Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swartaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *swerd- (“dirty, dark, black”) (compare Latin sordēs, Russian сор (sor) and Northern Kurdish xwelî).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈswɑr.tɑz/

Adjective

*swartaz

1. black

   Synonym: *blakaz

Inflection

Declension of *swartaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*swartaz	*swartai	*swartō	*swartôz	*swartą, -atō	*swartō
Accusative	*swartanǭ	*swartanz	*swartǭ	*swartōz	*swartą, -atō	*swartō
Genitive	*swartas, -is	*swartaizǫ̂	*swartaizōz	*swartaizǫ̂	*swartas, -is	*swartaizǫ̂
Dative	*swartammai	*swartaimaz	*swartaizōi	*swartaimaz	*swartammai	*swartaimaz
Instrumental	*swartanō	*swartaimiz	*swartaizō	*swartaimiz	*swartanō	*swartaimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*swartô	*swartaniz	*swartǭ	*swartōniz	*swartô	*swartōnō
Accusative	*swartanų	*swartanunz	*swartōnų	*swartōnunz	*swartô	*swartōnō
Genitive	*swartiniz	*swartanǫ̂	*swartōniz	*swartōnǫ̂	*swartiniz	*swartanǫ̂
Dative	*swartini	*swartammaz	*swartōni	*swartōmaz	*swartini	*swartammaz
Instrumental	*swartinē	*swartammiz	*swartōnē	*swartōmiz	*swartinē	*swartammiz

Derived terms

• *swartijaną
• *swartō
• *swartōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *swart
  • Old English: sweart, swart, swært
    • Middle English: swart
      • English: swart, swarth
      • Scots: swart
  • Old Frisian: swart, swert
    • North Frisian: suart, suurt
    • Saterland Frisian: swot, swoot
    • West Frisian: swart
  • Old Saxon: swart
    • Middle Low German: swart
      • Low German:
        • German Low German: swart, schwart

          Hamburgisch: swatt

          Westphalian:

          Münsterländisch: swatt

          Paderbornisch: schwart

          Lippisch: schwart

          Ravensbergisch: swārt, swat

          Sauerländisch: schwart, schwatt, schwuat, schwoart, schwuart, schwoert

          Westmünsterländisch: schwatt, schwott, schwart

          → German: schwatt

        • Plautdietsch: schwoat
      • → Danish: sværte (“black dye”)
  • Old Dutch: *swart
    • Middle Dutch: swart
      • Dutch: zwart
        • Afrikaans: swart
      • Limburgish: zwart
      • West Flemish: zwort
  • Old High German: swarz
    • Middle High German: swarz
      • Alemannic German:

        Alsatian: schwàrz

        Swabian: schwardds

      • Bavarian: schwoarz

        Cimbrian: sbartz

        Mòcheno: schbòrz

      • Central Franconian: schwatz, zjwats

        Hunsrik: schwarz

      • German: schwarz
      • Luxembourgish: schwaarz
      • Rhine Franconian:

        Hessian: schwoaz

        Pennsylvania German: schwatz

      • Vilamovian: świöc
      • Yiddish: שוואַרץ (shvarts)
• Old Norse: svartr
  • Icelandic: svartur
  • Faroese: svartur
  • Norn: svart
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: svart, (dialectal) svart’u, svart’e
    • → Norwegian Bokmål: svart
  • Elfdalian: swart
  • Old Swedish: svarter, svorter
    • Swedish: svart
  • Scanian: svárter
  • Old Danish: swart, swort, sort
    • Danish: sort
      • Norwegian Bokmål: sort
  • Gutnish: svartar
• Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 (swarts)

See also

Colors in Proto-Germanic · *farwôz (layout · text)

*blaikaz, *blankaz, *hwītaz, *blasaz	*falwaz, *grēwaz, *haswaz, *grīsaz, *hairaz	*blakaz, *swartaz
*raudaz	*brūnaz, *erpaz, *dusnaz	*gelwaz, *gulaz
*grōniz	*grōniz
	*blēwaz	*blēwaz, *hēwijaz
*blēwaz, *hēwijaz	*baswaz