-el
English
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle English -el, from Old English -el, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.
Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el
- Suffix forming nouns, originally denoting an instrument, from verbs, usually spelt -le except after n and e.
- Diminutive suffix in words of Germanic origin.
Etymology 2
[edit]From Middle English -el, a merger of two suffixes:
- Old English -el (diminutive suffix)
- Old French -el (diminutive suffix), from Latin -ellus
Suffix
[edit]-el
Derived terms
[edit]Anagrams
[edit]Abenaki
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el
- Used on verbs, together with the prefix k-, to indicate that the first person singular (I) is the actor and the second person singular (you) is the object of the verb.
- n'kezalmô
- I love
- k'kezalmel
- I love you (singular)
- n'kezalmô
Usage notes
[edit]The suffix is spelled -ol by some writers.
See also
[edit]Breton
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Cf. French -el (e.g. sexuel, individuel, industriel)
Suffix
[edit]-el
Derived terms
[edit]Czech
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el f (noun-forming suffix)
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- -el in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
Danish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el
Derived terms
[edit]Dutch
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Dutch *-el, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. probably more than one etymology involved
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el (unproductive)
- forms diminutive nouns
- forms noun denoting an instrument
Derived terms
[edit]Esperanto
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file)
Suffix
[edit]-el
- in [...] way
- -el is the ending for correlatives of manner or degree
Derived terms
[edit]- kiel (“in what way, in what manner, how”)
- tiel (“in that way, in that manner, thus”)
- ĉiel (“in every way, in every manner”)
- iel (“in some way, in some manner, somehow”)
- neniel (“in no way, nohow”)
- (nonce) aliel (“in another way, somehow else”)
Franco-Provençal
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]-el f
- postpositive form of el
French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old French -el, from Latin -ālis. Doublet of -al.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el (feminine -elle, masculine plural -els, feminine plural -elles)
- forms adjectives from nouns: -al
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- → Danish: -el
- → Dutch: -eel
- → German: -ell
- → Norwegian Bokmål: -ell
- → Norwegian Nynorsk: -ell
- → Swedish: -ell
- → Turkish: -sel
- → Yiddish: ־על (-el)
See also
[edit]German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle High German -el, from Old High German -il, direct descendant of Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz, or from dialectal variants of -lein, which as well ultimately go back to *-ilaz or to *-ilingaz.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el n
- suffix in diminutives (regional)
- suffix in nouns indicating appurtenance
- suffix in agent and instrumental nouns
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “-el” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
Hungarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el
- (personal suffix) Forms the second-person singular present tense of verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation).
- (verb-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form a verb.
- (noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun. No longer productive in this role.
Usage notes
[edit]Person | Back vowel |
Front vowel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||
én | 1st person singular | -ok | -ek | -ök |
-ik verbs (optional) | -om | -em | -öm | |
te | 2nd person singular | -sz | ||
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -asz | -esz | ||
after s, sz, z, dz | -ol | -el | -öl | |
ő maga ön |
3rd person singular | – | ||
-ik verbs | -ik | |||
mi | 1st person plural | -unk | -ünk | |
ti | 2nd person plural | -tok | -tek | -tök |
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -otok | -etek | -ötök | |
ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural | -nak | -nek | |
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -anak | -enek | ||
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |
- (personal suffix) Variants:
- -sz added to verbs not in the categories listed below
- -asz added to back-vowel verbs ending in two consonants or -ít
- -esz added to front-vowel verbs ending in two consonants or -ít
- -ol added to back-vowel verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz
- -el added to unrounded front-vowel verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz
- -öl added to rounded front-vowel verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz
- (verb-forming suffix) Variants:
- -l is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final long vowels may shorten, e.g. ű → ü.
- -ol is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -al is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -el is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -öl is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ál is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
Note: Certain words take another, synonymous suffix, -z/-oz/-az/-ez/-öz/-áz or -zik/-ozik/-azik/-ezik/-özik.
- (noun-forming suffix) Variants:
- -al is added to back-vowel words
- -el is added to front-vowel words
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Low German
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle Low German -el, from Old Saxon -il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.
Suffix
[edit]-el m
Etymology 2
[edit]From Middle Low German -ling. Result of resegmentation of nouns with -el and -ing suffixes. See the English suffix -ling. Akin to English, Dutch and German -ling.
Suffix
[edit]-el m
- A suffix that describes a male person (or other creature) in terms of a place of origin or a quality, as defined by the root to which it is added. Now often replaced by a compound with Jung for a male person, and Deern for a female person such as Lehrjung, Lehrdeern (male/female pupil).
Derived terms
[edit]Middle English
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-ul, from Proto-Germanic *-ulaz.
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el
- Forms adjectives meaning "tending to" or "able to" from verbs.
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “-el, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 2
[edit]From Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el
- Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns.
- Forms agent nouns from verbs or other nouns.
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “-el, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 3
[edit]From Old French -el, -ele, from Latin -ālis and -ellus, -ella.
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el
- Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns.
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el
- Alternative form of -al
Etymology 5
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el
- Alternative form of -elen
Norman
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old French -el, from Latin -ālis.
Suffix
[edit]-el
- makes an adjectival form of a noun; -al
Derived terms
[edit]Old English
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *-a-l-.
Suffix
[edit]-el
- Alternative form of -ol
Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.
Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el
- (causes i-mutation) agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs
Declension
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Old French
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Latin -ālis, from Proto-Italic *-ālis.
Suffix
[edit]-el
- used to form an adjective
Descendants
[edit]- French: -el
Etymology 2
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el
- used to form a diminutive
Descendants
[edit]- Angevin: -iau
- Bourbonnais-Berrichon: -iau
- Bourguignon: -eâ
- Champenois: -é, -iau
- Franc-Comtois: -é, -ia
- French: -eau
- Gallo: -ë, -iao
- Lorrain: -é
- Norman: -é, iaô
- Picard: -iau, -ieu
- Poitevin-Saintongeais: -ea
- Walloon: -ea
- → Middle English: -el, -ele, -ell, -elle, -eylle, -le, -yll, -ylle
Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el m
- forms masculine agent nouns
- śmierdzieć + -el → śmierdziel
Declension
[edit]Masculine personal:
Masculine animate:
Masculine inanimate:
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- -el in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Romani
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el
- Forms the third-person singular present indicative of consonantal oikoclitic verbs
Romanian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el m (plural -ei, feminine -ea, feminine plural -ele)
- used to form a masculine diminutive of a word (e.g. băiat (“boy”) + -el → băiețel (“little boy”)
Declension
[edit]singular | plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | ||
nominative-accusative | -el | -elul | -ei | -eii | |
genitive-dative | -el | -elului | -ei | -eilor | |
vocative | -elule | -eilor |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Turkish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]preceding vowel | |
---|---|
A / I / O / U | E / İ / Ö / Ü |
-al | -el |
A variation of -il (“derives deverbals and denominals”), from Proto-Turkic *-il or Proto-Turkic *-gil. Both variants are likely merged with homophonic -il (“derives adjectives for onomatopoeia and colors”).
See şırıltı (“onomatopoeia for flowing water”), kızıl (“red”) and yeşil (“green”).
For words from using the same suffix, see güzel (“beautiful”), tombul (“chubby”), tükel (“complete, perfect”), kutsal (“holy, sacred”), çatal (“fork”) and çakıl (“gravel”).
Perhaps influenced by French -al, whence -sel as in göksel or işitsel but not kutsal.[1]
Suffix
[edit]-el
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]preceding vowel | |
---|---|
A / I / O / U | E / İ / Ö / Ü |
-al | -el |
From Ottoman Turkish ـال (-al, -el) or ـل (-l), a combination of Proto-Turkic *-(g)a (verb-forming suffix) and *-il (passive suffix).[2][3]
Suffix
[edit]-el
- Derives intransitive verbs from adjectives.
- ince (“thin”) + -l → (int.) incelmek (“to thin”)
- dar (“narrow”) + -al → (int.) daralmak (“to narrow”)
- çok (“many, much”) + -al → (int.) çoğalmak (“to multiply”)
- düz (“straight”) + -el → (int.) düzelmek (“to straighten”)
- kısa (“short”) + -al → (int.) kısalmak (“to shorten”)
- yön (“direction”) + -el → (int.) yönelmek (“to face, to turn towards”)
- diri (“alive, not dead”) + -l → (int.) dirilmek (“to come alive, to come back to life”)
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Lewis, Geoffrey (1999) The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, page 102
- ^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+Al-" - in Nişanyan Sözlük
- ^ Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “-al”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 184
Volapük
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-el
- Used to indicate a maker of a certain thing.
Derived terms
[edit]- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *-lós
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms inherited from Old English
- English terms derived from Old English
- English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- English lemmas
- English suffixes
- English unproductive suffixes
- English noun-forming suffixes
- English diminutive suffixes
- English terms derived from Old French
- English terms derived from Latin
- Abenaki lemmas
- Abenaki suffixes
- Breton lemmas
- Breton suffixes
- Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Czech lemmas
- Czech suffixes
- Czech noun-forming suffixes
- Czech feminine suffixes
- Danish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Danish lemmas
- Danish suffixes
- Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch
- Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch suffixes
- Esperanto terms with audio pronunciation
- Esperanto lemmas
- Esperanto suffixes
- Franco-Provençal non-lemma forms
- Franco-Provençal pronoun forms
- French terms derived from Latin
- French terms derived from Old French
- French terms inherited from Latin
- French terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- French terms derived from Proto-Italic
- French terms inherited from Old French
- French doublets
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio pronunciation
- French lemmas
- French suffixes
- French adjective-forming suffixes
- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German terms inherited from Old High German
- German terms derived from Old High German
- German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- German 1-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio pronunciation
- German lemmas
- German suffixes
- German noun-forming suffixes
- German neuter suffixes
- German diminutive suffixes
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/ɛl
- Rhymes:Hungarian/ɛl/1 syllable
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian suffixes
- Hungarian noun-forming suffixes
- Hungarian verb-forming suffixes
- Low German terms inherited from Middle Low German
- Low German terms derived from Middle Low German
- Low German terms inherited from Old Saxon
- Low German terms derived from Old Saxon
- Low German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Low German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Low German lemmas
- Low German suffixes
- Low German masculine suffixes
- Middle English terms inherited from Old English
- Middle English terms derived from Old English
- Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Middle English lemmas
- Middle English suffixes
- Middle English terms borrowed from Old French
- Middle English terms derived from Old French
- Middle English terms derived from Latin
- Middle English diminutive suffixes
- Norman terms inherited from Old French
- Norman terms derived from Old French
- Norman terms inherited from Latin
- Norman terms derived from Latin
- Norman lemmas
- Norman suffixes
- Old English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old English lemmas
- Old English suffixes
- Old French terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old French terms inherited from Latin
- Old French terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Old French terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Old French terms derived from Latin
- Old French lemmas
- Old French suffixes
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛl
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛl/1 syllable
- Polish lemmas
- Polish suffixes
- Polish masculine suffixes
- Romani lemmas
- Romani suffixes
- Romani inflectional suffixes
- Romanian terms inherited from Latin
- Romanian terms derived from Latin
- Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Romanian lemmas
- Romanian suffixes
- Romanian diminutive suffixes
- Romanian masculine suffixes
- Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Turkish terms inherited from Proto-Turkic
- Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Turkish lemmas
- Turkish suffixes
- Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish
- Volapük lemmas
- Volapük suffixes