From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Likely from jfdw ( “ four ” ) , with an original meaning of ‘run on all fours’ and so ‘run away like a wild animal’.[ 1] jfdt ( “ all fours ” ) .
3-lit.
( intransitive ) flee or run away like a wild animal [since the 18th Dynasty] ( transitive ) rush through or across (a place)
jfdj ḥr ssmtto traverse on horseback
Conjugation of jfd (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jfd , geminated stem: jfdd
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
jfd jfdw , jfd jfdt jfd jfd
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective 2
periphrastic prospective 2
jfd ḥr jfd m jfd r jfd
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
jfd.n jfdw , jfd consecutive
jfd.jn active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
terminative
jfdt
perfective 3
jfd active + .tj 1 , .tw 2 obligative1
jfd.ḫr active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
imperfective
jfd active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
prospective 3
jfd jfdd potentialis1
jfd.kꜣ active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
subjunctive
jfd active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
jfd.n active + .tj 1 , .tw 2 —
—
perfective
jfd active + .tj 1 , .tw 2 jfd jfd , jfdw 5 , jfdy 5
imperfective
jfd , jfdy , jfdw 5 active + .tj 1 , .tw 2 jfd , jfdj 6 , jfdy 6 jfd , jfdw 5
prospective
jfd , jfdtj 7 —
jfdtj 4 , jfdt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f .fj .s .sj .sn .snj .sn
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jfd
jfd jfjd
[21st Dynasty]
in hieratic
Sahidic Coptic: ⲱϥⲧ ( ōft ) From jfdw ( “ four ” ) .
m
rectangular block of stone [Middle Kingdom] rectangle , rectangular form (as opposed to dbn ( “ round ” ) ) [Mathematical papyri]
Declension of jfd (masculine)
m
rectangular parcel of land [Mathematical papyri]
Declension of jfd (masculine)
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jfd
m
a kind of linen four -weave ’ linen
Declension of jfd (masculine)
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jfd
m
(linen ) sheet or blanket
Some authors separate this word into two and hypothesize that certain writings—those with determinatives such as
or
—represent a different meaning, an article of furniture such as couch Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache and the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae analyze all writings as the same word. (The TLA treats the writing with determinative
as a scribal error.)
Declension of jfd (masculine)
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jfd
jfd jfd jfd jfd jfdj jfdj
[New Kingdom]
[New Kingdom]
[New Kingdom]
in hieratic
in hieratic
in hieratic
m
a shrine in Edfu [Greco-Roman Period] “jfd (lemma ID 24610) ”, “jfd (lemma ID 24600) ”, “jfd (lemma ID 24570) ”, “jfd.j (lemma ID 850630) ”, “jfd.j (lemma ID 24590) ”, and “Jfd (lemma ID 24580) Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae [1] 2004–26 July 2023 Erman, Adolf , Grapow, Hermann (1926 ) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache [2] →ISBN pages 71.10–72.3 Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962 ) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian , Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN page 17 James P[eter] Allen (2010 ) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs , 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN page 191 Hoch, James (1997 ) Middle Egyptian Grammar , Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN page 97 
