sam

See also: Appendix:Variations of "sam"

Translingual

Symbol

sam

(international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Samaritan Aramaic.

English

Etymology 1

Acronym.

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Alternative forms

SAM

Pronunciation

Audio (General Australian): (file)

Noun

sam

Alternative form of SAM (“surface-to-air missile”)

Etymology 2

From Middle English sammen, samnen, from Old English samnian, ġesamnian (“to collect, assemble, bring together, gather, join, unite, compose, meet, glean”), from Proto-West Germanic *samnōn, from Proto-Germanic *samnōną (“to gather”), from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”). Cognate with Dutch zamelen (“to collect”), German sammeln (“to collect, gather”), Swedish samla (“to gather, collect”), Icelandic samna (“to gather, collect”). More at same.

Alternative forms

samen

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sæm/
Rhymes: -æm
Homophone: Sam (Received Pronunciation, US)

Verb

sam (third-person singular simple present sams, present participle samming, simple past and past participle sammed)

(transitive, UK dialectal) To assemble.
(transitive, UK dialectal, of persons) To bring together; join (in marriage, friendship, love, etc.).
(transitive, UK dialectal, of things) To bring together; collect; put in order; arrange.
- 1905, Keighley Snowden, Princess Joyce:
  I sammed it up for ye
(intransitive, UK dialectal) To assemble; come together.
(transitive, UK dialectal) To coagulate; curdle (milk).

Usage notes

Often used with together or up

Derived terms

Etymology 3

From Middle English sām (“together”), from Old English samen (“together”), from Proto-West Germanic *saman, from Proto-Germanic *samanai (“together”), from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).

Adverb

sam (not comparable)

(obsolete) Together
- 1590, Edmund Spenser, “(please specify the book)”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:
  Now are they saints all in that city sam.
- a. 1600, The Battle of Floddon Field‎^[1]:
  All Sam the souldiers then replied.

Etymology 4

From Middle English sam- (prefix), from Old English sam-, from Proto-Germanic *sēmi- (“half”), from Proto-Indo-European *sēmi- (“half”). Related to semi- (via Latin).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sæm/
Rhymes: -æm
Homophone: Sam (Received Pronunciation, US)

Adjective

sam (not comparable)

(dialectal) Half or imperfectly done.
(of food) Half-heated.

Related terms

Etymology 5

Possibly from Uncle Sam.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sæm/
Rhymes: -æm
Homophone: Sam (Received Pronunciation, US)

Noun

sam (plural sams)

(slang) Federal narcotics agent.

Anagrams

'ams, Mas, mas, MSA, -mas, ASM, AMS, M.A.S., MAs, sma, M.A.s, SMA, M. A. S., MAS, A.M.s, asm

Atong (India)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sʰam/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bodo-Garo *sam¹ (“grass”). Related to Garo samsi, Garo sam.

Noun

sam (Bengali script সাম)

grass; weed
medicine

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Verb

sam- (Bengali script সাম)

to wait

Etymology 3

Classifier

sam- (Bengali script সাম)

used with any bilateral body part, hands, eyes, etc. and also tires

References

van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary.

Charrua

Numeral

sam

two

References

El último charrúa: de Salsipuedes a la actualidad (1996)
Idioma español y habla criolla: Charrúas y vilelas (1968)
Čestmír Loukotka, ‎Johannes Wilbert (editor), Classification of South American Indian Languages (1968, Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California), page(s) 62

Chuukese

Noun

sam

father

Garo

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sam/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bodo-Garo *sam¹ (“grass”). Related to Atong (India) sam.

Noun

sam

Etymology 2

Classifier

sam

used with any bilateral body part, hands, eyes, etc.

Hokkien

For pronunciation and definitions of sam – see 三 (“three; the other woman; the other man; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 三).

For pronunciation and definitions of sam – see 衫 (“unlined garment; shirt; top; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 衫).

For pronunciation and definitions of sam – see 舢. (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 舢).

For pronunciation and definitions of sam – see 參 (“Three Stars mansion; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 參).

Lhao Vo

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-sum (“three”). Cognate with Lashi soem" and Burmese သုံး (sum:, “three”).

Numeral

sam

three

References

Dr. Ola Hanson, A Dictionary of the Kachin Language (1906).

Macanese

Verb

sam

Alternative form of sâm

Maltese

Root
s-w-m
3 terms

Etymology

From Arabic صامَ (ṣāma).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /saːm/

Verb

sam (imperfect jsum, active participle sajjem, verbal noun sawm)

to fast

Conjugation

Conjugation of sam
		singular			plural
		1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
perfect	m	somt	somt	sam	somna	somtu	samu
perfect	f	somt	somt	samet	somna	somtu	samu
imperfect	m	nsum	ssum	jsum	nsumu	ssumu	jsumu
imperfect	f	nsum	ssum	ssum	nsumu	ssumu	jsumu
imperative			sum			sumu

Mizo

Etymology 1

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *sham, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t)sam.

Noun

sam

hair (of the head)
antenna (of insects)

Etymology 2

Adjective

sam

easy, simple

Nga La

Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *sham, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t)sam.

Noun

sam

hair (of the head)

References

Matu (Chin) Dictionary by Ropna Saruum, Matupi 2007

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *samos (“summer”) (compare Welsh haf), from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ó- (compare Old English sumor, Old Armenian ամառն (amaṙn)).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [saβ̃]

Noun

sam m (genitive unattested, no plural)

summer

Inflection

Masculine o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	sam	—	—
Vocative	saim	—	—
Accusative	sam^N	—	—
Genitive	saim^L	—	—
Dative	sam^L	—	—
Initial mutations of a following adjective: ^H = triggers aspiration ^L = triggers lenition ^N = triggers nasalization

Synonyms

samrad

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
sam	ṡam	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Old Norse

Verb

sam

second-person singular imperative of sama

Old Polish

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *samъ. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /saːm/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /sɒm/

Pronoun

sam

alone, by oneself, without company
myself, yourself, himself, etc. (emphatic determiner, used similarly to "no other than" or "the very", as in "I myself")
The meaning of this term is uncertain.

Descendants

Polish: sam
Silesian: sōm

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sěmo. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /sam/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /sam/

Adverb

sam

here; hither

Descendants

Polish: siam
Silesian: sam

References

B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “1. sam”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “2. sam”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Phalura

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sam/

Adverb

sam (Perso-Arabic spelling سم)

equally

References

Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “sam”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[3], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Polish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsam/

(Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈsam/

Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -am
Syllabification: sam

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Polish sam.

Adjective

sam (not generally comparable, comparative bardziej sam, superlative najbardziej sam, no derived adverb)

alone (oneself without company)
alone (oneself without help)

Adverb

sam (not generally comparable, comparative bardziej sam, superlative najbardziej sam)

alone, by oneself, without company
Synonyms: osobno, samodzielnie
(Middle Polish) here (at this place)
Synonyms: tu, tutaj

Alternative forms: (dialectal) sa, (dialectal) samoj

Particle

sam

emphatic determiner, used similarly to "no other than" or "the very", as in "I myself"; oneself
Przygotowując intrygę przeciwko szefowi, pani Magdalena kazała swojej córce ubrać się skromnie, a sama założyła sukienkę z głębokim dekoltem.
Preparing the intrigue against the boss, Ms. Magdalena told her daughter to dress modestly, while she herself put on a dress with a deep neckline.

Poszedł do samego końca.
He went to the very end.
by oneself, alone (by one's own volition or power, without outside help or encouragement)

Declension

Declension of sam (irregular)

singular					plural
	masculine animate	masculine inanimate	feminine	neuter	virile (= masculine personal)	non-virile
nominative	sam		sama	samo	sami	same
genitive	samego		samej	samego	samych
dative	samemu		samej	samemu	samym
accusative	samego	sam	samą	samo	samych	same
instrumental	samym		samą	samym	samymi
locative	samym		samej	samym	samych

Derived terms

adjectives

adverb

particle

tym samym

Related terms

adjectives

adverb

nouns

verbs

osamotniać impf
osamotnić pf

Etymology 2

Clipping of sklep samoobsługowy.

Alternative forms

SAM

Noun

sam m inan

(colloquial) self-service shop
Synonym: sklep samoobsługowy

Declension

Declension of sam

	singular	plural
nominative	sam	samy
genitive	samu	samów
dative	samowi	samom
accusative	sam	samy
instrumental	samem	samami
locative	samie	samach
vocative	samie	samy

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), sam is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 159 times in scientific texts, 70 times in news, 120 times in essays, 231 times in fiction, and 302 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 882 times, making it the 48th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.^[1]

References

^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “sam”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 518

Rohingya

Alternative forms

𐴏𐴝𐴔 (sam) — Hanifi spelling

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

sam (Hanifi spelling 𐴏𐴝𐴔)

skin
Synonym: samra

Romani

Verb

sam

first-person plural present indicative of si

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *samъ, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós.

Adjective

sȃm (Cyrillic spelling са̑м, definite sȃmī)

Declension

indefinite forms

singular		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		sam	sama	samo
genitive		sama	same	sama
dative		samu	samoj	samu
accusative	inanimate animate	sam sama	samu	samo
vocative		sam	sama	samo
locative		samu	samoj	samu
instrumental		samim	samom	samim
plural		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		sami	same	sama
genitive		samih	samih	samih
dative		samim(a)	samim(a)	samim(a)
accusative		same	same	sama
vocative		sami	same	sama
locative		samim(a)	samim(a)	samim(a)
instrumental		samim(a)	samim(a)	samim(a)

definite forms

singular		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		sami	sama	samo
genitive		samog(a)	same	samog(a)
dative		samom(u/e)	samoj	samom(u/e)
accusative	inanimate animate	sami samog(a)	samu	samo
vocative		sami	sama	samo
locative		samom(e/u)	samoj	samom(e/u)
instrumental		samim	samom	samim
plural		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		sami	same	sama
genitive		samih	samih	samih
dative		samim(a)	samim(a)	samim(a)
accusative		same	same	sama
vocative		sami	same	sama
locative		samim(a)	samim(a)	samim(a)
instrumental		samim(a)	samim(a)	samim(a)

Alternative forms

sȃm

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)esmь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *esmi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi.

Verb

sȁm (Cyrillic spelling са̏м)

first-person singular present tense enclitic form of biti.
Tu sam. — I'm here.

Silesian

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish sam.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsam/
Rhymes: -am
Syllabification: sam

Pronoun

sam

here
Synonym: tukej
hither

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *samъ, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sáːm/

Adjective

sȃm (not comparable)

alone, sole
unaided, single-handed, by oneself

Inflection

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Hard
	masculine	feminine	neuter
nom. sing.	sám	sáma	sámo
singular
	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	sám ^ind sámi ^def	sáma	sámo
genitive	sámega	sáme	sámega
dative	sámemu	sámi	sámemu
accusative	nominative^inan or genitive^anim	sámo	sámo
locative	sámem	sámi	sámem
instrumental	sámim	sámo	sámim
dual
	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	sáma	sámi	sámi
genitive	sámih	sámih	sámih
dative	sámima	sámima	sámima
accusative	sáma	sámi	sámi
locative	sámih	sámih	sámih
instrumental	sámima	sámima	sámima
plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	sámi	sáme	sáma
genitive	sámih	sámih	sámih
dative	sámim	sámim	sámim
accusative	sáme	sáme	sáma
locative	sámih	sámih	sámih
instrumental	sámimi	sámimi	sámimi

Derived terms

Swedish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sam/

Verb

sam

past indicative of simma

Anagrams

mas

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [saːm˧˧]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [ʂaːm˧˧] ~ [saːm˧˧]
(Saigon) IPA^(key): [ʂaːm˧˧] ~ [saːm˧˧]

Etymology 1

Highly unlikely due to irregular sound change. Possibly from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kt₁aam (“crab”) (Norman & Mei, 1976; mistakenly glossed as "king crab"). However, Shorto (2006) includes no such derivation. Compare Vietnamese đam (“field crab”) and Lingao sam¹ (“horseshoe crab”).

Noun

(classifier con) sam • (杉, 衫, 𧏰, 𧓰, 𪓫)

a horseshoe crab
đuôi sam ― a horseshoe crab's tail; a braid/plait

Etymology 2

Noun

(classifier cây) sam • (蔘)

common purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
Synonym: rau sam

Ye'kwana

Alternative forms

samm

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [sam]

Ideophone

sam

zooming
(of food) stinging, biting

References

Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “samm”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[4], Lyon, page 166

Zhuang

**Zhuang cardinal numbers**
< 2	3	4 >
Cardinal : sam

Etymology

From Proto-Tai *saːm (“three”), from Middle Chinese 三 (MC sam, “three”). Cognate with Thai สาม (sǎam), Northern Thai ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ, Lao ສາມ (sām), Lü ᦉᦱᧄ (ṡaam), Tai Dam ꪎꪱꪣ, Shan သၢမ် (sǎam), Tai Nüa ᥔᥣᥛᥴ (sáam), Ahom 𑜏𑜪 (saṃ), Bouyei saaml.

Pronunciation

(Standard Zhuang) IPA^(key): /θaːm˨˦/
Tone numbers: sam¹
Hyphenation: sam

Numeral

sam (1957–1982 spelling sam)

three

[1] Ida Kurcz (1990) “sam”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 518

[1]

sam

Translingual

Symbol

See also

English

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Verb

Usage notes

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Adverb

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

Adjective

Related terms

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

Noun

Anagrams

Atong (India)

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Verb

Etymology 3

Classifier

References

Charrua

Numeral

References

Chuukese

Noun

Garo

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Etymology 2

Classifier

Further reading

Hokkien

Lhao Vo

Etymology

Numeral

References

Macanese

Verb

Maltese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

Mizo

Etymology 1

Noun

Etymology 2

Adjective

Nga La

Etymology

Noun

References

Old Irish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Inflection

Synonyms

Mutation

Further reading

Old Norse

Verb

Old Polish

Etymology 1