Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/trudъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tráudas, from Proto-Indo-European *trewd- (“to squeeze; push; press”). Cognate with Latvian trauds, Lithuanian triusas, Proto-Germanic *þrautaz, *þrautą (“threat, affliction”).

Reconstruction notes

There are reasons for the reconstruction of the accent paradigm c: Old East Slavic бє́^з трꙋда (bé^z truda), по́ трꙋдѣ єго (pó trudě ego) ↔ accent paradigm b: троуда́ (trudá), троудоу̑ (trudȗ), троудо́мъ (trudómŭ), троудѣ̑ (trudě̑).

Noun

*trũdъ m

1. labour, effort
2. workload

Declension

Declension of *trũdъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*trũdъ	*trūdà	*trūdì
genitive	*trūdà	*trūdù	*trũdъ
dative	*trūdù	*trūdòma	*trūdòmъ
accusative	*trũdъ	*trūdà	*trūdỳ
instrumental	*trūdъ̀mь, *trūdòmь*	*trūdòma	*trũdy
locative	*trūdě̀	*trūdù	*trũděxъ
vocative	*trude	*trūdà	*trūdì

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

• *truditi (“to toil, to do hard work”)
• *trudьnъ (“difficult, laborious”)
  • *trudьnostь (“burden, hardship”)
• *trudovъ (“work-/labour-related”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: трудъ (trudŭ)
    • Russian: труд (trud)
    • Ukrainian: труд (trud)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Cyrillic: троудъ (trudŭ)

    Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱆⰴⱏ (trudŭ)

  • Bulgarian: труд (trud)
  • Macedonian: труд (trud)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: тру̑д

    Latin script: trȗd

  • Slovene: trȗd (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: trud
    • Czech: trud
  • Old Polish: trud
    • Polish: trud
  • Old Slovak: trud
    • Slovak: trud
  • Slovincian: trúd

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “труд”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress