屋下
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 屋下
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 屋下
Hong Kong 屋下
Yangxi (Tangkou) 屋下
Yangchun (Sanjia) 屋下
Xinyi (Sihe) 屋下
Xinyi (Qianpai) 屋下
Gaozhou (Xindong) 屋下
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 屋下
Huazhou (Xin'an) 屋下
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 屋下
Lianjiang (Qingping) 屋下
Mengshan (Xihe) 屋下
Luchuan 屋下
Senai (Huiyang) 屋下
Singapore (Dabu) 屋下
Jin Taiyuan 家
Northern Min Jian'ou 厝
Eastern Min Fuzhou 厝
Singapore (Fuqing) 厝
Southern Min Xiamen 厝, 兜
Quanzhou 厝, 兜
Jinjiang 厝
Zhangzhou 厝, 兜
Zhao'an 厝
Taipei 兜
New Taipei (Sanxia) 兜
Kaohsiung 兜
Yilan 厝, 兜
Changhua (Lukang) 兜, 塊
Taichung 兜
Tainan 厝, 兜
Hsinchu 兜
Kinmen 塊, 兜
Penghu (Magong) 塊, 兜
Penang (Hokkien) 厝
Singapore (Hokkien) 厝, 兜
Manila (Hokkien) 厝, 厝內, 兜
Chaozhou 內
Shantou 內
Shantou (Chaoyang) 內
Jieyang 內
Haifeng 厝
Bangkok (Teochew) 厝, 內
Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) 內
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 厝
Singapore (Teochew) 內
Wenchang 厝
Qionghai 厝
Singapore (Hainanese) 厝
Puxian Min Putian 厝
Xianyou 厝
Shehua Fu'an 寮
Fuding 寮
Luoyuan 寮
Sanming 寮
Shunchang 寮
Hua'an 寮
Guixi (Zhangping) 寮
Cangnan 寮
Jingning (Hexi) 寮
Lishui 寮
Longyou 寮
Chaozhou 寮
Fengshun 寮
Wu Shanghai 屋裡
Suzhou 屋裡
Ningbo 屋落, 屋裡
Wenzhou 屋裡
Xiang Changsha 屋裡
Shuangfeng 屋裡
  • (suffix used after a noun to specify a type of person): 家家 (jiājiā), (Cantonese) 人家 (jan4 gaa1)
Compounds
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Pronunciation 2

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Definitions
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家

  1. (Southern Min) Only used in 家己 (ka-kī).

Pronunciation 3

[edit]
Definitions
[edit]

家

  1. (Southern Min) Only used in 私家.

Etymology 2

[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of 家 – see 傢 (“stubborn, obstinate, intransigent”).
(This character is the simplified form of 傢).
Notes:

Etymology 3

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 家
alternative forms 價／价

Pronunciation

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

家

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Etymology 4

[edit]

Cognate with 姑 (gū).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

家

  1. Only used in 大家 (dàgū).

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

[edit]
家

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

[edit]
  • Go-on: け (ke, Jōyō)、く (ku)
  • Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)、こ (ko)
  • Kun: いえ (ie, 家, Jōyō)←いへ (ife, 家, historical)、や (ya, 家, Jōyō)、うち (uchi, 家)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
家
いえ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

⟨ipe1⟩ → /ipʲe/ → /iɸe/ → /iwe/ → /ie/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *ipia. Possibly cognate with Old Korean 邑勒 (iprʌk, “house”).[1]

Possibly related to 廬 (iho → io, “temporary hut”).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

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家(いえ) • (ie) ←いへ (ife)?

  1. a house
  2. one's own home
  3. a home, household
    • Kore Yamazaki, “第1篇　April showers bring May flowers.”, in [魔法使いの嫁](The Ancient Magus Bride), volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Mag Garden, page 17:
      ここが僕(ぼく)の家(いえ)　そして今日(きょう)から君(きみ)が暮(く)らす家(いえ)でもある
      Koko ga boku no ie Soshite kyō kara kimi ga kurasu ie de mo aru
      This is my home. From now on, you will live here, too.
  4. a family

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
家
うち
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Cognate with 内 (uchi, “middle”),[2] from Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *utui.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

家(うち) • (uchi) 

  1. a house
  2. one's house
Usage notes
[edit]
  • Often written in hiragana as うち to avoid confusion with 家(いえ) (ie) above.
Descendants
[edit]
  • → English: hooch

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
家
Grade: 2
irregular

Contraction of uchi above.

Often following the genitive case marker の (no) which contracts to -n.

Noun

[edit]

家(ち) • (chi) 

  1. a house
    俺(おれ)ん家(ち)に来(こ)ない？ ― Orenchi ni konai? ― Wanna come to my place?

Etymology 4

[edit]
Kanji in this term
家
や
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 家 – see the following entry.
【屋や】3
[noun] house
[suffix] shop, establishment
[suffix] someone who sells or does that thing; -ist
[suffix] someone with that characteristic
(This term, 家, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5

[edit]
Kanji in this term
家
か
Grade: 2
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 家 (MC kae).

The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”), so likely a latter borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Suffix

[edit]

家(か) • (-ka) 

  1. an expert, professional, performer
Derived terms
[edit]

Etymology 6

[edit]
Kanji in this term
家
け
Grade: 2
goon

From Middle Chinese 家 (MC kae).

The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”), so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Suffix

[edit]

家(け) • (-ke) 

  1. representing relationship to a family
    平(たいら)家(け) ― Taira-ke ― the Taira family

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2017) “Origins of the Japanese Language”, in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics‎[1], →DOI
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]

家 (eumhun 집 가 (jip ga))

  1. hanja form? of 가 (“home; family; household”)
Compounds
[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 2

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Hanja

[edit]

家 (eumhun 여자 고 (yeoja go))

  1. (obsolete) Alternative form of 姑 (“hanja form? of 고 (“woman”)”)

Okinawan

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Kanji

[edit]
家

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

家(やー) (yā) 

  1. house

Derived terms

[edit]

Vietnamese

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Han character

[edit]

家: Hán Việt readings: gia[1]
家: Nôm readings: nhà[2]

  1. chữ Hán form of gia (“home, family”).
  2. chữ Hán form of gia (“expert, professional, -ist, -er”).
  3. Nôm form of nhà (“house, home, domestic”).
  4. Nôm form of nhà (“dynasty”).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Trần (1999).
  2. ^ Trần (2004).

Yonaguni

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Kanji

[edit]
家

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Noun

[edit]

家(だー) (dā) 

  1. house
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