Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gebaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ-e-ti, from *gʰebʰ- (“to give, move”) (traditionally *gʰabʰ-). Cognate with Latvian gãbtiês (“to snatch, grab, seize”), Lithuanian góbti (id.), Proto-Slavic *gabati (“to seize, take”) and Sanskrit गभस्ति (gábhasti, “arm, hand”).

However, some Leiden scholars reject the existence of *gʰebʰ- without a laryngeal, reconstructing it as *gʰeHbʰ-, and therefore reject the appurtenance of Germanic *geb-. Kortlandt proposes to connect Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep- (“to seize”) and assumes it was prefixed in Proto-Germanic with *ga-; this is supported by Kroonen.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gebaną

1. to give (with dative object)

Inflection

Conjugation of *gebaną (strong class 5)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gebō	*gebaų	—	*gebai	?
2nd singular	*gibizi	*gebaiz	*geb	*gebazai	*gebaizau
3rd singular	*gibidi	*gebai	*gebadau	*gebadai	*gebaidau
1st dual	*gebōz	*gebaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*gebadiz	*gebaidiz	*gebadiz	—	—
1st plural	*gebamaz	*gebaim	—	*gebandai	*gebaindau
2nd plural	*gibid	*gebaid	*gibid	*gebandai	*gebaindau
3rd plural	*gebandi	*gebain	*gebandau	*gebandai	*gebaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gab	*gēbį̄
2nd singular	*gaft	*gēbīz
3rd singular	*gab	*gēbī
1st dual	*gēbū	*gēbīw
2nd dual	*gēbudiz	*gēbīdiz
1st plural	*gēbum	*gēbīm
2nd plural	*gēbud	*gēbīd
3rd plural	*gēbun	*gēbīn
	present	past
participles	*gebandz	*gebanaz

Derived terms

• *abagebaną
• *atgebaną
• *fragebaną
• *gabīgaz, *gabugaz
• *gabį̄
• *gebō
• *gebô
• *gebulaz
• *giftiz
• *gēbiz
• *gēbǭ
• *uzgebaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *geban
  • Old English: ġiefan, ġifan — West Saxon, ġyfan — Late West Saxon, ġefan, ġeofan, ġiofan — Non-West Saxon
    • Middle English: yiven, ȝeven, ȝiven, yeven
      • English: yive
      • Yola: yie, ye, yive
    • ⇒ Middle English: given, gifen, geven
      • English: give
      • Scots: gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe
      • Yola: gee
      (influenced by Old Norse gefa)
  • Old Frisian: jeva
    • North Frisian: jiw

      Föhr-Amrum: jiiw

      Mooring: jeewe

    • West Frisian: jaan
  • Old Saxon: gevan, geƀan
    • Middle Low German: geven
      • Low German: geven, gewen, giäwen, giewen
  • Old Dutch: gevan
    • Middle Dutch: gēven
      • Dutch: geven
        • Afrikaans: gee
        • Javindo: heef
        • Jersey Dutch: xêve
        • Negerhollands: gie, gi, giev, gief
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: gef
      • Limburgish: gaeve
  • Old High German: geban
    • Middle High German: geben
      • Alemannic German: gë, gua, gää, gea
      • Bavarian: gebn

        Cimbrian: gem, ghèban (Sette Comuni)

      • Central Franconian: jevve, jenn, gewe, gewwe, genn

        Hunsrik: gewe

        Luxembourgish: ginn

      • East Franconian: geb, gebe, gewe
      • German: geben
      • Rhine Franconian:

        Pennsylvania German: gewwe

      • Vilamovian: gaon, gann
      • Yiddish: געבן (gebn)
• Proto-Norse: ᚷᛁᛒᚢ (gibu, 1sg.pres.ind.), ᚷᛡᚠ (gᴀf, 1/3sg.past.ind.)
  • Old Norse: gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf) — first/third singular past indicative, Runic form, ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu) — third plural past indicative, Runic form
    • Icelandic: gefa
    • Faroese: geva
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: gjeva, gje, giva; (dialectal) gjåvå
    • Elfdalian: djävå
    • Old Swedish: giva, gæva, giffua, giffwa
      • Swedish: giva
    • Danish: give
      • Norwegian Bokmål: give, gi
        • → Norwegian Nynorsk: gi
    • Scanian: gi
      • Hallandian: ge
    • Gutnish: giva, gi
    • → Middle English: given (influenced by native Old English ġiefan)
      • Scots: gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe
      • English: give
• Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (giban)