Appendix:Proto-Naish reconstructions
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The following list of 220 reconstructed Proto-Naish forms is from Appendix 2 (p.10-25) of Jacques & Michaud (2011).
List
[edit]| Gloss | Proto-Naish |
|---|---|
| to win | *ŋga/*aC₁ |
| strength | *Nka/*aC₁ |
| bitter | *kʰa/*aC₁ |
| to step across | *ŋga/*aC₁; *Nka/*aC₁ |
| difficult | *Cka/*aC₁ |
| knee | *ŋwa |
| bowl | *kʰwa |
| hoof | *kʰwa |
| a pair | *dza |
| to lock | *tsa |
| wheat | *dza |
| Naemorhedus goral | *sa |
| steel (for flint) | *tsa |
| salt | *tsʰa |
| nephew | *Cdza |
| to walk | *sa |
| to borrow | *ŋi/*a |
| fish | *ŋi/*a |
| span | *twa |
| tooth | *Swa |
| rain | *Swa |
| lake | *Swa |
| cow | *wa |
| to fall (rain) | *gra |
| meat | *ɕa |
| earth | *tra |
| axe | *(S)mba |
| to stumble | *(S)pa |
| Bai (ethnic group) | *Sla |
| linen | *(S)pʰa |
| knife | *tʰa |
| noble | *pʰa |
| soul | *l̥a |
| thin | *mba |
| snow | *Smba |
| village | *mba |
| to do | *Cba |
| tea | *la |
| moon | *Sla |
| ear | *l̥a |
| trousers | *Sla |
| female | *ma |
| ask for | *ma |
| butterfly | *la |
| rabbit | *la |
| this year | *Cba |
| who | *na |
| goat | *tsʰi |
| oat | *zi |
| south | *tɕʰi |
| grass | *zi |
| skin | *ri |
| yellow | *ɕi |
| to know | *si |
| to die | *rsi |
| to thread (beads) | *si |
| new | *ɕi |
| to tie | *tsi |
| morning | *si |
| girl | *mi |
| fire | *mi |
| to hear | *mi |
| to forget | *mi |
| lower side | *mi |
| name | *mi |
| star | *kri |
| gallbladder | *kri |
| medicine | *Swri |
| tight | *kri |
| liver | *siN |
| wood | *siN |
| to shave | *siN |
| hot | *tsʰiN |
| to plane down | *tʰi |
| water | *gi |
| to flow | *ji |
| tongue | *hi |
| two | *ŋi/*a |
| sweet | *kʰi |
| to sell | *tɕʰi |
| thorn | *tɕʰi |
| muntjac | *kʰi |
| saliva | *tɕi |
| saddle | *tɕi |
| small | *tɕi |
| to sleep | *ji |
| to walk | *ŋgi |
| to lose | *ni |
| cloud | *tɕi |
| urine | *mbi |
| pus | *priN |
| short | *rdiN |
| grain | *rliN |
| neck | *C-NkriN |
| resin | *C-ŋgriN |
| rope | *briN |
| guest | *briN |
| long | *ɕiN |
| hunt | *ɕiN |
| articulation | *rtsi |
| wash | *rtsʰi |
| medicine | *rtsʰi |
| waist | *rtsi |
| bright | *mbo |
| dike | *mbo |
| home | *o |
| younger sister | *go |
| winnowing fan | *mo |
| lunch | *Cro |
| cold (weather) | *ndro |
| this morning | *ɕo |
| to run away | *pʰo |
| head | *SNko |
| corpse | *mo |
| to spread | *kʰo |
| tomorrow | *so |
| pine | *tʰo |
| be ill | *ŋgo |
| mushroom | *mo |
| ring | *pru |
| comb | *pru |
| yak | *bru |
| white | *pʰru |
| to hoe up | *pru |
| vertical | *tsu |
| to sit | *ndzu |
| winter | *tsʰu |
| to hide | *tsu |
| bald | *bu |
| bug | *bu |
| to lay eggs | *bu |
| pan | *Cbu |
| maternal uncle | *Cgu |
| to sew | *C-ru |
| creased, wrinkled | *C-ru |
| to pass (time) | *gu |
| body | *gu |
| plow | *gu |
| to fix | *gu |
| nice | *gu |
| bent | *gu |
| owl | *hu |
| year | *kʰu |
| to steal | *kʰu |
| classifier (men) | *ku |
| Bai ethnic group | *bu |
| to bark | *lu |
| enough | *lu |
| to wind (thread) | *lu |
| larva | *lu |
| to graze | *lu |
| beard | *mu |
| to dig | *ndu |
| poison | *ndu |
| wing | *ndu |
| sickle | *Nku |
| to steam | *Npu |
| saddlecloth | *nu |
| thunder | *ŋgu |
| sinew | *ŋgu |
| nine | *ŋgu |
| to cry | *ŋu |
| silver | *ŋu |
| price | *pʰu |
| male | *pʰu |
| uncle’s uncle | *pʰu |
| bladder | *pu |
| amber | *pu |
| rock | *rtu |
| intestine | *Sbu |
| garlic | *Sku |
| kidneys | *Smbu |
| dry | *Spu |
| to go out | *tʰu |
| to contaminate | *tru |
| to plant | *Stu |
| straight | *Stu |
| thousand | *Stu |
| hole | *tu |
| sleeve | *qʰU |
| swallow | *NqU |
| cave | *qʰU |
| throat | *qU |
| horn | *qʰU |
| fly | *bu r |
| to hold | *rtsʰU |
| lungs | *rtsʰU |
| to cough | *rtsU |
| chest | *Nka/*aC₁ |
| to fell (a tree) | *ndaC₁ |
| drum | *ndaC₁ |
| all | *taC₁ |
| slanted | *laC₁ taC₁ |
| how much | *kʰa/*aC₁ |
| in front of | *daC₁ |
| to cover | *ka/*aC₁ |
| to weave | *daC₁ |
| black | *naC₁ |
| sharp | *tʰaC₁ |
| to hit | *laC₁ |
| wolf | *pʰaC₁ |
| vat, wooden basin | *laC₂ |
| to be ashamed | *saC₂ |
| to lean against | *tʰaC₂ |
| slope | *taC₂ |
| to hug | *taC₂ |
| gruel | *haC₂ |
| to see | *daC₂ |
| valley | *laC₂ |
| to climb | *ndaC₂ |
| to jump | *tsʰaC₂ |
| needle | *NkaC₂ |
| to study | *saC₂ |
| to work | *laC₂ |
| pig | *SbaC |
| hand | *laC₁/*laC₂ |
| breath | *saC₁/*saC₂ |
| thick | *laC₁/*laC₂ |
| deep | *l̥aC₁/*l̥aC₂/*SnaC₁ |
| to kill | *kʰaC₁/*aC₂ |
References
[edit]- Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages." Diachronica 28:468–498.