Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/delgeti
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]LIV (following Vendryes)[1] and KPV[2] assign this to Proto-Indo-European *delǵʰ- (“to become firm”). Matasović says that *dl̥h₁gʰós should not be connected here and assigns no etymology, but also compares Albanian ndal (“to stop”).[3]
Verb
[edit]*delgeti
- to hold
Inflection
[edit]This verb had two present stems attested in Celtic: *delgeti and the *-sḱéti present *dalsketi. Here is the conjugation with *delg-e/o- as the present stem:
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *delgū | *delgemam | *didlixsū | *dalga |
| 2nd singular | *delgesi | *delgetās | *didlixsesi | *dalgas? |
| 3rd singular | *delgeti | *delgeto | *didlixseti | *dalge |
| 1st plural | *delgomosi | *delgemo | *didlixsomosi | *dalgmo |
| 2nd plural | *delgetesi | *delgestē | *didlixsetesi | *dalxte |
| 3rd plural | *delgonti | *delgento | *didlixsonti | *dalgars |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *delxsū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *delxsesi | ? | *delge | |
| 3rd singular | *delxseti | ? | *delgetou | |
| 1st plural | *delxsomosi | ? | *delgomos | |
| 2nd plural | *delxsetesi | ? | *delgete | |
| 3rd plural | *delxsonti | ? | *delgontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *delgūr | — | *didlixsūr | — |
| 2nd singular | *delgetar | — | *didlixsetar | — |
| 3rd singular | *delgetor | ? | *didlixsetor | — |
| 1st plural | *delgommor | — | *didlixsommor | — |
| 2nd plural | *delgedwe | — | *didlixsedwe | — |
| 3rd plural | *delgontor | ? | *didlixsontor | — |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *delxsūr | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | *delxsetar | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | *delxsetor | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *delxsommor | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | *delxsedwe | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | *delxsontor | — | — | |
| Declension of the past participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *dlixtos | *dlixtou | *dlixtoi |
| vocative | *dlixte | *dlixtou | *dlixtoi |
| accusative | *dlixtom | *dlixtou | *dlixtoms |
| genitive | *dlixtī | *dlixtous | *dlixtom |
| dative | *dlixtūi | *dlixtobom | *dlixtobos |
| instrumental | *dlixtū | *dlixtobim | *dlixtobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *dlixtā | *dlixtai | *dlixtās |
| vocative | *dlixtā | *dlixtai | *dlixtās |
| accusative | *dlixtam | *dlixtai | *dlixtams |
| genitive | *dlixtās | *dlixtous | *dlixtom |
| dative | *dlixtai | *dlixtābom | *dlixtābos |
| instrumental | *? | *dlixtābim | *dlixtābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *dlixtom | *dlixtou | *dlixtā |
| vocative | *dlixtom | *dlixtou | *dlixtā |
| accusative | *dlixtom | *dlixtou | *dlixtā |
| genitive | *dlixtī | *dlixtous | *dlixtom |
| dative | *dlixtūi | *dlixtobom | *dlixtobos |
| instrumental | *dlixtū | *dlixtobim | *dlixtobis |
The alternative present stem *dalsketi conjugates as follows:
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *dalskū | *dalskemam | *didlixsū | *dalga |
| 2nd singular | *dalskesi | *dalsketās | *didlixsesi | *dalgas? |
| 3rd singular | *dalsketi | *dalsketo | *didlixseti | *dalge |
| 1st plural | *dalskomosi | *dalskemo | *didlixsomosi | *dalgmo |
| 2nd plural | *dalsketesi | *dalskestē | *didlixsetesi | *dalxte |
| 3rd plural | *dalskonti | *dalskento | *didlixsonti | *dalgars |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *delxsū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *delxsesi | ? | *dalske | |
| 3rd singular | *delxseti | ? | *dalsketou | |
| 1st plural | *delxsomosi | ? | *dalskomos | |
| 2nd plural | *delxsetesi | ? | *dalskete | |
| 3rd plural | *delxsonti | ? | *dalskontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *dalskūr | — | *didlixsūr | — |
| 2nd singular | *dalsketar | — | *didlixsetar | — |
| 3rd singular | *dalsketor | ? | *didlixsetor | — |
| 1st plural | *dalskommor | — | *didlixsommor | — |
| 2nd plural | *dalskedwe | — | *didlixsedwe | — |
| 3rd plural | *dalskontor | ? | *didlixsontor | — |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *delxsūr | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | *delxsetar | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | *delxsetor | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *delxsommor | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | *delxsedwe | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | *delxsontor | — | — | |
| Declension of the past participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *dlixtos | *dlixtou | *dlixtoi |
| vocative | *dlixte | *dlixtou | *dlixtoi |
| accusative | *dlixtom | *dlixtou | *dlixtoms |
| genitive | *dlixtī | *dlixtous | *dlixtom |
| dative | *dlixtūi | *dlixtobom | *dlixtobos |
| instrumental | *dlixtū | *dlixtobim | *dlixtobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *dlixtā | *dlixtai | *dlixtās |
| vocative | *dlixtā | *dlixtai | *dlixtās |
| accusative | *dlixtam | *dlixtai | *dlixtams |
| genitive | *dlixtās | *dlixtous | *dlixtom |
| dative | *dlixtai | *dlixtābom | *dlixtābos |
| instrumental | *? | *dlixtābim | *dlixtābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *dlixtom | *dlixtou | *dlixtā |
| vocative | *dlixtom | *dlixtou | *dlixtā |
| accusative | *dlixtom | *dlixtou | *dlixtā |
| genitive | *dlixtī | *dlixtous | *dlixtom |
| dative | *dlixtūi | *dlixtobom | *dlixtobos |
| instrumental | *dlixtū | *dlixtobim | *dlixtobis |
Derived terms
[edit]- *ati-dalsketi
- *kom-dalsketi
- *uɸo-dalsketi
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Breton: gudalgoi (3sg. subj.)
- Proto-Brythonic:
- *kom-delg-om
Descendants
[edit]In Brittonic, the vowel of *dalsketi somehow hybridized with the consonantism of *delgeti to form *dalgeti. Schumacher thinks this influence spread from the preterite stem *dalg-.[2]
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Gaulish: delgu (1sg. pres.)
References
[edit]- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 113
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 271-273
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*delg-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 94