in

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "in"
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Translingual

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Symbol

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in

  1. (international standards, obsolete) Former ISO 639-1 language code for Indonesian.
    Synonym: id (current)

English

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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PIE word
*h₁en

Preposition and verb from Middle English in, from Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

Adverb, noun and adjective from Middle English in, from Old English inn and inne, from Proto-Germanic *innai.

Sense 1/2 "in"/"into" are from the original PIE prefix, with locative/accusative case respectively. Sense 3/4 "qualification"/"means" are from the PIE metaphor of all infinitives coming from locatives.

Alternative forms

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Preposition

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A ship in a bottle.
A dog in a sink.

in

  1. Used to indicate location, inclusion, or position within spatial, temporal or other limits.
    1. Contained by; inside.
      The dog is in the kennel.
      There were three pickles in a jar.
    2. Within the bounds or limits of.
      I like living in the city.
      There are lots of trees in the park.
      He sat in the chair.
      She stood in the front-desk spot.
    3. Surrounded by; among; amidst.
      We are in the enemy camp.
      Her plane is in the air.
      Waiter! There's a fly in my soup!
    5. Wearing (an item of clothing).
      I glanced over at the pretty girl in the red dress.
    6. Part of; a member of; out of; from among.
      You are one in a million.
      She's in an orchestra.
    8. During (a period of time).
      My birthday is in the first week of December.
      Easter falls in the fourth lunar month.
      The country reached a high level of prosperity in his first term.
    10. Within (a certain elapsed time); by the end of.
      Will you be able to finish this in a week?
      The massacre resulted in over 1000 deaths in three hours.
    12. At the end of (a period of time).
      They said they would call us in a week.
    13. (grammar, phonetics) Characterized by.
      Many English nouns in -is form their plurals in -es.
  2. Into.
    • 2011 January 8, Paul Fletcher, “Stevenage 3-1 Newcastle”, in BBC:
      The ball was accidentally kicked in Kevin Nolan's face in the opening seconds of the contest – an incident that set the tone for an extremely uncomfortable encounter for the Premier League side.
    Less water gets in your boots this way.
    She stood there looking in the window longingly.
  3. Used to indicate limit, qualification, condition, or circumstance.
    • [1898], J[ohn] Meade Falkner, Moonfleet, London; Toronto, Ont.: Jonathan Cape, published 1934, →OCLC:
      In returning to the vault, I had no very sure purpose in mind; only a vague surmise that this finding of Blackbeard's coffin would somehow lead to the finding of his treasure.
    In replacing the faucet washers, he felt he was making his contribution to the environment.
    1. Indicating an order or arrangement.
      My fat rolls around in folds.
    3. Denoting a state of the subject.
      He stalked away in anger.
      John is in a coma.
    4. Indicates, connotatively, a place-like form of someone's (or something's) personality, as his, her or its psychic and physical characteristics.
      You've got a friend in me.
      He's met his match in her.
    6. Pertaining to; with regard to.
      There has been no change in his condition.
      What grade did he get in English?
  4. Used to indicate means, medium, format, genre, or instrumentality.
    1. (of something offered or given in an exchange) In the form of, in the denomination of.
      Please pay me in cash — preferably in tens and twenties.
      The deposit can be in any legal tender, even in gold.
      Her generosity was rewarded in the success of its recipients.
      • 2014, Carla Bethmann, Clean, Friendly, Profitable?: Tourism, page 114:
        […] tourists sometimes attempt to pay in euros or British pounds.
    2. Used to indicate a language, script, tone, etc. of a text, speech, etc.
      Beethoven's "Symphony No. 5" in C minor is among his most popular.
      His speech was in French, but was simultaneously translated into eight languages.
      When you write in cursive, it's illegible.
      Military letters should be formal in tone, but not stilted.
Derived terms
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Translations
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See in/translations § Preposition.

Verb

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in (third-person singular simple present ins, present participle inning, simple past and past participle inned)

  1. (obsolete, transitive) To enclose.
  2. (obsolete, transitive) To take in; to harvest.

Adverb

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in (not comparable)

  1. At or towards the interior of a defined space, such as a building or room.
    Suddenly a strange man walked in.
    Would you like that to take away or eat in?
    He ran to the edge of the swimming pool and dived in.
    • 1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter II, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:
      Orion hit a rabbit once; but though sore wounded it got to the bury, and, struggling in, the arrow caught the side of the hole and was drawn out. Indeed, a nail filed sharp is not of much avail as an arrowhead; you must have it barbed, and that was a little beyond our skill.
  2. Towards the speaker or other reference point.
    They flew in from London last night.
    For six hours the tide flows in, then for another six hours it flows out.
  3. So as to be enclosed or surrounded by something.
    Bring the water to the boil and drop the vegetables in.
  4. After the beginning of something.
    • 2011 October 1, Phil Dawkes, “Sunderland 2-2 West Brom”, in BBC Sport‎[2]:
      The Black Cats had a mountain to climb after James Morrison's header and Shane Long's neat side-foot finish gave Albion a 2-0 lead five minutes in.
    The show still didn't become interesting 20 minutes in.
  5. (in combination, after a verb) Denotes a gathering of people assembled for the stated activity, sometimes, though not always, suggesting a protest.
    sing-in, pray-in, hug-in; see also be-in, love-in, sit-in, teach-in.
Translations
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See in/translations § Adverb.

Noun

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in (plural ins)

  1. A position of power or influence, or a way to get it.
    • 1987 February 1, T. R. Witomski, “Zeitgeist or Poltergeist? Why Gay Books Are So Bad”, in Gay Community News, volume 14, number 28, page 9:
      Holleran's and White's diminishing capacities as writers does not affect their publishing ins': the writer the house knows is always better than the writer the house doesn't know.
    His parents got him an in with the company.
  2. (chiefly in the plural) One who, or that which, is in; especially, one who is in office.
    Antonym: out
    • 1827, Benjamin Chew, A Sketch of the Politics, Relations, and Statistics, of the Western World, page 192:
      This memoir has nothing to do with the question between the ins and the outs; it is intended neither to support nor to assail the administration; it is general in its views upon a general and national subject; […]
  3. (sports) The state of a batter/batsman who is currently batting; see innings.
Antonyms
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Translations
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See in/translations § Noun.

Adjective

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in (comparative more in, superlative most in)

  1. (not comparable) Located indoors, especially at home or at one's office or place of work.
    Is Mr. Smith in?
  2. (not comparable) Located inside something.
    Little by little I pushed the snake into the basket, until finally all of it was in.
    The bullet is about five centimetres in.
  3. (sports, of the ball or other playing implement) Falling or remaining within the bounds of the playing area.
    If the tennis ball bounces on the line then it's in.
  4. Inserted or fitted into something.
    I've discovered why the TV wasn't working – the plug wasn't in!
  5. Having been collected or received.
    The replies to the questionnaires are now all in.
  6. In fashion; popular.
    Skirts are in this year.
  7. Incoming.
    the in train
  8. (nautical, of the sails of a vessel) Furled or stowed.
  9. Of the tide, at or near its highest level.
    You can't get round the headland when the tide's in.
  10. (law) With privilege or possession; used to denote a holding, possession, or seisin[1]
    in by descent; in by purchase; in of the seisin of her husband
  11. (cricket) Currently batting.
  12. Having familiarity or involvement with somebody.
    He is very in with the Joneses.
    • 2010, Joe R. Lansdale, Flaming Zeppelins: The Adventures of Ned the Seal, page 123:
      “ […] He […] took a rifle out of the batch and shot at me. I was lucky he was such a crummy shot.”
      “Why would he do that?”
      “I think he's in with them, Doctor.”
      “Them? You mean Ned and Cody?”
      “All of them. Hickok, the split tail, the whole lot.”
  13. (informal) Having a favourable position, such as a position of influence or expected gain, in relation to another person.
    I need to keep in with the neighbours in case I ever need a favour from them.
    I think that bird fancies you. You're in there, mate!
    • 2004, The Streets (lyrics and music), “Could Well Be In”:
      I saw this thing on ITV the other week,
      Said, that if she played with her hair, she's probably keen
      She's playing with her hair, well regularly,
      So I reckon I could well be in.
  14. (of fire or fuel) (British, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand) Burning; ablaze.
    • 1888, H.C. O’Neill, Edith A. Barnett, Our Nurses and the Work They Have to Do‎[3], page 81:
      Blocks of compressed coal keep the fire in for a long time, but they give out very little heat.
    • 1894, Henry Kingsley, The Recollections of Geoffry Hamlyn - Volume 2‎[4], page 183:
      “At all events,” said the Doctor, “the fire’s in, and here’s the camp-oven, too. Somebody will be here soon. I will go in and light my pipe.”
    • 1901, William Francis Barry, The Wizard’s Knot‎[5], page 231:
      Was there any person in your own house at Renmore to keep the fire in while you were here?.
    • 2011, Rosemary Sutcliff, The Eagle of the Ninth Chronicles‎[6]:
      Normally when they camped in the wild they took turns to sit up and keep the fire in while the others slept, […].
    • 2019, A.L.Lester, Shadows on the Border‎[7]:
      He turned and started making up the range to keep the fire in overnight, and heard the front door click and Grant’s motor fire up. Sleep. He needed to sleep.
  15. Having used, consumed , or invested a certain amount.
    I'm three drinks in right now.
    I was 500 dollars in when the stock crashed.
Translations
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See in/translations § Adjective.

Descendants

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  • → Portuguese: in

Etymology 2

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Alternative forms

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Noun

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in (plural ins or in)

  1. Abbreviation of inch; inches.

References

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  1. ^ Alexander M[ansfield] Burrill (1850–1851) “IN”, in A New Law Dictionary and Glossary: […], volumes (please specify |part= or |volume=I or II), New York, N.Y.: John S. Voorhies, […], →OCLC.
  • Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "Bounded landmarks", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8

Anagrams

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Abinomn

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Pronoun

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in

  1. he; she

Afrikaans

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Etymology

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From Dutch in, from Middle Dutch in, from Old Dutch in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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in

  1. in; inside; within

Preposition

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in

  1. in
  2. into

Derived terms

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Akkadian

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Pronunciation

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Preposition

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in

  1. Alternative form of ina (“in, on, at”)

Ayomán

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Noun

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in

  1. water

References

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  • Luis Oramas, Materiales para el estudio de los dialectos Ayamán, Gayón, Jirajara, Ajagua (1916)

Baure

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Noun

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in

  1. water

References

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  • Swintha Danielsen, Baure: An Arawak Language of Bolivia

Central Nahuatl

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Article

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in

  1. the.

Chamorro

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Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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in

  1. we (exclusive)

Usage notes

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See also

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Chamorro personal pronouns
hu-type pronouns
singular plural inclusive plural exclusive
1st person hu ta in
2nd person un en
3rd person ha ma
yoʼ-type pronouns
singular plural inclusive plural exclusive
1st person yoʼ hit ham
2nd person hao hamyo
3rd person gueʼ siha
emphatic pronouns
singular plural inclusive plural exclusive
1st person guahu hita hami
2nd person hagu hamyo
3rd person guiya siha

References

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  • Donald M. Topping (1973) Chamorro Reference Grammar‎[8], Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Champenois

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Numeral

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in

  1. one

Chinese

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From English in.

Adjective

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in

  1. (Hong Kong Cantonese) in fashion; popular
Antonyms
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Etymology 2

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Clipping of English interview.

Verb

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in

  1. (Hong Kong Cantonese) to interview

Etymology 3

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Clipping of English integrate.

Verb

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in

  1. (Hong Kong Cantonese, mathematics) to integrate
Coordinate terms
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  • d (di1, “to differentiate”)

References

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Chuukese

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Noun

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in

  1. mother

Cimbrian

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Etymology 1

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From Middle High German in, from Old High German in, from Proto-Germanic *in (“in”).

Preposition

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in

  1. (Luserna, Sette Comuni, + dative) in
Alternative forms
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Etymology 2

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From Middle High German in, from Old High German inan, from Proto-Germanic *inǭ.

Pronoun

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in

  1. (Sette Comuni) accusative of èar: him
Alternative forms
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See also

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Cimbrian personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative
1st person singular ich mich miar
2nd person singular familiar du dich diar
polite iart ach òich
3rd person singular m èar, ar in, en iime
f zi, ze iar
n es, is es, 's iime
1st person plural bar,
bandare		 zich izàndarn
2nd person plural iart,
iartàndare, artàndare		 òich, ach ogàndarn
3rd person plural ze, zòi,
zandare		 zich innàndarn

Etymology 3

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Article

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in

  1. (Sette Comuni, Luserna) the; definite article for two declensions:
    1. accusative singular masculine
    2. dative plural
Derived terms
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  • von (contraction)

See also

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Cimbrian definite articles
Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative dar de / di 's / z de / di
Accusative in de / di 's / z de / di
Dative me dar me in

References

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  • “in” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
  • Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Classical Nahuatl

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Article

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in

  1. the

Pronoun

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in, īn

  1. (demonstrative) this; these

Derived terms

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References

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  • Michel Launey with Christopher Mackay (2011) An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl, Amazon Kindle: Cambridge University Press, page Loc 1408

Danish

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Adjective

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in (neuter in, plural and definite singular attributive in)

  1. (colloquial) fashionable, in

Antonyms

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Dutch

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Etymology

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From Middle Dutch in, from Old Dutch in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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in

  1. in, inside
  2. (postpositional) into
    De jongen rende het huis in.
    The boy ran into the house.

Preposition

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in

  1. in (expressing containment)
    De geest in de fles
    the genie in the bottle

Declension

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Pronominal adverbs of in
preposition in
postpositional adv. in
+ het (it) erin
+ dit (this) hierin
+ dat (that) daarin
+ wat (what) waarin
+ iets (something) ergens in
+ niets (nothing) nergens in
+ alles (everything) overal in

Synonyms

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Antonyms

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Afrikaans: in
  • Jersey Dutch: än, in

Adjective

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in (used only predicatively, not comparable)

  1. in style

Verb

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in

  1. inflection of innen:
    1. first-person singular present indicative
    2. (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
    3. imperative

Emilian

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Etymology

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From Latin inde (“thence”). Cognate with Catalan en, French en, Italian ne.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /in/
  • Hyphenation: in

Pronoun

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in (adverbial)

  1. (genitive case) of it, of them
    Vô-t di pām? A t’in dāg dû.
    Do you want some apples? I will give you two (of them).
  2. (genitive case) about it, about them
    A t’in avîva descòurs ajêr.
    I talked to you about it yesterday.
  3. (ablative case) from here
    A sòun stùf, a m’in vāg.
    I am tired, I am leaving (from here).

Alternative forms

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  • Becomes n- before a vowel (proclitic).
    A-g n-ò dimándi. ― I have a lot (of them).
  • Becomes -en when acting as an enclitic (after a consonant).
    Mānjen un pōk! ― Eat some of it! (imperative, singular)
  • Becomes -n when acting as an enclitic (after a vowel).
    Manjēn un pōk! ― Eat some of it! (imperative, plural)

Finnish

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Etymology

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Borrowed from English in.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈin/, [ˈin]
  • Rhymes: -in
  • Syllabification(key): in

Adjective

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in (informal)

  1. in, popular (in fashion)
    • 1985, Jukka Karjalainen (lyrics and music), “Mikä mahtaa olla in?”, in Doris, performed by J. Karjalainen ja mustat lasit:
      Tee niin, tee näin, olet in, in, in,
      Olet keskipiste koko kaupungin
      Do this, do that, [and] you will be in, in, in,
      You will be the centre of the whole city
    • 1991, “Oot maalainen”, in Juha Vainio (lyrics), Viiskymppisen viisut, performed by Juha Vainio:
      Kuiskaan silloin hiljaa: «mie viljele en viljaa;
      oon vihdoin in»!
      So I quietly whisper: "I don't grow no crops;
      I'm finally in"!

Antonyms

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Further reading

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Anagrams

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Friulian

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Etymology

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From Latin in.

Preposition

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in

  1. in

German

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Middle High German in, from Old High German in.

Preposition

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in [with dative (indicating location) or accusative (indicating movement)]

  1. [with dative] in, inside, within, at (inside a building)
    Es ist im (in dem) Haus. ― It is in the house.
    Ich habe die Schlüssel im (in dem) Kühlschrank gefunden. ― I found the keys in the refrigerator.
    Unsere Kinder sind in der Schule. ― Our kids are at school.
    Er ist in einem Café. ― He is at a coffee shop.
    Letzte Nacht waren sie im (in dem) Club. ― They were at the club last night.
  2. [with dative] in (pertaining to)
    in diesem Sinne ― in this/that sense
  3. [with dative] in, at, by (at the end of or during a period of time)
    Er schloss sein Studium im (in dem) Alter von vierzehn. ― He completed his studies at/by the age of fourteen.
    im (in dem) Alter ― in old age
    im (in dem) Mittelalter ― during the middle ages
    in den 1960er Jahren ― in the 1960s
  4. [with accusative] into, to (going inside (of))
    Er geht ins (in das) Haus. ― He goes into the house.
    Wir gehen in die Schweiz. ― We are going to Switzerland.
    Wir treten in ein neues Zeitalter ein. ― We are coming into a new age.
Usage notes
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The preposition in is used with the accusative case if the verb shows movement from one place to another, whereas it is used with the dative case if the verb shows location.

Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Contraction

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in

  1. (dated) Contraction of in den.

Etymology 3

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Borrowed from English in.

Adjective

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in (indeclinable, predicative only)

  1. in, popular (in fashion)
Declension
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Indeclinable, predicative-only.

Further reading

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Gothic

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Romanization

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in

  1. Romanization of 𐌹𐌽

Hokkien

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For pronunciation and definitions of in – see 𪜶 (“they; them; their; theirs; etc.”).
(This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 𪜶).

Interlingua

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Preposition

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in

  1. in

Irish

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Preposition

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in (plus dative, triggers eclipsis)

  1. Alternative form of i

Usage notes

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This variant of i is used before vowel-initial words, before bhur (“your pl”), before dhá (“two”), before titles of books, films, and the like, and before foreign words that resist mutation.

In older texts, the n is spelled together with a vowel-initial word (e.g. i n-aice le instead of modern in aice le (“beside”) and i nÉirinn or i n-Éirinn instead of modern in Éirinn (“in Ireland”). Also in older texts, in bhur may be spelled i nbhur.

Istriot

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Etymology

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From Latin in.

Preposition

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in

  1. in; on
    • 1877, Antonio Ive, Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno, volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page 99:
      Cume li va puleîto in alto mare!
      How they row well on the high seas!

Italian

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Etymology

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From Latin in.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈin/
  • Rhymes: -in
  • Hyphenation: ìn

Preposition

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in

  1. in
    Ho qualcosa in tasca. ― I have something in my pocket.
    Partirò in primavera. ― I will be leaving in spring.
    Vado in quinta elementare. ― I'm in fifth grade.
  2. to
    Sono andato in panetteria. ― I went to the bakery.
  3. into
  4. by
    Vado a scuola in autobus. ― I go to school by bus.
  5. on
    Ho messo un cappello in testa. ― I put a hat on my head.
    Metti il pane in tavola. ― Put the bread on the table.
  6. marker of way or manner
    riso in bianco ― plain rice (literally, “rice in white”)
    camminare in punta di piedi ― to walk on the tips of one's toes

Usage notes

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  • When followed by the definite article, in is combined with the article to produce the following combined forms:
in + article Combined form
in + il nel
in + lo nello
in + l' nell'
in + i nei
in + gli negli
in + la nella
in + le nelle

Derived terms

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Anagrams

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Japanese

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Romanization

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in

  1. Rōmaji transcription of いん

Juǀ'hoan

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Pronunciation

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  • The nasal vowel IPA(key): /ĩ/

Letter

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in (upper case In)

  1. A letter of the Juǀ'hoan alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Karaim

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Turkic.

Noun

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in

  1. shoulder

References

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  • N. A. Baskakov, S.M. Šapšala, editor (1973), “in”, in Karaimsko-Russko-Polʹskij Slovarʹ, Moscow: Moskva, →ISBN

Etymology 2

[edit]

From Proto-Turkic *īn.

Noun

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in

  1. hole

References

[edit]
  • N. A. Baskakov, S.M. Šapšala, editor (1973), “in”, in Karaimsko-Russko-Polʹskij Slovarʹ, Moscow: Moskva, →ISBN

Ladin

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Preposition

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in

  1. in

Latin

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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    From earlier en, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”). Cognate with English in.

    The ablative is from the locative, and the accusative is from the directional.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Preposition

    [edit]

    in (+ ablative)

    1. in, at, on, upon, from (space) [with ablative]
      • 29 bc. Vergil. Georgics, III
        omne adeo genvs in terris hominvmqve ferarvmqve
        et genvs æqvorevm pecvdes pictæqve volvcres
        in fvrias ignemqve rvvnt
        So far does every species on earth of man and beast,
        whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged,
        collapse into the frenzies and the fire.
      • Seneca
        venenum in auro bibitur
        Poison is drunk from a gold cup.
    2. under, within, in [with ablative]
    3. during, within, while in (time) [with ablative]
    4. about, respecting, concerning (of reference) [with ablative]
    5. among [with ablative]
      • Vulgate, Gospel of St. John 1:14:
        Et Verbum caro factum est, et habitavit in nobis :
        And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us,
      • Vulgate, Gospel of St. Luke 1:28:
        Et ingressus angelus ad eam dixit : Ave gratia plena : Dominus tecum : benedicta tu in mulieribus.
        And the angel being come in, said unto her: Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women.

    in (+ accusative)

    1. into, to [with accusative]
      • 29 bc. Vergil. Georgics, III
        omne adeo genvs in terris hominvmqve ferarvmqve
        et genvs æqvorevm pecvdes pictæqve volvcres
        in fvrias ignemqve rvvnt
        So far does every species on earth of man and beast,
        whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged,
        collapse into the frenzies and the fire.
      • 1774, Finnur Jónsson, Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiæ 1:
        De introductione religionis Christianæ in Islandiam.
        On the introduction of Christianity to Iceland.
    2. toward, towards, against, at [with accusative]
      Gallī in Rōmānōs incurrunt. ― The Gauls are rushing against the Romans.
    3. until, for [with accusative]
    4. about [with accusative]
    5. according to [with accusative]

    Quotations

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    Antonyms

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    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    • Balkan Romance:
      • Aromanian: ãn
      • Istro-Romanian: ăn
      • Megleno-Romanian: ăn
      • Romanian: în
    • Dalmatian:
    • Italo-Romance:
      • Italian: in
      • Sicilian: 'n
    • Padanian:
      • Friulian: in
      • Ligurian: in
      • Piedmontese: ën
      • Romansch: en
    • Gallo-Romance:
      • Catalan: en
      • Franco-Provençal: en
      • French: en
      • Occitan: en
    • Ibero-Romance:
      • Mozarabic: אן (ʔn)
      • Portuguese: em
      • Spanish: en
    • Insular Romance:
      • Sardinian: in

    Ligurian

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    Etymology 1

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    From Latin in.

    Pronunciation

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    Preposition

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    in

    1. in
    in + article Combined form
    in + o ne-o
    in + a ne-a
    in + i ne-i
    in + e ne-e
    Synonyms
    [edit]

    Etymology 2

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    With iotacism, from un (“a, an”, indefinite article).

    Pronunciation

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    Article

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    in

    1. a, an (male)
    Usage notes
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    • This form is found:
      • in sentence-initial position, or after a punctuation mark
      • after words ending in /ŋ/

    Lombard

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    Alternative forms

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    • ind (followed by article)
    • en, èn (Eastern orthographies)

    Etymology

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    From Latin in.

    Pronunciation

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    • IPA(key): /in/, /iŋ/ (Western)
    • IPA(key): /en/, [ɛn], [an] (Eastern)

    Preposition

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    in

    1. in

    Usage notes

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    • When followed by a definite or indefinite article, it's replaced by ind.

    Louisiana Creole

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    Pronunciation

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    Article

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    in

    1. Alternative form of un

    Mapudungun

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    Etymology

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    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Pronunciation

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    Verb

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    in (Raguileo spelling)

    1. To eat.
    2. first-person singular realis form of in

    See also

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    References

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    • Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

    Marshallese

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    Pronunciation

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    Etymology 1

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    Preposition

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    in

    1. to

    Etymology 2

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    Noun

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    in

    1. grass skirt
    Synonyms
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    Etymology 3

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    From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)ni, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)ni.

    Pronoun

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    in

    1. this (thing close to us both)
    2. demonstrative, first person inclusive singular

    Etymology 4

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    Alternative forms

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    Preposition

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    in

    1. of
    2. from
    3. for

    References

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    Middle Dutch

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    Etymology 1

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    From Old Dutch in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

    Preposition

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    in [with accusative or dative]

    1. in, inside, within
    2. into
    3. within (a time period)
    4. in (a condition)
    Descendants
    [edit]
    • Dutch: in
      • Afrikaans: in
    • Limburgish: in

    Etymology 2

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    See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

    Contraction

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    in

    1. Contraction of ic ne.

    Further reading

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    • “in”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
    • Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “in (VI)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page VI

    Middle English

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    Etymology 1

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    From Old English inn.

    Alternative forms

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    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    in (plural innes)

    2. Any kind of accommodation; particularly:
      1. A holiday home or guesthouse; a house set up as accommodation.
      2. An inn or hostel; a building with multiple rooms to let.
      3. A camp used by an army; barracks.
    3. A home or house; habitation or housing one lives in.
    4. A dormitory; housing for students.
    A user suggests that this Middle English entry be cleaned up, giving the reason: “some of these definitions seem anachronistic”.
    Please see the discussion on Requests for cleanup(+) or the talk page for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.
    Descendants
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    References
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    Etymology 2

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    From Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

    Alternative forms

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    Pronunciation

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    • IPA(key): /in/, /iː/, /i/, /ən/

    Preposition

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    in

    2. in; with the following special senses:
      1. in, inside; encircled or confined by, with the following special senses:
        1. inside, within (a text or document)
        2. inside, within (one's mind)
        3. inside, in, indoors of.
        4. amongst, in a crowd of.
      2. wearing, having on, clad in
      3. in a quality or mode: with the following special senses:
        1. affected by, under the influence of.
        2. held by someone, in someone's grasp
        3. owned by someone, in someone's control
      4. inside, at or on a location or place.
      5. secured with; bound with
      6. in the midst of, while, currently doing
      7. in (pieces or portions), into.
      8. about; of, on the matter of.
    3. in the form, way, or manner of.
    4. on, above, on top of.
    5. facing at, in the direction of.
    6. Being one of a set or group.
    7. Being owned by; in one's possession.
    8. due to, as, for the reason that.
    9. versus; in conflict with; fighting with.
    10. using, utilising, with the means of.
    11. (rare) with, in the company of.
    Usage notes
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    in is usually postpositive in Middle English. For example, the previous sentence would be in is after þe noun lome Middel Englisch in.

    [edit]
    Descendants
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    References
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    Etymology 3

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    From Old English inne, from Proto-Germanic *innai.

    Alternative forms

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    Pronunciation

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    Adverb

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    in

    2. in; with the following special senses:
      1. in, inside; encircled or confined by.
      2. inside, in, in the centre of.
      3. in a quality or mode.
    3. in towards, in the direction of.
    4. on, on top of; above
    5. using, utilising, with the means of.
    Descendants
    [edit]
    • English: in
    • Scots: in
    References
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    Etymology 4

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    Pronoun

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    in

    1. Alternative form of hine

    Mohegan-Pequot

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    Noun

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    in

    1. man (adult male)

    References

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    • A Vocabulary of Mohegan-Pequot (John D. Prince, Frank G. Speck)

    Mokilese

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    Particle

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    in

    1. construct particle; of, relating to

    Preposition

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    in

    1. at
    2. in
    3. on

    Northern Sami

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    Pronunciation

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    Verb

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    in

    1. first-person singular present of ii

    Norwegian Bokmål

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    Alternative forms

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    • inn (adjective)

    Etymology

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    From English in.

    Adjective

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    in (singular and plural in)

    1. popular

    References

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    Anagrams

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    Norwegian Nynorsk

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    Alternative forms

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    • inn (adjective)

    Etymology

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    From English in.

    Adjective

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    in (singular and plural in)

    1. popular

    References

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    Anagrams

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    Old English

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    Alternative forms

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    Etymology 1

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    From Proto-Germanic *in.

    Pronunciation

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    Preposition

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    in (Anglian)

    1. in
      • 10th century, The Wanderer:
        Forðon dōmġeorne · drēoriġne oft
        in hyra brēostcofan · bindað fæste;
        Therefore, eager for glory men oft bind tightly in their breast-chambers the sad one.
    Usage notes
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    In the West Saxon dialect, this word was replaced by on during the separate prehistory of Old English. However, it was still used as a prefix to form many words such as ingang (“entrance”), inġewinn (“civil war”), inġeþanc (“inner thoughts”), inlendisċ (“native”), intinga (“cause”), and inweorc (“indoor work”), and it was still implied by derived adverbs such as inne (“inside”), innan (“from the inside”), and inn (“in,” adverb).

    Descendants
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    • Middle English: in
      • English: in
      • Scots: in

    Etymology 2

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    From Proto-Germanic *inn.

    Adverb

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    in

    1. Alternative form of inn

    Old High German

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    Etymology

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    From Proto-West Germanic *in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

    Preposition

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    in

    1. in

    Descendants

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    • Middle High German: in
      • Bavarian: i
        Cimbrian: inn, in (preposition)
      • Central Franconian: en, ön, on
      • German: in
      • Luxembourgish: an
      • Rhine Franconian: in, en
        • Pennsylvania German: in
      • Yiddish: אין (in)

    Old Irish

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    Etymology 1

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    From Proto-Celtic *sindos (“this”), from Proto-Indo-European *sḗm (“one”) or *só (“this”); weak doublet of sin (“this”).

    Article

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    in

    1. the (masculine singular nominative/accusative; feminine singular accusative; masculine/feminine/neuter dual nominative/accusative/genitive)
      • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 13d7
        Beóigidir in spirut in corp in ḟect so.
        "The spirit now quickens the body."
    2. Alternative spelling of ind
      • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 13d7
        Beóigidir in spirut in corp in ḟect so.
        "The spirit now quickens the body."
    Usage notes
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    • Triggers nasalization of the following noun in the masculine and feminine singular accusative.
    • Triggers lenition of the following noun as an alternative spelling of ind.
    Declension
    [edit]
    Case Singular Dual Plural
    Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
    Nominative in
    int (before vowels)     		ind
    int (before ṡ)     		a in dá in dí in dá ind inna
    Accusative in inna
    Genitive ind
    int (before ṡ)     		inna ind
    int (before ṡ)     		in dá
    Dative dond; dont (before ṡ)
    cossind; cossint (before ṡ)
    etc.     		don dib
    cossin dib
    etc.     		donaib
    cosnaib
    etc.
    Note: The dative is used only after a preposition, which forms a contraction with the definite article, e.g. dond (“to the”), cossind (“with the”), etc.
    Derived terms
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    Descendants
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    • Irish: an
    • Scottish Gaelic: an
    • Manx: yn

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Unknown. Probably related to Middle Welsh a (interrogative particle). The n may be from Proto-Celtic *ne (compare Latin -ne (interrogative particle) < nē (“not”)).[1] Has been compared to Latin an (“or, whether”, interrogative particle).[2]

    Particle

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    in (triggers eclipsis)

    1. interrogative particle forming yes-no questions
    Derived terms
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    Verb

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    in (triggers eclipsis)

    1. third-person singular present indicative interrogative of is: is...?

    Etymology 3

    [edit]

    Preposition

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    in

    1. Alternative form of i (“in”) (often before cach, cech (“each, every”) and for (“your pl”))

    Etymology 4

    [edit]

    Probably originally the masculine/neuter dative singular of the definite article (see Etymology 1); compare Middle Welsh and Welsh yn.[3]

    Particle

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    in

    1. Used with the masculine/neuter dative singular of an adjective to form the corresponding adverb: -ly
      • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 30a3
        Amal nád n-airigther ⁊ nád fintar a ndu·gníther hi suidi, sic ba in ḟortgidiu ⁊ ba hi temul du·gníth Saul cona muntair intleda ⁊ erelca fri Dauid.
        As what is done in this is not perceived and discovered, so it was covertly and it was in darkness that Saul with his people was making snares and ambushes against David.

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 466, page 292
    2. ^ Pedersen, Holger (1909) Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen (in German), volume I, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 391
    3. ^ Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 379, pages 238–39

    Old Norse

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    Article

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    in

    1. inflection of inn:
      1. feminine nominative singular
      2. neuter nominative/accusative plural

    Old Saxon

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    Etymology

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    From Proto-Germanic *in.

    Preposition

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    in

    1. in

    Pennsylvania German

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    Preposition

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    in

    1. in

    Portuguese

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    Pronunciation

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    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    Unadapted borrowing from Latin in (“in”). Doublet of em.

    Preposition

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    in

    1. found in the given reference
    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Unadapted borrowing from English in.

    Adjective

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    in (invariable)

    1. in fashion
      Synonym: na moda

    Romagnol

    [edit]

    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Latin in (“in”).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    • (Central Romagnol): IPA(key): [i]

    Preposition

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    in

    1. in, into
      • 2024, Franco Alpini, Andrea Alpini, La Bébia In Dialét Rumagnól, Genesis 1:1:
        In te prinzipi Dio e creét i zil e la tèra.
        In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.
    2. by
      A vég a Ravèna in bicicléta.
      I go to Ravenna by bike.

    References

    [edit]

    Masotti, Adelmo (1996) Vocabolario Romagnolo Italiano (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, page 289

    Romanian

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    Etymology

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    Inherited from Latin līnum (“flax”).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    in n (plural inuri)

    1. flax

    Declension

    [edit]
    Declension of in
    singular plural
    indefinite articulation definite articulation indefinite articulation definite articulation
    nominative/accusative (un) in inul (niște) inuri inurile
    genitive/dative (unui) in inului (unor) inuri inurilor
    vocative inule inurilor
    [edit]

    Romansch

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    Alternative forms

    [edit]

    Etymology

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    From Latin ūnus.

    Article

    [edit]

    in m (feminine ina)

    1. (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan) a, an

    Number

    [edit]

    in m (feminine ina)

    1. (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan) one

    Sardinian

    [edit]

    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Latin in, from earlier en, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Preposition

    [edit]

    in

    1. in, into

    Derived terms

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    • Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes
    • Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964) Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg

    Sassarese

    [edit]

    Alternative forms

    [edit]
    • i', i (apocopic)

    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Latin in, from earlier en, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Preposition

    [edit]

    in

    1. in
      Soggu in sigunda erementari ― I'm in second grade
      Canti seddi in crassi tóia? ― How many are you in your class?
      Paràuri ischritti in rùiu ― Words written in red
      Fabeddàbani in sassaresu ― They were speaking (in) Sassarese
      • 1866, chapter III, in Giovanni Spano, transl., L'ebagneliu sigundu S. Matteju‎[10] (overall work in Italian and Sassarese), London, translation of Evangelium secundum Matthaeum, verse 1, page 7:
        In chissi dì poi vinisi Giuanni Battilta pridigghendi in lu diseltu di la Giudea
        In those days, then came John the Baptist, preaching in the desert of Judaea
      • 1989, Giovanni Maria Cherchi, “Puisia”, in La poesia di l'althri, Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, page 19:
        E s’ammenta di nommi immintigaddi,
        un basgiu dazi a facci risurani,
        chi più no li vidia che in sonni fei
        And she remembers forgotten names, gives a kiss to smiling faces she would only see again in nightmares
        (literally, “And she remembers herself of forgotten names, a kiss gives to laughing faces, which she didn't see anymore except in bad dreams”)

    References

    [edit]
    • Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes

    Saterland Frisian

    [edit]

    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Old Frisian in, from Proto-West Germanic *in. Cognates include West Frisian yn and German in.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Preposition

    [edit]

    in (neuter or distal adverb deerin, proximal adverb hierin, interrogative adverb wierin)

    1. in, inside
    2. in, into
    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    • Marron C. Fort (2015) “in”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

    Serbo-Croatian

    [edit]

    Etymology

    [edit]

    Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьnъ.

    Adjective

    [edit]

    in (Cyrillic spelling ин)

    1. (rare, archaic) other
      Synonym: drugi

    Declension

    [edit]
    indefinite forms
    singular masculine feminine neuter
    nominative in ina ino
    genitive ina ine ina
    dative inu inoj inu
    accusative inanimate
    animate     		in
    ina         		inu ino
    vocative in ina ino
    locative inu inoj inu
    instrumental inim inom inim
    plural masculine feminine neuter
    nominative ini ine ina
    genitive inih inih inih
    dative inim(a) inim(a) inim(a)
    accusative ine ine ina
    vocative ini ine ina
    locative inim(a) inim(a) inim(a)
    instrumental inim(a) inim(a) inim(a)
    definite forms
    singular masculine feminine neuter
    nominative ini ina ino
    genitive inog(a) ine inog(a)
    dative inom(u/e) inoj inom(u/e)
    accusative inanimate
    animate     		ini
    inog(a)         		inu ino
    vocative ini ina ino
    locative inom(e/u) inoj inom(e/u)
    instrumental inim inom inim
    plural masculine feminine neuter
    nominative ini ine ina
    genitive inih inih inih
    dative inim(a) inim(a) inim(a)
    accusative ine ine ina
    vocative ini ine ina
    locative inim(a) inim(a) inim(a)
    instrumental inim(a) inim(a) inim(a)
    [edit]

    References

    [edit]

    Budmani, Pero (1887-1891), "Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika" Volume III, p. 827

    Slovene

    [edit]

    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Proto-Slavic *i.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Conjunction

    [edit]

    in

    1. and

    Synonyms

    [edit]
    • i (dialectal)

    Sumerian

    [edit]

    Romanization

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    in

    1. Romanization of 𒅔 (in)

    Swedish

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Adverb

    [edit]

    in

    1. into, to in
      Antonym: ut (“to out”)
      Han gick in ― He walked in ("to in")
      Han gick inne ― He was walking around inside (for comparison)
      De går in ― They're walking in ("to in")
      Han gick in i rummet ― He walked into the room
      Han är inne i rummet ― He is in the room

    See also

    [edit]
    • inne (“in as a location, inside”)
    • inåt (“inwards”)

    References

    [edit]

    Anagrams

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    Turkish

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    From Ottoman Turkish این (in),[1] from Proto-Turkic *īn (“lair, burrow”)[2][3]

    Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰃𐰤 (in), Turkmen hīn, Southern Altai ийин (iyin), Kazakh ін (ın), Yakut иин (iin).

    Noun

    [edit]

    in (definite accusative ini, plural inler)[4][5][6]

    1. lair, den, burrow
    2. cave
    Declension
    [edit]
    Inflection
    Nominative in
    Definite accusative ini
    Singular Plural
    Nominative in inler
    Definite accusative ini inleri
    Dative ine inlere
    Locative inde inlerde
    Ablative inden inlerden
    Genitive inin inlerin
    Possessive forms
    Nominative
    Singular Plural
    1st singular inim inlerim
    2nd singular inin inlerin
    3rd singular ini inleri
    1st plural inimiz inlerimiz
    2nd plural ininiz inleriniz
    3rd plural inleri inleri
    Definite accusative
    Singular Plural
    1st singular inimi inlerimi
    2nd singular inini inlerini
    3rd singular inini inlerini
    1st plural inimizi inlerimizi
    2nd plural ininizi inlerinizi
    3rd plural inlerini inlerini
    Dative
    Singular Plural
    1st singular inime inlerime
    2nd singular inine inlerine
    3rd singular inine inlerine
    1st plural inimize inlerimize
    2nd plural ininize inlerinize
    3rd plural inlerine inlerine
    Locative
    Singular Plural
    1st singular inimde inlerimde
    2nd singular ininde inlerinde
    3rd singular ininde inlerinde
    1st plural inimizde inlerimizde
    2nd plural ininizde inlerinizde
    3rd plural inlerinde inlerinde
    Ablative
    Singular Plural
    1st singular inimden inlerimden
    2nd singular ininden inlerinden
    3rd singular ininden inlerinden
    1st plural inimizden inlerimizden
    2nd plural ininizden inlerinizden
    3rd plural inlerinden inlerinden
    Genitive
    Singular Plural
    1st singular inimin inlerimin
    2nd singular ininin inlerinin
    3rd singular ininin inlerinin
    1st plural inimizin inlerimizin
    2nd plural ininizin inlerinizin
    3rd plural inlerinin inlerinin

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ Redhouse, James W. (1890) “این”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎[1], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 308
    2. ^ Clauson, Gerard (1972) “i:n”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 166
    3. ^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “in”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
    4. ^ “in”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
    5. ^ “in”, in Turkish dictionaries, Türk Dil Kurumu
    6. ^ Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “in³”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2166

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Verb

    [edit]

    in

    1. second-person singular imperative of inmek

    Vietnamese

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    Pronunciation

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    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 印 (“to print”, SV: ấn).

    Verb

    [edit]

    in

    1. to print
    Derived terms
    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Adjective

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    in

    1. (only in compounds) perfectly fitted
    Derived terms
    [edit]
    Derived terms

    Anagrams

    [edit]

    Volapük

    [edit]

    Preposition

    [edit]

    in

    1. in
      • 1952, Arie de Jong, Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: VII:
        E kis-li? Logol cipi in log bloda olik, e bemi in log olik no küpol!
        Why do you observe the splinter in your brother’s eye and never notice the great log in your own?
      • 1940, “Pötü yelacen”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 1:
        In Siyop ya dü yels mödik krigastad bevü Yapän e Tsyinän dareigon, ed in Yurop krig jenon bevü Deutän e Polän, Linglän e Fransän, e bevü Rusän e Suomiyän.
        In Asia, a state of war has been going on for years between Japan and China, and in Europe war is being waged between Germany and Poland, England and France, and between Russia and Finland.

    Welsh

    [edit]

    Alternative forms

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    Pronunciation

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    Pronoun

    [edit]

    in

    1. (literary) first-person plural of i

    West Frisian

    [edit]

    Etymology

    [edit]

    Shortened from ien (“one”).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Determiner

    [edit]

    in

    1. a, an; indefinite article

    Further reading

    [edit]
    • “in (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

    Yola

    [edit]

    Preposition

    [edit]

    in

    1. Alternative form of ing (“in”)
      • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 84:
        At by mizluck was ee-pit t'drive in.
        Who by misluck was placed to drive in.
      • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 9, page 88:
        A clugercheen gother: all, ing pile an in heep,
        A crowd gathered up: all, in pile and in heap,
      • 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 94:
        An gooude usquebaugh ee-sarith uth in cooanès.
        And good whiskey served out in wooden cans.
      • 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 4, page 96:
        Raree met in plathearès, ee-zet in a rooe,
        There was choice meat in platters, set in a row,
      • 1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 104:
        Lickweese mee been deeth in aar heeve.
        Likewise my bees die in their hive.

    References

    [edit]
    • Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 84

    Yoruba

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

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    Pronoun

    [edit]

    in

    1. him, her, it (third-person singular non-honorific object pronoun following a monosyllabic verb with a high-tone /ĩ/)

    Pronoun

    [edit]

    ín

    1. him, her, it (third-person singular non-honorific object pronoun following a monosyllabic verb with a low- or mid-tone /ĩ/)
    See also
    [edit]
    Affirmative subject pronouns
    singular plural or honorific
    1st person mo a
    2nd person o ẹ
    3rd person ó wọ́n
    Negative subject pronouns
    singular plural or honorific
    1st person mi / n a
    2nd person o ẹ
    3rd person [pronoun dropped] wọn
    Object pronouns
    singular plural or honorific
    1st person mi wa
    2nd person ọ / ẹ yín
    3rd person [preceding vowel repeated for monosyllabic verbs] / ẹ̀ wọn
    Note: except for yín, object pronouns have a high tone following a low or mid tone monosyllabic verb, and a mid tone following a high tone. For complex verbs, the tone does not change.
    Emphatic pronouns
    singular plural or honorific
    1st person èmi àwa
    2nd person ìwọ ẹ̀yin
    3rd person òun àwọn

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Pronoun

    [edit]

    ìn

    1. (Ekiti) you, Alternative form of ẹ (“(second-person plural or honorific personal pronoun)”)

    Zou

    [edit]
    In khet.

    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔim, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kim (“house, womb”).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    ín

    1. house

    Derived terms

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    • Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 41
    • Philip Thanglienmang (2014) “Zou Tonology”, in Indian Linguistics, volume 75, numbers 1-2, →ISSN
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