-YAA
Navajo
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *haɢ (“to do, to make”) in the perfective, from Proto-Athabaskan *ni (“to do, to make”) in the imperfective, future and optative, and from Proto-Athabaskan *enˀ (“to do, to make”) in the iterative (see -ʼĮĮD).
The stem initial undergoes a number of special alternations in presence of ł-classsifier and d-effect (see Stem Set section below).
Root
[edit]-YAA
| Theme | Category | Bases | Impersonal (+ha) | Transitive (O + ł) | Reversionary (ná + O + ł) | Reflexive (+l) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∅ |
S does (thus) |
it happens
|
S makes O
|
S repairs, restores O
|
S
|
2. various meanings depending on thematic prefix
| Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive (O + ł) | Revers (ná + O + ł) | Passive / Reflexive (+l) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hashtʼe + d |
S gets ready |
S prepares itself |
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| ashja + ∅ |
S gives a chance |
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| Pi + ʼa + ∅ |
S duplicates P, |
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| Pi + ∅ |
S becomes like each other |
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| hadi + ∅ |
S dresses O up |
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| kó + O + l |
S attracts O towards self |
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| kʼéédi + d |
S gets even with |
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| shó + ∅ |
there is a catastrophe
|
S does awful things to O
|
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| tí + ∅ |
S injures O |
S is injured, injures itself |
Stem set
[edit]| Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MOM | -nééh | -dzaa | -nííł | -ʼįįh | -nééh |
| MOM +ł | -lééh | -laa | -lííł | -ʼįįh | -lééh |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
- In the perfective, ∅-classifier themes always take a d-classifier:
- d + -yaa = -dzaa
- ł-classifier and stem-initial merge as follows:
- ł + -nééh = -∅-lééh
- ł + -yaa = -∅-laa
- Under d-effect for 1st person duoplural and passives, classifier merges first:
- (d + ł) + -nééh = -l-nééh
- (d + ł) + -yaa = -l-yaa
- Under d-effect for ná-reversionary, stem initial merges first:
- d + (ł + -nééh) = -d-lééh
- d + (ł + -yaa) = -d-laa