WISC IV Evaluación, Aplicación y Calificación
WISC IV Evaluación, Aplicación y Calificación
WISC IV Evaluación, Aplicación y Calificación
ESCUELA DE PSICOLOGA
MAESTRA EN PSICOLOGA CLNICA
CURSO SEMINARIO AVANZADO DE PSICODIAGNSTICO
.
RESUMEN
El WISC-IV brinda una medida de funcionamiento intelectual general (CIT) y cuatro
puntuaciones ndice: Comprensin Verbal (CV), Razonamiento Perceptual (RP), Memoria
de trabajo (MT) y Velocidad de Procesamiento (VP). En la versin actual, consta de 15
pruebas. El constructo de inteligencia subyacente a la prueba defiende que las capacidades
cognoscitivas se organizan de forma jerrquica, con aptitudes especficas vinculadas a
distintos mbitos cognoscitivos. El WISC-IV ha organizado estos mbitos en estrecha
relacin con las actuales teoras de la inteligencia de razonamiento fluido y cristalizado y de
Memoria de Trabajo
INTRODUCCIN
El trabajo se introduce con una ficha tcnica, que presenta de manera grfica
informacin importante de la prueba. Seguidamente se da un vistazo a las tendencias
histricas y actuales en las pruebas de inteligencia. Como segundo punto se hace una
descripcin general del test, para pasar luego a repasar el proceso de aplicacin del mismo
y finalmente revisar los pasos para su calificacin e interpretacin.
Ficha Tcnica
Nombre del test: Escala de inteligencia de Wechsler para nios-IV
(WISC-IV)
Nombre del test en su versin original: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth
Edition. Administration and Scoring manual (WISC-IV)
Autor: David Wechsler y actualmente Psychological Corporation
Autor de la adaptacin espaola: Sara Corral, David Arribas, Pablo Santamara, Manuel J.
Sueiro y Jaime Perea.
Editor del test en su versin original: NCS Pearson, Inc. (Pearson Assessment)
Editor de la adaptacin espaola: Departamento I+D, TEA Ediciones S.A.
Tiempo estimado para la aplicacin del test: La ficha tcnica del test indica un tiempo de
aplicacin aproximado de 60 a 75 minutos
Poblaciones a las que el test es aplicable: nios y adolescentes de edades comprendidas
entre 6 aos 0 meses y 16 aos 11 meses.
Fecha de publicacin del test original
WISC: 1949
WISC-R: 1974
WISC-III: 1991
WISC-IV: 2003
Fecha de la publicacin del test en su adaptacin espaola
WISC: 1974
WISC-R: 1993
WISC-III: (no adaptado)
WISC-IV: 2005
3
I.
En 1974 sali una segunda edicin, la Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler para NiosRevisada, con el contenido y la baremacin actualizados. La edad de aplicacin es de 6
aos hasta los 16 aos y 11 meses, y se tipific a travs de una muestra de 2,200 sujetos
representativa de la poblacin estadounidense.
En 1991 aparece la Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler para Nios-Tercera Edicin
(WISC-III), con una notable mejora en la tipificacin, ya que para la estratificacin de la
muestra se us, adems de la edad y raza (variables usadas en la versin anterior), el sexo,
la regin geogrfica y el nivel educativo de los padres. sta ltima versin mantiene el 73%
de los reactivos de la WISC-R, y aade una subprueba ms a la Escala Manipulativa
(Bsqueda de Smbolos). La escala queda, por tanto, integrada por 13 subtests.
El WISC-IV (2003; la adaptacin a poblacin espaola sali en 2005) est formada por 15
pruebas: 10 principales y 5 opcionales.
II.
Esta ampliacin del nmero de escalas persigue, segn los autores, efectuar un anlisis
detallado de los diferentes procesos implicados en el rendimiento intelectual, as como
establecer relaciones con diferentes trastornos clnicos y del aprendizaje. Ello supone un
importante avance a la hora de ayudar, en la medida de lo posible, al diagnstico y a la
toma de decisiones en la intervencin psicopedaggica tras la evaluacin. (Bans, S, s.f.)
1. El ndice de Comprensin verbal (CV) expresa habilidades de formacin de
conceptos verbales, expresin de relaciones entre conceptos, riqueza y precisin en
la definicin de vocablos, comprensin social, juicio prctico, conocimientos
adquiridos y agilidad e intuicin verbal. Consta de cinco pruebas:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
i.
Cubos (CC) mide habilidades de anlisis, sntesis y organizacin visoespacial, a tiempo controlado;
ii.
iii.
iv.
ii.
iii.
Claves (CL) y
ii.
iii.
alude a las operaciones mentales que emplea la persona cuando se enfrenta a tareas
novedosas que pueden realizarse de forma automtica. Estas operaciones pueden incluir la
formacin y reconocimiento de conceptos, la percepcin de relaciones en patrones, la
extrapolacin, as como la reorganizacin y transformacin de la informacin.
2- Procesamiento Visual (Gv). Cubos y Figuras Incompletas. Se trata de la capacidad de
generar, percibir, analizar, sintetizar, almacenar, recuperar, manipular y transformar
patrones y estmulos visuales.
3- Razonamiento Fluido verbal (Gf-v).
razonamiento implica Gf, pero tambin Gc, entendida como la amplitud y profundidad que
tiene una persona sobre el conocimiento acumulado de una cultura as como el efectivo uso
de ese conocimiento.
10
III.
Manual Tcnico
Manual de Aplicacin
Protocolo de Registro
Cuadernillo de respuestas 1
Cuadernillo de respuestas 2
Libreta de estmulos
Cubos
Tambin
11
repetirlos en voz alta). Suelen puntuar bajo los dislxicos o los que presentan problemas de
discalculia.
(Bans, s.f.)
presentacin es visual y libre del lenguaje. Puede aplicarse a personas con dificultades en la
expresin oral. Supone una medida de la capacidad de agrupar los tems visuales de
informacin en categoras segn compartan caractersticas comunes. Buen predictor de la
capacidad de aprendizaje del sujeto. (Bans, s.f.)
5. Claves (Cl)
El nio copia smbolos emparejados con nmeros o formas geomtricas (segn la
edad). Primero debe atender al nmero y luego copiar la forma que le corresponde en un
tiempo limitado. La subprueba mide memoria a corto plazo, capacidad de aprendizaje,
percepcin visual, coordinacin visomotora, capacidad de rastreo visual, flexibilidad
cognitiva, atencin y motivacin.
lenguaje y la comprensin de las diferentes palabras que lo componen. Tambin nos da una
13
idea acerca de sus recursos para manejar palabras y construir una explicacin verbal
coherente a la demanda.
(Bans, s.f.)
(Bans, s.f.)
9. Comprensin (C)
Este subtest se compone de una serie de preguntas orales que se efectan al nio para
conocer su nivel de comprensin respecto a determinadas situaciones sociales.
14
15
El nio rastrea tanto una disposicin aleatoria como una estructurada de dibujos y
marca los dibujos estmulo dentro de un lmite especificado de tiempo. Mide velocidad de
procesamiento, atencin visual selectiva, vigilancia y descuido visual. (Wechsler, 2005 B,
p.17).
13. Informacin (In)
El nio responde preguntas que se dirigen a una amplia gama de temas de
conocimientos generales. Est diseada para medir la capacidad de un nio para adquirir,
conserva y recuperar conocimiento objetivo general.
memoria a largo plazo y la capacidad para conservar y recuperar informacin escolar y del
ambiente. Otras habilidades que el nio puede usar incluyen percepcin y comprensin
auditivas, as como capacidad de expresin verbal. (Wechsler, 2005 B, p.14).
14. Aritmtica (A)
El nio ha de resolver dentro de un tiempo limitado, problemas aritmticos presentados
de forma oral. Implica manipulacin mental, concentracin, atencin, memoria a corto y
largo plazos, capacidad de razonamiento numrico y atencin mental. (Wechsler, 2005 B,
p.17).
15. Palabras en contexto (Pistas)
El nio debe tratar de identificar el objeto o concepto escondido tras las pistas aportadas
verbalmente. Varios son los factores involucrados: Conocimiento del entorno,
comprensin del lenguaje, capacidad de razonamiento verbal. (Wechsler, 2005 B, p.14).
.
16
IV.
1. Procedimiento de correccin
Algunos subtests se corrigen por plantilla (Claves y Bsqueda de Smbolos), en otros se
punta la respuesta correcta, de manera sencilla (Conceptos, Matrices, Letras y Nmeros,
Dgitos, Aritmtica, Figuras Incompletas). En otros subtests la puntuacin es ms compleja
y requiere la cuidadosa lectura de los criterios y los ejemplos que aparecen en el Manual
(Semejanzas, Vocabulario, Comprensin). (Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de
Psiclogos,s.f.).
2. Procedimiento de obtencin de las puntuaciones directas
Existen diferentes sistemas de obtencin de la puntuacin directa:
17
3. Escalas utilizadas:
18
Centiles
Puntuaciones tpicas
Banus (s.f.), expone los diferentes niveles de anlisis que pueden darse sobre los resultados
de la prueba. De seguido se pasa a detallarlos,
i.
Obtencin del perfil a partir de los resultados. El anlisis de los resultados del WISC-IV
se efecta a varios niveles. Una vez finalizada la evaluacin, hay que trasladar los
diferentes resultados de cada subtest a la primera pgina (pgina resumen).
Las puntuaciones directas se convierten a escalares (o tpicas) segn la conversin
expuesta en el manual de la prueba y se realizan las sumas oportunas. A partir de aqu
se obtienen las puntuaciones totales de cada escala que a su vez se transformaran de
nuevo (segn baremos manual) en una puntuacin compuesta. Ahora disponemos de los
5 valores fundamentales de la prueba (CV, RP, MT, VP y CIT).
ii.
cada
escala
as
como
el
intervalo
de
confianza.
entre la puntuacin tpica (CI) mayor y la menor de los ndices (CV, RP, MT, VP). Si el
resultado de la diferencia es menor de 23 puntos (15 desviaciones tpicas) entonces el
CIT se puede interpretar como una estimacin fiable y vlida de la capacidad intelectual
global del sujeto. De lo contrario, los autores proponen calcular el ndice abreviado de
aptitud general ICG.
iii.
Determinar
si
cada
uno
de
los
ndices
es
unitario
interpretable.
Cuando la variabilidad entre las puntuaciones escalares de los tests que componen un
ndice (por ejemplo, en C.V: Semejanzas, Vocabulario y Comprensin) es inusualmente
grande, entonces ste no ofrece una buena estimacin de la capacidad que se quiere
medir. Por tanto, debe procederse a un anlisis de las puntuaciones de los diferentes
tests que componen cada ndice (C.V, R.P, M.T y V.P.). Aqu debemos tambin
calcular la diferencia entre la mayor y menor puntuacin escalar obtenida en cada uno
de los 4. Si el tamao de la diferencia es menor de 5 unidades escalares, entonces
representa un ndice unitario, de lo contrario no se debera interpretar como tal.
iv.
v.
subyacente
se
considera
un
punto
dbil
normativo.
Al estar los tems de los subtests ordenados por el grado de dificultad, puede evaluarse
la secuencia que el sujeto sigue en su ejecucin. As, una misma puntuacin de 10
obtenida por dos sujetos diferentes en el mismo subtest, puede tener diferente
significado ya que en un caso se pueden acertar los primeros tems y fracasar en los
ltimos, mientras que en otro caso los aciertos son desiguales. El significado, en este
supuesto, es diferente, en el ltimo caso podra haber problemas de atencin que
requieran de mayor profundizacin.
vi.
Para finalizar, debe recalcarse que las pruebas, sin importar lo buenas que sean, son
solamente parte de un proceso, por lo que, del test por s mismo, no deben sacarse
conclusiones diagnsticas finales, sino que los resultados de las pruebas son guas para
llegar a un diagnstico que se va obteniendo a travs del todo el proceso.
21
Referencias
Wechsler, D. (2005 A) WISC IV Escala Wechsler de inteligencia para nios IV. Manual de
aplicacin. Mxico: Editorial Manual Moderno, S.A. de C.V.
Wechsler, D. (2005 B) WISC IV Escala Wechsler de inteligencia para nios IV. Manual
tcnico. Mxico: Editorial Manual Moderno, S.A. de C.V.
Allen, D., Puente, A., Neblina, C. (2009). Validity of the WISCIV Spanish for a clinically
referred sample of Hispanic children.
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=2010-10892026&site=ehost-live
22
Anexo
research examining minority issues. Furthermore, with regard to the current state of
professional psychological test usage, few tests commonly used by neuropsychologists are
available in Spanish ( Camara, Nathan, & Puente, 2000) and these have a number of
limitations ( Puente & Salazar, 1998). Efforts to examine potential effects of cultural and
linguistic variables in the assessment of primarily Spanish-speaking individuals (e.g.,
Ardila, Rosselli, & Puente, 1992) have focused primarily on neuropsychology and have not
completely migrated to intellectual assessment of Spanish speakers. To begin to address
these issues, the WISCIV Spanish was adapted using experienced Hispanic reviewers
from various Spanish-speaking countries and a Spanish-speaking standardization sample
from various Hispanic/Latino ethnic groups, as well as information available from earlier
Spanish versions of the Wechsler scales. However, from a clinical standpoint, the degree to
which the validity of WISC index scores and performance profiles (as derived from
English-language versions) are preserved in the Spanish adaptation remains to be seen.
On the basis of these considerations, the purpose of this study was to examine the criterion
validity of the WISCIV Spanish version's subtest and index scores in a clinically referred
sample of 35 bilingual but dominantly Spanish-speaking children primarily with diagnoses
of learning disabilities (LD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This
clinical sample was compared with a control group of Puerto Rican children selected from
the standardization sample and with the entire standardization sample. The major
hypothesis was that the clinical sample would perform significantly worse than the other
samples on WISCIV index and subtest scores that assess processing abilities that facilitate
fluid reasoning, learning, and problem solving ( Raiford, Weiss, Rolfhus, & Coalson, 2008;
Weiss & Gabel, 2008; Weiss, Saklofske, Prifitera, & Holdnack, 2006), with the poorest
performance on those index and subtest scores that have consistently been reported to be
sensitive to brain dysfunction including Digit Symbol Coding and the Processing Speed
Index ( Allen et al., 2010; Donders & Janke, 2008).
Method
The study included 107 children and adolescents between the ages of 6.0 and 16.7 years. Of
these, 35 had clinical diagnoses (CLIN group), and the other 72 were selected from the
WISCIV Spanish standardization sample (STAN group) as a normal comparison group
(NC group). Demographic data for each of the groups are presented in Table 1. The NC
group consisted of all 72 Spanish-speaking individuals from the standardization sample for
the WISCIV Spanish who were of Puerto Rican origin. These children were reported to
speak and understand Spanish better than English ( Wechsler, 2005, p. 56). Participants in
the CLIN group were selected from a consecutive series of 50 cases that were referred for
neuropsychological assessment to a neuropsychology consultation service at the Neurology
Section of the University of Puerto Rico Medical School. They were included in the current
study if they spoke Spanish as their primary language, had a diagnosis of either a
neurodevelopmental or an acquired brain disorder, and had completed the WISCIV as a
part of their neuropsychological evaluation. In the CLIN group, seven participants had
ADHD, eight had various types of LD, 11 had ADHD and LD, eight had epilepsy (partial
complex), and one had sustained a closed head injury. Clinical diagnoses were established
by a neurology resident with an attending board-certified neurologist, on the basis of a
24
NC group performed below the STAN group on most subtests and all index scores, which
decreased the differences between the NC and CLIN groups. For example, on the PSI, the
NC group performed 4.9 index points lower than the STAN group; therefore, the PSI
difference was not significant for the CLIN and NC comparison and resulted in a mean
difference between the groups of 6.2 index points, although it was significant for the CLIN
and STAN comparison, with a mean difference of 11.1 index points. In contrast, because
the NC group's performance on the WMI provided a closer approximation of the STAN
mean (a difference of 1.7 index score points), differences were apparent for the WMI when
the CLIN group was compared with both the NC group and the STAN. Paired-sample t
tests comparing the NC group's index scores with each other indicated that the only
significant difference was between the Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) and the PSI, t(34)
= 2.07, p < .05, with nonsignificant differences between the PRI and the WMI, t(34) = 1.93,
p = .06, and the VCI and the PSI, t(34) = 1.80, p = .08.
Descriptive Statistics and Comparisons Between the Clinical Group (CLIN), Normal
Comparison Group (NC), and the WISCIV Spanish Standardization Sample (STAN)
Figure 1. WISCIV Index, IQ, and subtest profile in children from the clinical group
(CLIN), normal comparison group (NC), and WISCIV Spanish standardization sample
(STAN). VCI = Verbal Comprehension Index; PRI = Perceptual Reasoning Index; WMI =
Working Memory Index; PSI = Processing Speed Index; IQ = Full-Scale IQ; SI =
Similarities; VC = Vocabulary; BD = Block Design; MR = Matrix Reasoning; PC =
Picture Completion; PS = Picture Concepts; DS = Digit Span; LN = LetterNumber
Sequencing; CD = Coding; SS = Symbol Search; WISCIV = Wechsler Intelligence Scale
for ChildrenFourth Edition.
Discussion
The results of the current study provide initial support for the criterion validity of the
Spanish version of the WISCIV when it is used to evaluate intellectual abilities in a
clinically referred sample of children and adolescents with various forms of brain
dysfunction. To our knowledge, the current study is the first to examine the criterion
validity of the Spanish version of the WISCIV in children with neurological disorders
outside of the special group with mental retardation reported in the test manual. As in prior
studies, the CLIN sample performed significantly worse that the NC and STAN samples on
a number of key indexes and subtests. The few reports published regarding the English
version of the WISCIV suggest some differences may be present between the WISCIV
and its predecessors. The two published studies of the WISCIV English version that
examined children with TBI ( Allen et al., 2010; Donders & Janke, 2008) indicate that
although the Perceptual Organization Index was sensitive to TBI in prior versions of the
WISC, its revision into the Perceptual Reasoning Index for the WISCIV has decreased its
sensitivity to the TBI. Also, LNS, which is sensitive to TBI in the adult version of the
Wechsler scales, does not appear sensitive to TBI in children on the English version of the
WISCIV ( Allen et al., 2010; Donders & Janke, 2008). This difference may indicate that
26
the LNS measures a different cognitive construct in children than in adults, making it less
sensitive to brain injury in children ( Donders & Janke, 2008).
With regard to the current results, we too did not find that the PRI was uniquely sensitive to
brain dysfunction in our clinical sample; although lower than the STAN mean, it was the
highest of the index scores in our CLIN group and on par with the VCI, which is composed
of subtests that have been traditionally identified as hold tests that are not as susceptible to
decline in the presence of brain injury. In contrast, the LNS subtest, which for the WISC
IV in English was not sensitive to TBI, was sensitive to brain dysfunction in our clinical
sample of Spanish-speaking children, for whom it was the lowest subtest score. This
finding is consistent with findings from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence ScaleThird
Edition in TBI where LNS has shown sensitivity ( Donders, Tulsky, & Zhu, 2001). The
conclusions drawn from our finding should be viewed as tentative, but they appear to
support the LNS as a sensitive indicator of brain dysfunction on the WISCIV Spanish,
although the reason for this apparent discrepancy from studies of children with TBI using
the English version of the WISCIV could not be determined. In 2008, Renteria, Li, and
Pliskin suggested that the LNS of the WAISIII Spanish version published by TEA
Ediciones in Madrid, Spain, may underestimate ability, possibly because of pronunciation
differences between Spanish spoken in Spain and Spanish spoken in Latin America. This
suggestion does not appear to account for differences in the present study, as the WISCIV
Spanish standardization sample was selected to represent the United States Hispanic
population on the basis of the 2000 U.S. census data. Furthermore, this difference observed
in LNS was apparent even when the clinical sample was compared with individuals
selected from the standardization sample who were of Puerto Rican decent. Expected
results were present for the PSI when comparisons were made with the standardization
mean, and PSI was the lowest of the index scores. Similarly, Coding and Symbol Search
were among the lowest of the subtest scores. Since publication in its earliest versions, the
Digit Symbol Coding subtest has shown sensitivity to brain dysfunction, whether due to
acquired or neurodevelopmental disorders ( Lezak, Howieson, & Loring, 2004; Matarazzo,
1972). Although the subtest and index scores obtained by the CLIN group were not as low
as has been observed in children with structural brain damage ( Allen et al., 2010; Donders
& Janke, 2008), the PSI appears to be useful in identifying children with brain dysfunction
on the WISCIV Spanish.
An important difference between the current study and those that have been already
reported is that we used a subsample of normal controls selected from the WISCIV
Spanish standardization sample (NC groups) as a comparison group for our Puerto Rican
clinical subjects, as well as compared their scores with the standard scores derived from the
entire standardization sample. Matched samples have been used in past studies similar to
this one (e.g., Allen, Haderlie, Kazakov, & Mayfield, 2009; Donders & Janke, 2008) and
have some advantages. However, because they represent a subset of the standardization
sample, they do not tend to be representative of national norms, and their scores often do
not fall at published means for the entire standardization sample. This was the case in our
study, where the NC group's scores fell below the STAN on all of the index scores as well
as on nine of the 10 subtest scores. However, because clinicians rely on the means and
standard deviations from the entire standardization sample when determining performance
of individual cases, comparisons to matched control samples may produce results that are
27
inconstant with comparisons to the entire standardization sample. Such an effect was
observed in the current study, where, for example, the Symbol Search subtest score for the
CLIN group was 8.1, for the NC group was 8.8, and for the STAN was 10.0. Thus,
although comparisons between the CLIN and NC groups were not significant ( p = .33) and
produced a mean difference of 0.7, the difference between the CLIN group and the STAN
was significant ( p < .01), producing a mean difference of 1.9. Discrepancies between the
two approaches reflect, on the one hand, the need to provide information that is directly
applicable to clinical interpretation of WISCIV profiles, and, on the other hand, the need
for experimental control of extraneous variables to characterize various disorders according
to patterns of cognitive disturbance and gain insight into the dysfunction of varied
underlying neural systems. These issues should be considered when applying findings from
research studies in clinical practice.
Limitations of the current study include that we examined a sample with heterogeneous
clinical diagnoses, so we could not determine the criterion validity of the WISCIV
Spanish to specific disorders. Also, we did not address whether the supplemental subtests
are sensitive to brain dysfunction. Additionally, the sample was selected from a series of
consecutive cases referred to a neuropsychology consult service in a hospital-based setting,
which may limit the generalizability of our findings. Finally, differences were present
between the CLIN group and the NC group in parental education. However, because the
CLIN group had higher levels of parental education than did the NC group and
standardization sample, educational differences do not appear to account for the poorer
performance by the CLIN group on the WISCIV subtest and index scores. Despite these
limitations, the current findings provide initial support for the use of the WISCIV Spanish
to assess Puerto Rican children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Submitted: June 1, 2009 Revised: September 6, 2009 Accepted: September 10, 2009
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not be copied without the copyright holders express written permission except for the print
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Source: Psychological Assessment. Vol.22 (2) US : American Psychological Association
pp. 465-469.
Accession Number: 2010-10892-026 Digital Object Identifier: 10.1037/a0018895
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