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Jack G. Rlchards & Chuck Sandy

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Third Edition

nline Workbook §ii:, '

Activation Gode

Student's
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1
LUSIVE EDITION FOR

gfnerL
- Understand the world -
Academia de ld¡omas
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Para LA ACADEIVIIA DE IDIOMAS SlVlART es muy valioso contar con estudiantescomo usted.
Nuestro objetivo es brindarle las competencias y herramientas académicas necesarias para llevar a cabo el aprendizaje de la
lengua extranjera que está a punto de iniciar.

De este modo, hemos realizado una alianza educativa con Cambridge University Press'para diseñar de manera exclusiva el
material didáctico que tiene a su disposición en este instante. Este método, adaptado a las exigencias de nuestra innovadora
metodología y apoyado en la vasta experiencia académica de Cambridge', busca ser una herramienta útil y actualizada para el
óptimo desarrollo de su proceso de aprendizaje.

Así como este material es exclusivo, al ser la única institución en el continente con un diseño especial de Cambridge.University
Press'para nuestra metodología, también queremos ofrecerle una experiencia exclusiva durante el desarrollo de todo su
programa de estudio.

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Tenga presente los siguientes consejos en su proceso de aprendizaje:

1. Cada clase tiene una duración de 90 minutos (2 horas académicas de 45 minutos cada una) y un máximo
de 6 estudiantes por
salón. Sin embargo, si usted es el único que está programado, recibirá su clase normalmente, dado que no requerimos comple-
tar un número mín¡mo de estudiantes para iniciar la sesión. Adicionalmente, usted contará con docentes calificados quienes
rotarán en forma diaria con el fin de lograr el máximo de comprensión del idioma y adaptarse a los diferentes acentos.

2. Para su mayorcomodidad, usted podrá solicitar el cambio de su sede principal en la recepción de la sede donde se encuentre
matriculado. Una vez hecho este cambio, deberá presentar sus exámenes únicamente en esa nueva sede

3. Los días viernes y sábados, usted tiene la posibilidad de programar su clase para el lunes de la siguiente semana
o'puru ul
primer día hábil de la semana siguiente. No existe la programación semanal fija.

4. Recuerde que usted puede programar su sesión de clase en cualquiera de nuestras sucursales. Las clases se pueden
cancelar
con tres (3) horas de antelación en la franja horaria de lunes a viernes entre las 6:00 a.m. y las 8:00 p.m. y los sábados de 9 a.m.
a 3:00 p.m. 5i el estudiante no asiste a la clase programada o llega pasados 15 minutos de haberse iniciado, las
horas programa-
das se descontarán del curso adquirido y el tema a cubrir se dará por visto.

5. Los ejercicios del libro de tareas pueden hacerse en la sede. Sin embargo, deben realizarse en otro espacio aparte
del salón
de clase. En la aprehensión de una nueva lengua, es fundamental llevar un proceso autónomo de estudio. únicamente
asistir a
las sesiones de clase no garantizará el aprendizaje deseado.

6. El Workbook en línea (Plataforma de ejerciclos de tarea) se debe desarrollar en su totalidad antes de tomar los exámenes
indicados (cada dos unidades) y se debe tener un 800/o del progreso para presentar el examen. Este es, a su vez, un compromiso
académico de trabajo autónomo que debe ser desarrollado extra-clase. El mismo, se activará con un código de acceso que
ha
sido impreso en la parte interna de la pasta delantera del libro que fue entregado según el nivel del estudiante.

7. Requisitos académicos para aprobar los módulos adquiridos:

7.1. Cumplir todas las actividades académicas propuestas (incluido the online Workbook), la cuales se deben
ir realizando
conforme al avance de las clases tomadas.

7.2- Aprobar los test parciales efectuados cada dos unidades: Si dicho test no se aprueba, el coordinador autorizará un
nÚmero de tutorías acorde al tema a trabajar. Estas deben ser programadas con el fin de profundizar en la habiiidad
comunicativa que debe ser mejorada. Estos refuerzos no tienen costo, ni se descuentan como clases; sin embargo,
son necesarias con el fin de seguir avanzando en el proceso académico. Por otra parte, el coordinador académico o
profesor encargado del proceso dejará trabajo complementario autónomo de refuerzo. Es responsabilidad
del
estudiante cumplir con el desarrollo de estas actividades complementarias como muestra de compromiso con su
proceso de aprendizaje.

7.3. Aprobar el examen final correspondiente a cada módulo.

7.4. Asistir como mínimo a 5 clubes de conversación por módulo: son un servicio gratuito que debe ser programado. Lo
invitamos a consultar nuestras redes sociales para estar al tanto de Ia programación mensual de dichos clubes en
cada una de nuestras sedes. www.facebook.com/smartidiomas, en twitter: @ACADEMIA_SMARr en youtube: smart
ldiomas.

7.5. Asistir mínimo al 80o/o de las clases.

Aprovechamos para desearle los meiores éxitos en sus estu dios y además le recordamosgue estaremos atentos a
cualquier sugerencia
para la meiora de nuestro servicio. Puede escribirnos a; ]vrrw.sm art.edu.colmiclase, le rásponderemos
a la brevedad posible.
 Congratulations! You have learned the basics; now it's time to raise your English to a whole new level.
Your journey through each unit of Passages Third Edition will include a range of activities that will
progressively expand your language ability in a variety of contexts, including formal and informal
communication.

RAISING YOUR ENGLISH TO A WHOLE NEW LEVEL

Unique features to boost your English proficiency!

Class 15

Cities of the world *] VOCABULABYPLUS -

lL Erp*""i"r" f*"po.t.a
A Bead about these cit es Wh ch c ty wou d you most ke 1o ! s tl "p"L"rt
Use phrases Írom each box to complete the conversatons.
': %, 1. advised me lo claimed lhal prombed lo wanied to know

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ror musews, nlshtlile, A: My ssier borowed my car She. claiñ¿d thát her car was berng repared
Br She flknewagoodmechanc.ltsou¡ded keabgrepanlobl

2 claimedlhal encoüraged meto explained that wondered

A. My parents take atip to Braz th s summer

bu ldings. Most eslaucnb trre slay open until here lorihertslume are amazed bythe crowds, the
midñhht, whén may l@als uesni enjoying di.¡er B: ThafslántastcL whereyo!werepannLngtotavelihlsyear

3. advisedmeto claimedthat wantedt0know warnedmenotlo

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A Mydaddoesn'l kemyboyÍÍendbecauseheplaysinaband H€ lind
someone who's more serlous aboul a career
B:M.r¿t.er1..^srhes¿meúa,.he oéóalslso,\"p'.:
4. advised meto encouraged mel0 explainedthat promisedio

A Ted was áte aga¡n He he d been study ng and lost tack of f me.
B: Know ng Ted bel he ¡ever be ate agar¡
seaso¡s whe¡ nost peopb come to v¡sii,

;.:I LISfENING & SPEAKING

B Pa¡r work Te your padner ab.,: a .ly you know.
l¡9-t *d ""r!
1 knafivanüuw.lsgathe ocean ar ri stde srdnaunlainson he alhet.
lt s ftalty Aeaultul. but it's erpns¡ve (, A - stess. Whal s the ma n iopLc ol hts presentai on?
Lislen to Dr. Ph ps ta king sbout
Choose the corecl a¡swer.
G BAM I\¡AR n a. thestesso, vngonalightbudget Ll c. stes§andñutllon
Z1 Défining and nor-defining relátive clauses (,) B
n b. co Lege studenls and stess
L sten asa n. choose the causes ol stess that a¡e ment oned.
Adel¡¡ing rerative clausederine§ orgiss 6senlial inlorilálion ab.Ita noun.
The Myeong dong area has doze¡s of shopsSal s€ll tne ¡atesl lashions. .1. nothavngenoughmoney 4 3. nosyroommales :l 5 notenoughstudv¡g
T¡e spr¡g and lal are lhe seasonswhen moslpeopl€ come to visit J 2 lobs : 4 too much siudy¡ng n 6 miss ng fam v
A non-delin nq relativeclarse givesoplionat iñroñation aboui a rorn and eamotbeg¡n C Pa¡r work Look atthe causes or skess you chose and these suggestons lor wavs to dea
with stess Wh ch do yo! th nk s the best suggesi on? Why?
Mostreslauiants here stay open until midnlghl, whenmany l@ls arc $ill enjoy¡ng dif,net
B€F!

A L.:<

30 ¡!Ñ¡E
has

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Fani oooularlolrS atraci¡ons. wh¡d inctude tu Smre¡ Palace and the foñ¡ddá Cr§.

i"e Sial rg Po nt aga n. Can you nnd more ie :: .: : aLses?

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tine. lf you do, tot u teet tnorc ¡r conkol.'

,IOEEEEE 69

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 Cyber-begg¡ng
A Pa¡r work lmag ne thát á stanger asked yo! for money lo help pay off a
iÍvo ous debt Wo! d you he p? Te yolr padner. Then read ihe adicle

Passages Third Edition is a two-level co-.se

that will open the door to commun¡cating r,,'rt:
0 uccl I i..
greater fluency and proficiency, with:
ñner¿ wás¿ Lñ¿ when t¿.vn Bosnal.olldnt
. more soph¡st¡cated real-world grammar
I pa ¿ $s9oo bir il rh¿ pr;.elysrore she w:s
óffi.iálly b¡óle. She didn't have e¡ough mo¡ey !o
g¿t ó¡ t!¿ subwár but s!élóoke¿ri.h She w¿s a
and vocabulary,
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á.losetrd órdesisn¿.lab€ls like c!.cia"d Louis
Vuitton. Butshe átó hada $20,221.40.redt.¡rd
. thought-provoking discussions and
blll a¡d an €ñpty bañk a(oü¡t. kryn ¿€.ided
that itwas tin€ forá.há¡ge. Shebuilt a web§ire
and siñply aské¿ pd.ple to ¡el! ¡er out by sendi¡g
academic writing activities,
On the si!e, &rF honestly explained¡er
situation,cü..ishoes:ndall. lf 20,000people
. more challenging listening and reading
ñeju$ $1, I'db€ home free, and I m sure illoss as ¿.ldrytha¡ 2s a¡
Báve
th¿re ár.20,000p¿odé óuttheÉ who.a. afio¡d
tosiv¿ mé $1:'Añazinslr itworked. Herwebsite
up all ower lhe l¡ternet, comprehension topics.
was visjt€dbymore tha¡ a million people
Ahhóqh ñó$ ddno^ ju* save ¿ 6w dolhE, o¡e
geñ¿¡óús donór sé¡t$1,000. S¡ewas onTVand in
ñéwspapérs a¡dúag:zines. She wás offered abool
de¡l.nd á ñóvié.oñrr:.i A.áóf..nrs. (1.w1§
able to pay oíher.redit.arddebt.
She ako sold her d6ignd dot¡es ó¡ rBáy ln her BEinstoñaog
.loset,where lhe Guc.ipürs¿s ó¡..sát¡ (áry¡
keeps all theleeers tLátp¿.plé háve s€¡ther.
Bñinslaffr¡frqúeáñsnaki¡g a lisl oi ideas about a lopir. fhe¡ yau 4añ u* thi¡
lisl ts coms üp w¡i¡ a iopic senlense a¡d id€as lo suppod lt.

B Read the atrc e agarn and answer the questons. A Group work Bra nstorm as many deas as you can to add to the dos ánd don'ls
for livi¡g on a budget.

1. Why was Karyn ¡n f¡na¡c a rolb e?

2. Whai was her main so uton to her
Living on a lighb
3. Why d d so many peop e respond pos t vely to

C Group wo* D scuss these qlestons. Then ¡ Oo

1. Do you thlnk Karyn was unelh ca, orwas she Class 7

2. What wou d you have done ¡f you were Karyn? 99&19 !9!.i rya-tch
. checkadsfüu*d|Eñs
94 ![rtrl ¡rt'.iJ,,,:1,.ra.r. -§ a Choose three persona ty types lhat are difficuli for you lo dea wth.
ncam nlriendly f,¡ervous
B Group work Bra nstorm dos and don'ts for one n cool tr génerous ! reserved
. geit ng over a bad cold . stayr¡S safe ¡n a U easilyangered ! indepe¡de¡l tr wild
3 Pair work Compare your answers. Do you agree on wh ch persona tytypes are d¡flcult?
C Read this paragraph about livr¡g on a tight budget.
Why orwhy ¡ot? Discuss your op nons.
sertel.e and ¿ s m ¿. p¿.dg.cph aborr \o n rop.

Wh¡1. mlch
i-Et É

j§,n&effi
E @@e) A Which personalily type would say each sentence? Choose the corect ánswers

Li! ig o¡ ¿ t ght bldget s e¡sy f yó!

shopp ng Fi6t of¿i, you shou d nelerbly
ne.d to che.k at ear ¿ few othér *ores ¡nd 90
dó. t be | - hlry f you t¿keyoúrr me, !ó! ñ qhl
now, ¡sk ¿ sa esperso. ilthere3 90.9to be o¡e
seco.Chañd, úems Yo! can.he.l i. the.-"(spaper
for F n¿ y, yo! m qhl qet ¡ better pr ce ¿t some
.red t card, so bé s!rÉ tó ¿sk about c¿sh d s.oú.h
1 I entoy mak ng other people fee bad. ú ! n tr
2. love lo comp ain abolt how bad th ngs are. ! ¡ n tr
D Páir work Exchange bra¡nstorm ng sls añd
3. I ca¡ t sland ¡ot qettinq what I wa¡t. n ! n ¡
Then answerthe quesiions fl ! n !
5. I insisl on le ng everyone else how io do th nas. n ¡ ! ¡
1. How many bra nstorming ideas did your pailrer
chose the best ones? 6. I fee better by making others feel upset. n n n ¡
2 Do yo! have any queslions aboul your pad¡eds 7. I e¡toy gett ng nto argumenls. ! ¡ n tr
you d sagree rviih? 8. lové qett nq attenuon. ! f I L-
3. Can you think ol a good title for your padnéfs
a Choose the cotrect answers accord nq lo lhe nformation n the video.

1. The wórsl thing about difl cult peope s that

a. yo! run nto them so often b. they can make fe m serable c. you may find them at work

2. Youca¡ earnto tochangethebehaviorofdff¡culpeope.

a. giverewards b stoprewards c. gelrewards
l. oeopea'ed ff[L I bel.Jse lhe] iair ro
a. getrewards b. siopyourreward c. makeyougetemotona
4. The main point ofthe tvr'o-step process s io change __,._ -.-"_._
a. thereward b hówyou nteractwth c difl¡cutbehavor nto
the perso¡ rewards

&EE§t 1:

KEEP MOVING UP!

\Iore support is always available - when and where you need it!
The OilLlil§ WOHKBOOK rhe P{§§tG§§ O}tLl N § YOCABU LARY
enables your teacher to provide
ACC§L§RATOñ ,ncreases the sBeed and
ease of learninE new vocabr-llary thror:gh powerfr-il
instant feedback on your work.
and innovatjve digital learning tschniq*es.

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Plan of BOOK 1
I {trctrctrFt GRAMMAR VOGABULARY
Friends and pages 1-14

r Describing personalit¡es r Verbs followed by gerunds : Personality collocations

r Expressing likes and dislikes r Noun clauses after be : Compound family terms
r Describing personal change
r Stating advantages and disadvantages

r Describinq rules and obligations in : Past modals and phrasal modals r Collocations wilh problem
the past of obligation r Verbs of belief
r Giving advice about the past r Modals with multiple uses
r Speculating about past evenls
r 0ffering explanations about past events

UNIT 3 Exploring new c¡t¡es page§ 3(F43

r Describing and giving information r Defining and non-defining r Features of cities

about places relative clauses r Compound terms for towns
: Stating preferences r Order of modifiers
r Presenting contrasting information r Connecting contrasting ideas
r Categorizing and evaluating issues

4 Early and n¡ght owls pages 4,t-57

r Describing routines and habits r Reduced t¡me clauses : Phrasal verbs related to energy
r Giving advice r Clauses statrng reasons and and sleep

r Explaining reasons and conditions conditions r Expressions related to sleep

r Giving interpretations of meaning

r Describing types of conversationalists : lnfinitive and gerund phrases r Terms to describe behavior
r Talking about appropriate behavior r Reported speech r Expressions for reported speech
r Starting a conversation
r Making small talk
r Reporting what someone else has said

r Presenting information in r Present perfect vs. simple past r News events

chronological order r Present perfect vs. present perfect r Storytelling expressions
r Narrating news events continuous
r Organizing and presenting information ¡ Adverbs with the simple past and
past pedect

:li
§
iá vi
s
§i
 SPEAKING LISTENING IlraalftNrd

r F¡nding out what personality traits you have in common r Two people describe how they have r ldentifying the topic r "From Circle of
with your classmates changed sentence in a Friends to Moder¡
r Talking about how you have changed 0r how you would r Two people compare similarities and paragraph Tribe": A group of
like to change differences between their families r Writing a paragraph friends can function
r Comparing personal profiles r A young man describes his recent family about your most as a family

r Comparing families reunion positive or negative

quality

r Talking about past mistakes : A man talks about a bad decision r Brainstorming topic r "Amnesia Spoils
r Comparing reactions t0 a news story he made sentences and Newlyweds' Bliss":
r Discussing what might have caused three mysterious events r Three people talk about how they dealt supporting ideas A man loses his

r Comparing opjnions about a real-life unexplained event with their problems r Writing a paragraph memory after his

r Making guesses about unusual quest¡ons : Two people talk about everyday with dos and don'ts wedding
mysteries

r Explaining why you'd like t0 visil a particular city : Two foreign students explain what they r Organizing ideas with r "Rivals with a Lot in
r Choosing the right city for a particular purpose like about their host city a mind map Common":The rivalry
: Deciding which city is best to live in r Two Sydney residents talk about the city r Writing a paragraph between two major

r Describing your hometown about a place you Australian cities

r Discussing quality-of-life issues

know

r Discussing personal energy levels r Three people describe methods they use r Choosing the best : "To Sleep or
: Talking about how to deal with sÍess to lower stress top¡c sentence Not to Sleep?":
: Giving advice on sleep and energy levels r Two people describe their dreams and r Writing a paragraph People are s¡eeping

r Talking about sleeping habits try to interpret them giving adv¡ce on fewer hours than
ever before
r lnterpreting dreams good habits

r Discussing conversational styles r People make small talk at parties r Making an outline r "Cell Phone
r Discussing awkward social situations r Two people tell some interesting news r Writing about a Personality Types":
r Determining appropriate topics for small talk cultural rule What kind of cell
phone user are you?
r Comparing who you confide in
r Becountrng an interesting conversat¡on

r Determining if a story is true or false ¡ A radio news broadcast ¡ Putting events in r "lt Happened to
r Presenting a recent news story : Two people describe complicated chronological order Mel":Two comica
r Discussing how you follow the news experiences r Writing a nanative personal anecdotes

r Telling stories about uncomfortable situations . An actor describes some paragraph

embarrassing moments
 FUNCTIONS GRAMMAR VOCABULARY
uiltT 7 The pages 86-9{r

r Talking about trends r Passive of present continuous, r Technolo€y cuz¡,,rords

r Participating in a debate present pedect, future
r Expressions for connecting
r Giving opinions ¡ Negative and tag questions for ideas formally
g¡ving opin¡ons
r Words for forms of communication

UNIT I Putting the mind to work 100-113

r Describing job qualifications r Reduced relative clauses r Qualities of creative people

r 0ffering solutions to problems r Non-defining relative c,auses as r Collocations for problem solving
r Commenting on facts sentence modifiers
r Analyzing reasons

UNIT 9 Generally speak¡ng pages 114-127

r Comparing cusloms and habits r Clauses and phrases showing r Expressions related to
r Presenting contrasting information contrast and exception accepting or changing things
r Making generalizations ¡ Past habitual with used to and r Expressions with keep
r Talking about past habits would and stay

UNIT lO The art of complaining pages 128-141

r Describing everyday annoyances ¡ Belative clauses and noun c¡auses r Expressions wilh dr¡ve, get,
r Describing complaining styles r Simple and complex indirect and make
r Making and responding t0 complaints questions r -edwords that describe feelings
r ldentifying ways to avoid problems
r Discussing advice
UNIT II Values 142-155

r Discussing hypothetical situations r Present unreal conditional with r Forming antonyms with prefixes
r Talking about values unless, only if, and even ¡f r Adjectives that describe ethics
r Expressing wishes and regrets r Wishes and regrets and attitudes
r Adjectives and nouns refening
to personal values

r Predicting the future ¡ Future perfect and future perfect r Expressions ending with
r Comparing and contrasting customs continuous prepositions
r Making hypotheses r Mixed conditionals r Compound adjectives
r Giving advice
r Describing preferences

:
viii
 SPEAKING LISTENING WRITING REAI'¡TG

r Talking about lnternet trends r Three people talk about r Writing a product or r "Can you spare a : *É
¡ Debating whether social networking is a positive or social networking service review for my Gucci b¡lls?- :
negative influence ¡ A news report describes woman uses he inter:
to get money to pay oÍÍ a
r Discussing potent¡al future technologies health problems caused by
frivolous debt
r Giving opinions 0n modern information technology
technology

r Discussing jobs that require creativity r Three employees explain r Choosing when to begin a r "The Man WhoTaught
r Taking a creativity quiz how their jobs are creative new paragraph the World to Sing":A

r Suggesting new uses for everyday items r Two descriptions of . r Writing a composition about profile of the man who
¡mpoftant business and a creative or unique person invented karaoke
r Talking about creative thinking habits product ideas
r Explaining why new products are invented
r Choosing the inventions that have had the greatest impact
on modern life

r Talking about what is §pical r Three people discuss how r ldentifying suppofting r "Painting and Problem
r Discussing what makes you typical or not they're unique or typical statements Solving: Four Lessons":

r Giving advice in a role play : Three people describe how : Writing a paragraph with How problem solving and
they solved a problem the dynamics of painting
r Discussing the effect of major life changes
supporting statements
are alike

r Discussing how to handle irritating situations r Two people describe r Writing a message of r "Dave CanollAirs a
r Comparing s§les of complaining irritating situations complaint Complaint":A mus¡cian
r Role-playing complaints r A man uses an automated posts music videos to
complain about an airline
r Describing how difficult situations make you feel phone menu

r Stating consumer complaints

r Discussing the results 0f a survey 0n ethical behavior r Two people describe being r Writing a thesis statement r "NewYork Honors a
r Discussing your experiences with unreliable people or services confronted by an ethical r Writing a four-paragraph Hero": How a
r Comparing what you would d0 about different eth¡cal dilemmas
dilemma composition about a happy construction worker

r Talking about values that are important to you

r Three people talk about memory 0r a regret became a hero
the values that are most
r Explaining what you'd choose if you were given three wishes
important to them

r Describing the benefits and challenges of living abroad r Three people talk about r Writing conclusions r "GetYourself Lost": The
r Comparing customs between Canada and your country their experiences living r Writing a composition about best way to experience a

r Sharing bad travel experiences abroad living or traveling abroad foreign destination

r Planning a trip with your group r Two people describe travel

mishaps
 Plan of VIDEO 1
1 Dealing with difficult people 7 Unappreciated technologies
Topic How to deal effectively with some of the difficult people we fopr? lnvent¡ons and technologies from the last 100 years that
run into at school, work and home have made our lives better
Grammar Verbs followed by gerunds; noun clauses after be Grammar Passive of present continuous, present perfect, future;
Vocabulary Personality collocations negative and tag questions for giving opinions
Vocabulary Technology buzzwords; expressions that connect
2 Accidents that changed the world ideas formally; words for forms of communication
Topic How three accidents resulted in new discoveries:
penicillin, the microwave oven and Velcro 8 Profile of an actor
Grammar Past modals and phrasal modals of obligation; modals Topic A man talks about why he became an actor, his life as an
with multiple uses actor and the qualities needed to be an actor
Vocabulary Collocations with problem; verbs of belief Grammar Reduced relative clauses; non-defining relative clauses
as sentence modifiers
3 What is the world's greatest city? Vocabulary Qualities of creative people; collocations related to
Topic Portraits of four cities: Dubai, Amsterdam, Pittsburgh, problem solving
and Tokyo
Grammar Defining and non-defining relative clauses; order of I The interview: problem-solv¡ng tasks
modifiers; connecting contrasting ideas Topic A problem-solving task, how candidates try to solve the
Vocabulary Features of cities; compound terms for towns problem, and what this tells the interviewer about them
Grammar Clauses and phrases showing contrast and exception;
4 How electronics affect our sleep past habitual with used to and would
Topic fhe negative effects of time spent looking at electronic Vocabulary Expressions related to accepting or changing th¡ngs;
screens expressions with keep and stay
Grammar Reduced time clauses; clauses stating reasons and
conditions 10 Annoying sounds
Vocabulary Phrasal verbs related to energy and sleep; Ioprc Sounds that people complain about
expressions related to sleep Grammar Relative clauses and noun clauses; simple and
complex indirect questions
5 Reactions to rude behavior Vocabulary Expressions with drive, get, and make, -ed words that
Topic People's reactions to rude behavior are videoed and they describe feelings
later explain why they acted in that way
Grammar lnfinitive and gerund phrases; reported speech 11 Three international students discuss
Vocabulary Terms to describe behavior; expressions for reported American values
speech Topic A discussion of Americans' attitudes to time, emotions,
freedom and equality
6 Three stories about why we love stories Grammar Present unreal conditional with unless, only if, and even
Topic How stories have helped humans to survive, to learn and if; wishes and regrets
to understand the world Vocabulary Forming antonyms with prefixes; adjectives
Grammar Present perfect vs. simple past; present perfect vs. describing ethics and attitudes; adjectives and nouns referring
present perfect continuous; adverbs with the simple past and to personal values
past perfect
Vocabulary Storytelling expressions 12 An L.A. girt in Bertin
Topic The video diary of an American girl studying in Germany
Grammar Future perfect and future perfect continuous; mixed
conditionals
Vocabulary Expressions ending with prepositions; compound
adjectives

x
 k
-- \_
bÉa. ü,
-__ -- ¿

D FAIVI ILY -. ?Ü

Class 1

STARTING POINT
Personality survey
A Do you agree with these statements? Complete the survey.

p l'm nol ofroid of givlng of lhe closs.

F I enjoy golng lo evelyone.

F I woid exprerring in public. o

F I in¡ist on noking

tr I don't mind glving up my time to help other people.

flI I neyer worry oboul getling ploces on lime.

feel like going doncing!

slcnd being In o messy, disorgonized room.

p t prefer lelling people how I fee!, even if il's enborrosslng.

B Pair work Compare your responses to the survey. Find two ways you and
your partner are different.
"l'm not afraid of giving spescáás in frant 0f rf,s class. l'low alsaut yau?"
"0h, l'm definitely afraid of doing that!"

TET(Srf

ffi$$,,:,.
J >la}.¡s úe¡bs (r-3)

w GRAMMAR
Yerbs followed bY gerunds
verbs. use the gerund or infinitive form after these verbs.
use the gerund form after these
I can't stand being / to be in a messy r00m'
I enjoy góing to parties where I don't know everyone.
fr puniic.
I avoid expressing my feelings and ideas in
I love taking / to take my friends to cool new clubs'

I don,t mind giving up.my time to help other people.

I hate getting up / to get up for early morning classes'
¡tti , 1t Jg\
prepositions.
Use the gerunO foirilátier these expressions containing
I insist on making my own decisions. ¡. ,
iár*uvrtmu¡reéoingdancinsr afbr th¿ Rgplhov§
foreign restaurants.
I'm into going out t0 new

A Look at the Starting Point on page 1 again. Can you find other expressions that are
followed by gerunds? which of them can also be followed by infinitives?

B Pair work How do you feel about these things? Discuss your answers using
verbsorexpressionsfollowedbygerundsandinfinitives.
them 4. eat a full meal late at night
1. tell people that l'm angry with
2. help with chores around the house 5. start conversations with people I don't
know

3. listen to people's personal problems 6. go to places where I have to use English

"l usually avoid tetting peopte that t'm angry with them. t guess l'm iust afraid af making
them angry at me."

f.-.'
t (r-2)
VOCABULARY & SPEAKING
How would you de§cribe Yo ur§elf?
A Which statement from the survey on page 1 best matches these p"rrVfu',,y
traits?
write the correct number. Then compare answers with a partner.
2 a. friendly and outgoing d' kind and generous _ g. wild and crazY
h. calm and cool
c. laid-back and relaxed f' shy and reserved - i. neat and tidY
-b.strongandindependent_-e.honestandsincere
- -
B Pair work Choose another partner.
Find two traits You have in common'
Find one waY that You're different.

"So, how woutd you describe yourself?"

"Well, I'd say l'm pretty laid'back and relaxed."
"Me, tal. I never worry about getting places 0n time'"
"l don't either. I tike taking it easy and . . ."

ür+ vo'b6 b1 gr*du, urpüd Covn

2 MIl, "t
Frienrjs and familY

E
 Class 2
LISTENING
Ghanges
(») A Listen to [Vlarcos and Heather talk about how they have changed over the last five years
How did they change? Complete the chart with the expressions from the box. (CD 1:2)

kind and generous fliendly and outgoing shy and reserved wild and crazy

J
\,, _)

I, f,{-:{ ,
l,-. .u, .

(,» B t¡sten again. Choose the person you think would be more likely to do each of I ,.,-l --r_r
-

these things this weekend. (CD 1:3)

Marcos Heather
1. stay out late at a big party tr n
2. stay at home and watch TV tr tr
3. help someone with a personal problem tr tr
4. invite a friend to a funny movie tr tr
J
1
WRITING (r-5)
i
Topic sentencgg - i1-rI '-1,,

The main idea is usually found in the first sentence 0f the paragraph. This sentence
is called the topic sentence.

A Read these paragraphs about people's best and worst qualities. Underline the ¡
.l ( i'

topic sentence in each paragraph.

fr "', t' 'l

File Edit View lnsert Format Tools Table Window Help

H l-E E EI0EI á=:§** §' E¡ G§l' A'uhr'
t'a.".

I think that my most positive quality is that I'm always preiiy calm and cool, especially
when something breakql'm really into solvin§ tricky problems and finding solutions to things.
My specialty is electronics. People come to me if something goes wrong with their computers or
phones. For example, two days ago, my dad's brand new tablet suddenly froz¡e up. He was afraid
of causing more damage, so he asked me to figure out the problem. It only took me l5 minutes
to fix it. and I loved doins it!

ldEEsEf j

i:li;§M
 H t-rE § ¿ EIEE),=i==' Avay''

lVy most negative quality is that l'm not very neat and
tidy. Sometimes I worry about being so disorganized, but
I never feel like doing anything about it. tVy apartment is

always a mess, so I can never find anything. Last week,

for example, I finished doing some homework and then
started to make dinner. ln the morning, I couldn't find my {D
-
assignment anywhere, so I had to redo it. I really want to
change my bad habits, but I don't know where to start.

B Think about your own personal qualities. [Vake a list. Then decide which
quality is the most positive and which is the most negative. Circle each one.

C Write a paragraph about either your most positive or your most negative
quality. [Vlake sure your paragraph has only one main idea.

D Pair work Exchange paragraphs with a partner. Then answer the questions.
1. What is your partner's topic sentence? Underline it.
2. What examples does your partner give to support the topic sentence? l
¿i¿ , )l
3.Whatdoyoufindmostinterestingaboutyourpartner,sparagraph? -\ i l '¡'.

DISCUSSION
S,lnffin t
&
How haye you changed?
A How have you changed over the last five years? What do you want to change now?
Complete the chart.
/
Habits
Personality
Likes and dislikes

B Pair work Compare your charts.

Ask follow-up questions.
Describing how Describing how
"l used to watch a lot af W, but naw { dan't." you've changed you'd like to
ü "Really? What made you change?" Iusedto...,butnowl. l'd like to be more . . .
"Well, I was afraid af getring orf of shape. §o I Ithink I've become more l'm interested in . . .

*, IÍñI¡Iif
4 sricnd* nr* fan¡iiv
t
a

-
T
Class 3
q p€¿K - eCk!¡t ur, l dC
GRAMMAR PLUS
Srraa« =
Verbs followed by gerunds

These verbs are followed by a gerund.

, deny discuss finish mention practice quit resist suggest

These verbs are followed by an infinitive.

arrange claim decide demand de§erve expect pretend refuse volunteer
1i
Soñte cotnmon ¡txpressions are always followed by gerunds.
She had fun / a good time arranging the party.
He has trouble / a tough time getting his assignments in on time.
He's busy cooking dinner right now.
She never worries about cleaning up after herself.

Some verbs take either a gerund or an infinitive, but the meaning of the sentence will be different.
I stopped to drink some coffee. (l ended one activity and began another)
I stopped drinking coffee. ( don't do that activity anymore.)

I complete these sentences with the gerund or infinitive form of the verb
in parentheses.

1. I practiced English with an American friend last night.

2. He volunteered p) at the hospital fund-raiser
3. They discussed (go) somewhere exotic on their vacation this year.
4. She's stopped (talk) to him because they had a big argument
5. lVy great-grandmother has trouble (get) to our family reunions
6. Laura always denies (be) wild and crazy, but she really is

2 Choose the best answer to complete the sentences

My friend Shanda is pretty cool and very outgoing. She's usually (1

a million things at once week, I suggested (2) to out for

that she forgot about our plans. lt's a good thing l'm the laid-back typel

tilrx<E
J
VOCABULARY PLUS (T-148.'
§ Personality collocations
Choose the correct words to complete the
sentences.

1. l'm thinking about different careers. Since

most people think l'm calm and cool i
wild and crazy / friendly and outgoing,l'd :
probably be a good air traffic controller.
Also, I love planes!-Jen
2. I enjoy shopping and have always wanted to
work in retail. tVy family thinks l'm friendly §*W.á
and outgoing / shy and reserved / neat and
tidy and advises me to become a sales
manager. -Eva
3. l'll do anything to make peopt,e laugh. tVy
friends think l'm wild and cnazy / laid-back
and relaxed / kind and generous. They think
I might have a future as a comedian. -Matt
4. l've traveled to many countries on my own. Since l'm taid-back and relaxed / neat
and tidy / strong and independenl and enjoy photography, I want to become a
photojournalist. lt would be exciting to travel around the world to cover major news
events. -Paolo
5. I tend to be friendty and outgoing / shy and reierved / honest and sincere, so I prefer
to work alone. I plan to become a software developer. -Jim
i
{i
1,
SPEAKING I
&
Personal profiles
A Look at the information about these people. Which person is most similar to you? Why?
/
,j.. ,r, ,. lll I
etv l m I
R I mF F €'% '% €

,'l

b
&t
rm¡lu t¡nda chr¡s

lob colleqe student a rt ist lawger .::,. , teacher

Personalitg friendtg and outgoing wiId and crazg shg and reserued taid-back
and relaHed

L¡festUte ¡ [oues ptaqinq ¡ [oues to dance . into watching otd ¡ enjogs cooking
sports . Ean't stand going mouies nreaIs for friends
¡ into trauelinq home earIg ¡ toues to teLt jokes

B Glass activity Write a similar profile for yourself. Don't write your name.
Your teacher will take your profile and give you the profile of another student
Ask questions around the class to find the other student.
Y
c(
:
a
6 ¡!Ñm ñriencls anrl family
 *
,F,t$
-í¡§ '',-l
§ Class 4 - I r''
l

-!..
STARTING POINT
Different types of families
A Look at the families in the pictures. What's different about each type of family?

Whaü's Your Fam¡l y Like?

I
I

The Watsons, Sydney

"My wife and I both work
now, and the extra money is
great. The only trouble with
I
a two-income family
.Qging
l.igwe don't spend as much
time together."

The Wangs, Vancouver

"We're an extended family
now that Grandma has moved
in. The big advantage of
having her at homel$ttrat
she can babysit more often."

,d
Cb*
The Patels, London
"We're a typical nuclear
family - it's just my sister,
my parents, and me. The
only bad thing about living in
our houseqg\here's only one
bathroom!"

B Pair work what are some more advantages and disadvantages of each type
of family in part A? Compare ideas.
"ln a nttclear family, yau might nat see ylur grandparents every day. That,s a disadvantage.',

IEEEST' 7
 GRAMMAR {T-7)

l{oun clauses after be

A noun clause is a part of a sentence with a subjeet and a predicate that functions as a noun.
Thatisoptional in noun clauses after óe. Also notice the prepositions followed by gerunds in
the first part of the sentences.
The only trouble with being a two-income family is (that) we don't spend as much time together.
The big advantage of having Grandma at home is (that) she can babysit more often.

A Look at the Starting Point on page 7 again. Can you find the noun clause in the
last paragraph? Which preposition is used in the first part of the sentence?

B Combine the sentences. Then compare answers with a partner.

1. l,m the youngest in the family. The nice thing is I get a lot of attention.
The nice thing about being the youngest in the family is that I get a lot
of attention.
2. I have a younger sister. The trouble is she always wants to borrow my clothes
3. l'm away at college. The bad part is that I miss my family.
4. I work at night. The worst thing is I can't have dinner with my family.
5. l'm the oldest in the family. One bad thing is that I always have to babysit.

G Complete the sentences with your own ideas.

Then compare answers with a partner.

1. An advantage of being a twin is . . .

that you always have someone to hang out with'
2. A problem with being an only child is . . . *
3. One benefit of being the oldest is . . .
4. A big disadvantage of having an older sibling is .
/ 5. The best thing about having a big family is . . .
tP

LISTENING & SPEAKING [-q

How are their families different? -!' ,

(»A Listen to Paul and Andrea talk about their families. What kind of family Cid
each person grow up in? How have their families changed? (CD 1:41

(rl g Listen again. lVatch the people on the left with the phrases on the right. (CD 1:5)
,i
it 1. Andrea b a. has two daughters.
2. Andrea's husband . , b. doesn't know her in-laws very well.

3. Andrea's sister-in-law f' c. has three brothers.

4. Paul's sister _1_ d. is looking forward to seeing the family.
5. Paul - e. will be cooking for 12 people'
6. Paul's mother Q. f. is a law student.

C Pair work ls your family similar to Paul's or Andrea's? How is it similar?

How is it different?

a: 8 IlfIIIft ñri**d* nr* 1;rrll:;

a

I*
 Class 5
LISTENING (r-8)
Family reunion
('» A L¡sten to Victor tell a friend about his family reunion. what were they
celebrating at the reunion? (CD 1:6)

rfr-(e{rio{\

('» B Listen again. ln addition to Victor, who else was at the reunion? Select the
people mentioned. (CD 1:7)
! 1. his grandfather ú +. ñ"tssister-in-law tr 7. his mother-in-law
Ú Z. n¡s uncle's..cousin E 5. his niece É S- his cousin
E 3. his brptfíer E 6. his son
//
/ E 9. friends of the family

VOCABULARY (T-B)
\ Gompound family terms
A lVatch the family members on the left with the definitions on the right.

1. Your great-aunt is n ,/ a. your father's or mother,s grandmother.

2. Your granddaughter is O /.
./.
b. your mother,s or father,s aunt.
3. Your sister-in-law ¡s § y'' c. your son,s or daughter,s daughter.
/
4. Your great-grandmother ¡s riV/ d. your wife,s or husband,s sister, or your brother,s wife.
B Pair work Which of the family members in the box can be combined with a prefix or
suffix in the chart? Complete the chart with a partner. What does each term mean?

,,'aunt -daughter ¡fnother 4¡ece ,{on

, brother ¿father ,/nephew "'sister /uncl'e

aunt dauahter mother sister /

§ü1" ,/ n.,
¡ \to+\,rt/,2
Whü Wvl-iV\CÍz'

y
N\c+I,k{'
"Ylur great-nephew is yaur brother's ar sister's grandsan.,'
túrtl\t/ i
fCDFSf,r e

*
 READING (r-
A family of friends
A Group work Do you tend to rely more on friends or family for help and advice?
Why? Discuss with your group.

tr

u ne 0 s n iil ¡
Who celebrates birthdavs and holídavs with yot¡? Who do Vott call rvhen a cr'sis hits
or wherr good luck stri¡<Ls? lf yottr an'swer is "'my fríen'ds ""yaL¿ may have a'tribe."

, hen Ethan Watters took stock of his life family - offering support without expectation of
a few years ago, the San Francisco writer repayment; sheltering each other from gossip,
realized that he was rlore dependent on friends stress, and attack; and looking out for everyone's
than {amily, who lived hundreds of miles away. overall well-being in life, work, and relationships.

"tVly friends were the centerpiece of Modern tribes often have a regular
my social life," he says. "They had meeting place, annual parties, and
taken on all the responsibilities group trips. Shared rites and
that family members typically rituals create a tribal story. "The
tackle - connecting me to the members of the group may
city, being a matchmaker, and change," Watters says, "but the
helping me find jobs and story of that group has central
places to live." elements that remain. lt gives
the group a history."
This circle of friends had
become a tribe, which Every tribe usually has an
started when a group individual or core group that
of artists. writers, and tends to its growth and survival,
photographers began meeting These tribal leaders are the ones
for dinner every Tuesday night. who get everyone together on a
Before long, they had begun regular basis and make the phone
functioning as a family of choice calls that get members excited about
upcoming events.
\ Watters grew to believe that non-family
Like families, tribes have a way of shaping their
members forming close-knit social networks was
a growing trend in the United States. and he members: lndividuals feel more confident,
wrote a book about it called Urban Tribes: secure, Ioved, and stable. Even if your own family
Are Friends the New Family? is close-knit, you may benefit from cultivating
a family-like circle of friends. "The love and
Modern tribes like Watters's often grow out of support we get from one," Watters says, "does
a shared interest or experience, but not every not take away from the love and support we get
group of friends becomes a tribe. from another."
The shift from "circle of friends" to tribe happens
when members begin to treat each other like Source: "My Tribe," by Er n Peterson, Experíence Life

t B Read the article and answer the questions. Then compare answers with a partner.
1. ln what ways does Watters's circle of friends function as a family?
2. According to the article, what are some differences between a tribe and a family?
3. How does a group of friends become a tribe?
C Group work Discuss these questions. Then share your answers with the class
1. What are some advantages and disadvantages of relying on friends for Q
family-like support? b
2. Do you consider yourself a member of a modern tribe? Why or why

Íú llÑ¡ft : r,+.,r¡r1-c. ?r)r) :i,.'r ,rrr

i
h- ür '!
 Class 6
tr-
GRAMMAR PLUS ,to l4¿ (T-142,13:
Noun c¡auses after be

fhe downside of, the upside of, the hard part about, the good thing ahout, the only thing about,
the trick to, the seuet fo, and one difficulty with are used in complex phrases that introduce ngun
clauses aller he.
The $ownside of sharing a bedroom is (that) it's hard to have any privacy.
The hard part about being a twin is (that) people are always calling you by the wrong name.
The trick to living in a crowded house is (that) you have to find a private space of your own.
One difficulty with being the youngest is (that) everyone is always telling you what to do.

The phrases ending uuith a preposition can be followed by a gerund phrase, not + a gerund phrase,
or a noun phrase.
The secret to getting along with your siblings is (that) you have to respect their privacy.
The good thing about not being in a big family is (that) you always get to choose what's on TV.
The upside of a large family is (that) you always have someone to spend time with.
_" The only thing about working moms is (that) they have less time to spend with you.
p
.§
ó
-> I Complete the sentences with about, of, with, or to
1. The best thing about my grandmother living with us is that she's a great cook.
2. The upside being a two-income family is we can afford a few
small luxuries.
3. One difficulty living with my in-laws is that they want everything
their way.
4. The trick living in a large family is you have to learn to respect
each other.
5. The hard part strict parents is you always have to remember the rules.
)
6. The problem not going to our family reunion is I won't see my cousins

2 Rewrite the sentences. Change the noun phrases in boldface to

gerund phrases.
1. The trouble with a big family is it's expensive to feed everyone.
The trouble with having a big family is it's expensive to feed everyone.
2. The trick to a two-income family is you have to schedule family time together.
3. The hard part about a big house is there's so much work to do.
4. The upside of a big house is no one has to share a room.
5. The only bad thing about little brothers is I always have to babysit them.
6. One good thing about little sisters is they really look up to you.
7. One problem with an extended family is we had to get a bigger car.
B. The greatest thing about a small house is the bills are a lot lower.

ra[F§tt 11

I
rG ;
I

VOCABULARY PLUS (T-148

,.. -: i§ Compound family terms

',#
-;
- -:.'H

- !::: ::; Combine the prefixes and the suffix with some of the words for family members to
'":&.:., ¡.*.
i::*,
complete the conversation. Some prefixes will be used more than once.
:¡¿

great- grand- great-grand- -in-law

aunt brother father mother nephew niece uncle

Sara: Hi, Alex! The whole family is here at the wedding! Do you see my
(1) great-grandmother over there?
Alex: ls she your mom's grandmother or your dad's grandmother?
Sara: N/ly mom's. And look, there's Raul. He's married to Hugo's older sister. He's
Hugo's (2) , but they get along better than most brothers.
Alex: Who's your favorite relative?
Sara: Oh, my (3) Vera, my grandmother's sister. Although Vera
has five (4) besides me, l'm probably the closest. She
lived next door when I was growing up and taught me to play the guitar.
Alex: That'scool ...
Sara: Hey, do you see my (5) Pat making my dad laugh? Pat is
my father's uncle. lt's always fun to hear his stories!
Alex: So, who is the other person with them?
Sara: Oh, that's my (6) you know, my dad's grandfather.
Let's go and say hello

CUSSION
Family matters
A Choose at least three questions you'd like to talk about with your group

E What'" the best thing about spending time with your family? What's the worst thing?
E What's one advantage of having a close family?
n Wfrat are some rules that people have to follow in your family?
E What's a benefit of having strict parents?
E Are you most likely to confide in a parent, a sibling, or a friend?
f] Oo you believe mothers and fathers should do the same chores, a'Ñ
t'
E Wfrat are the advantages and disadvantages of having a two-income family? J
I
;ü

B Group work Discuss the questions you chose in part A. Ask follow-up
questions and make sure everyone in your group participates.

:
.-
12 IIÑIII ñri*nds and fan:lty
a:
':t

=
E

--q
 D IF

Class 7
Before you watch (T-2:1i)

A choose three personality types that are difficult for you to deal with.
E calm E friendly E nervous
E cool E generous E reserved
E easily angered n independent tr wild
B Pair work Compare your answers. Do you agree on which personality types are difficult?
Why or why not? Discuss your opinions.

While you watch 16)

A Which personality type would say each sentence? Choose the correct answers

@
,§.
bry
The Bully The Exploder The Know-lt-All Mr. Negative

1. I enjoy making other people feel bad tr T T tr

2 I love to complain about how bad thin gs are tr tr tr tr
3. I can't stand not getting what I want T tr tr tr
4. I scream and yell a lot tr tr tr tr
5. I insist on telling everyone else how to do thi ngs tr tr tr tr
6. I feel better by making others feel upset tr tr tr tr
7. I enjoy getting into arguments. tr tr f I
B. I love getting attention tr tr tr tr
B choose the correct answers according to the information in the video.
1. The worst thing about difficult people is that _
a. you run into them so often b. they can make life miserable c. you may find them at work
2. You can learn to to change the behavior of difficult people.
a. give rewards b. stop rewards c. get rewards /
3. People are difficult because they want to /
a. get rewards b. stop your reward c. make you get emotional
4. The main point of the two-step process is to change
a. the reward b. how you interact with c. difficult behavior into
the person rewards

IIITE§DI 13

.il
 a. gettrng y'ou to leave tne roofll c. stopp:§ a- arg--3-:
6. Some people throw tantrums as a way to get
a. everyone to focus on them b. someone to stop talking c. others in trouble
7, difficult people is the best way to deal with them
'b.
a. Talking to Avoiding interaction with c. Using a two-step approach v' :-

B. The two-step process will work with

a. only Bullies and Exploders b. only fVlr. or tt/s. Negatives c. all difficult people

G Write the steps in the two-step process for dealing with difficult people. Then check your
answers with a Partner.
1.

2. /t -l !

I t-)
After you watch
A pair work Discuss how you would use the two-step process to deal with these personality types
Then tell the class about your ideas.
The Know-lt-All
Step 1

Step 2

ft/r. or ftls. Negative

Step 1

Step 2

B pair work Read the descriptions and choose a role. Take a few minutes to prepare some ideas
Then take turns role-playing the employee and the employer'

Role 1 - Employee
You have worked for a long time at a car rental
company and are aware of many problems with the
cars and the customers. Today you have a meeting
to fill in your new boss about how things are running
at the company. Act the part as [Vr. or [t/s. Negative,
the Bully, the Exploder, or the Know-lt-All.
Role 2 - Employer
G
You are the manager of a car rental company' You
,tr
(
have not worked there for long, so you are having t'r
^ interviews with your employees. You want to get a
report about how things in the company are, but the
person has a difficult personality. How do you deal
with him or her?

G Groqp work Discu ss how the role play would be different if the employer were the difficult
persQ$.t\lf ñgftgs$t change? Would you use the two-step process differently? lf so, how?

LA R;, l, ¡trT{,. e;rl

14 IfIII¡rr
ú'
./-{,onrt ano ra v
6

--
 üt
KES AND MYSTEruES ,r ll
.

Class 8
STARTING POINT
Learning the hard way
A Read about these people's problems. what mistake did each person
make?

What Did I Get Myself Into?

Three rnistakes that led to big rnesses
I was supposed to be studying for a
high school, I had to wear a un
math test this weekend, but my friends weren't supposed to cook in our
so I didn't have a lot of fashionable
made me go to the beach with them
dorm rooms, but I had a microwave
clothes. When I started college, I
* anyway. The cafeteria was right next
instead. I mean, I didn't have to go with thought I needed to have more, so I
door, so I really didn't need to have it.
them, but I did, Now the test is in two wasted a lot of money on trendy outfits
Anyway, I got caught making popcorn
hours, and l'm totally unprepared. I But I really shouldn't have done it.
last week, and the school took the
should have stayed home and studiedl Now l'm brokel
microwave away.
Alicia, Tepic, Mexico
- - l(enichi, f}saka , lapan
Melanie, Toronto, Canada
-

B Pair work What should each person do differently in the future? Compare ideas
"l dan't think Alieia should tisten to her friends in the future.,,
"Yeah, I agree. She shautdn't let them inftuence her like that.,,

w GRAMMAR
Past modals and phrasal modals of obligation
(r-11)

Should have' was §uppo§ed to, had fo, and needed fo alt desribe
obligations ln the past,
although they have slighily different uses.
I should have stayed home and studiedl (tt was a good idea, but t didn't
do it.)
I was supposed to be studying this weekend . (tt was
expected, but I didn,t do it.)
I had to wear a uniform. (We were forced to do this.)
I didn't have to go with my friends, but I did. (There was
I thought I needed to have more crothes. (r thought
no obtigation.) 1 . .i

this was neiessary.)

A Look at the starting point again. can you find other examples of past modals
and phrasal modars of obrigation? what does each one mean?

te7Er*:t
s B Choose the answer that
'1. I shouldn't have invited them.
is true for each sentence. Then compare answers with a partner.
3. We didn't have to study for the test.
tr a. I didn't invite them. E a. We forgot to study.
tr b. I invited them. tr b. We were prepared for the test.
ft'u 2. That was a secretl You weren't supposed 4. I know Jane didn't like my cooking, but
to tell anyone! she didn't need to be so rude about it.
E a. You didn't tell anyone. E a. Jane was rude to me.
tr b. You told someone. E b. Jane wasn't rude to me.
C Complete the sentences with information about yourself. Then compare
answers with a partner.
1. After lstarted high school, lhad to. ..
study a lot harder
2. I made someone angry once because I wasn't supposed to . . .

3. I wasted a lot of money once because I thought I needed to . . .

4. When I had the opportunity, I should have . . .

LISTENING (l
l'll never do that again!
(») A Listen to Frank talk about a bad decision he made. What was his decision?
Why was it a bad one? (CD 1:B)

(,¡) B Listen again. Are these statements true or false? Choose the correct answer. (CD 1:9)
True False
1. Frank and his neighbor were good friends. L tr
2. Frank knew he was allergic to cats. I tr
3. Frank marked his calendar to remember to feed the cat. tr tr
4. Frank forgot what time his train was going to leave. tr tr
5. Frank remembered to feed the cat on Saturday. tr tr

Class 9
LISTENING 1l

Dealing w¡th problems

x ('r) A Listen to Ray (F), Felipe (F), and Jennifer (J)talk about a problem that they each had.
What did each person finally do about the problem? Write the correct letter. (CD 1:10)

_ ignored it _ dealt with it _ aggravated it

{,» A L¡sten again. Briefly describe each person's problem. (CD 1:11)
Ray:
Felipe:
Jennifer:

16 IlIÑIf,i?f il{ i r i,¡ i, r,¡r,: ;,1 l': ¡-l i-r'i t l¡ i r.,r l' r t,, j,

t
WRITING
Brainstorming

Brainstormt'ng means making a list of ideas about a topic. Then you can use this
list to come up with a topic sentence and ideas to support it.

A Group work Brainstorm as many ideas as you can to add to the dos and don'ts
for living on a budget.
...:.§
,aÉ
Living on a TighX Eudget
¡!í*

l:' _d Do
.
Don'x
, compare príces , buy the first thing you see
ra=
, look for aales , buy brand namee
'i*
,¿¿ , check ads for used items , use credit cards
¿á
'i*
ffi
B Group work Brainstorm dos and don'ts for one of these topics. Write your ideas.
o getting over a bad cold . staying safe in a big city o preparing for entrance exams

G Read this paragraph about living on a tight budget. Then write a topic
sentence and a similar paragraph about your topic using your ideas.

HñH§A §mw 2
3 § &§
&
EY
wt
AvaWv

Living on a tight budget is easy if you follow some simple rules when you go
shopping. First of all, you should never buy something at the first store you visit. You
need to check at least a few other stores and go online to compare prices. Second,
don't be in a hurryl If you take your
time, you might find a sale. lf there are no sales right
now, ask a salesperson if there's going to be one soon. Third, consider buying used, or
secondhand, items. You can check in the newspaper or online to find what you're looking
for. Finally, you might get a better price at some stores by paying cash rnstead of using a
credit card, so be sure to ask about cash discounts.

D Pair work Exchange brainstorming lists and paragraphs with a partner.

Then answer the questions.
1. How many brainstorming ideas did your partner use? Do you think he or she
chose the best ones?
2. Do you have any questions about your partner's paragraph? ls there anything
you disagree with?
3. Can you think of a good title for your partner's paragraph? Explain your choice.

ftuFErt 17
r VOCABULARY (T
a Recognizing problems
d

A These verbs are often used to talk about problems. Use the verbs to replace
the boldfaced words and phrases in the sentences.

aggravate
i.- avoid

,\7 cause

dealwith
a problem
identify

ignore

run into

solve

1. My friend never does anything about his problems.

My friend always ígnores hís problems.
2. Mlaria can look at a broken bicycle and find the problem right away.
3. fi/y sister is never afraid to try to take care of a difficult problem.
4. Dan always makes his problems worse.
5. Ruby always follows the recipe closely to prevent problems when she cooks.
6. lr/ichael always unexpectedly encounters problems when he tries to fix things.
7- carla is great at completely fixing any kind of problem at work.
rx B. Al is the kind of student who always makes problems for teachers.

B Pair work rell your partner about people you know who are similar to the
people in the sentences in part A.
"My cousin always ignares her prablems. ller ear is atways making strange noiseq
but she never does anything abaut it.,,

a &
á
*,
18 lfl!fiiE[ Mistakes and *:ysreries
I
T
t
I
 Class 10
GRAMMAR PLUS (T-142.2A)
Past modals and phrasal modals of obligation
§ome past modals and phrasal modals of obligation are stronger than others.

Strong obligation: To show that there was no choice about doing the action, use had to.
(Note that musf is not used in the past.) .,

Expectation: There was a general expectation that an action was required or prohibited.
She was supposed to talk to her professor after class. (But she probably didn't.)
He wasn't supposed to drive the car to school. (But he probably did.) ."

Advisability: There was a good idea or a correct action in a particular situation, but it was
or was not done.
. He should have taken better notes in class. (But he didn't.)
She shouldn't have bought such an expensive jackel. (But she did.)

Necessity: The action uras considered to be necessary or unnecessary. However, unlike had ta,
there is a choice about doing or not doing the action.
I needed to make an appointment with the counselor.
I didn't need to buy the textbook, but I thought it looked interesting.

No obligation: There is complete choice about doing the action.

I didn't have to take piano lessons, but I wanted to.

t Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence

1. Jan should have shouldn't have ignored the problem because it only got worse.
2. Iwassupposedto/didn'thav,;Li) goonvacation,butIdidn'tsaveenoughmoney
3. Yoko needed to / wasn't supposed to ignore her parents' advice, but she did.
4. He fixed the leak himself, so he didn't need to call / should have called a plumber.
5. When I got older, I had to / wasn't supposed to learn to solve my own problems.
6. I needed to / didn't have to book my flight so early, but I wanted a good seat.
2 Complete the sentences with (not) had to, was (not) supposed to, should (not) have,
or (not) needed to and the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Sometimes more
than one answer is possible.
1. A: I heard Rob's cell phone rang in the middle of the test. What happened?
B: He had to leave (leave)the room immediately and was given a failing grade
2, A: You're home early, Jenny. I thought your English exam lasted until 4:00
B: I finished early, and the teacher said I (stay) if I didn't want to.

3. A: Have you seen Steven this morning? He's late for the test
B: No, I haven't. He (meet) me for breakfast, but he didn't show up.

4. A: The teacher recommends using a pencil on tests so you can erase wrong answers
B: Yes, and I (follow) his advice. I made a real mess with my pen

ñIFErT¡t re

I TK ¡
 (T-148,
VOCABULARY PLUS
v
Golloeations with Problem
Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

Problem'Solving TiPs
1. The best way to run into dealwith problem is to figure out what it is

Z. After you identify / ignore a problem, analyze it and think of possible solutions

3. It's a mistake to believe that if you ignore / cause a problem long enough,
it will go away.

4. Don't aggravate i ''.;n irtto problems by worrying too much about them and
coming up with poor solutions.

5. Sometimes discussing a problem with others will help you cause / solve it.

6. Don't blame your problems on other people. lt's best just to deal with / avoid
problems as soon as Possible.

(-
DISCUSSION
Past exper¡ences
A Look at the survey and choose the items that
are true for you.

.::::.r;"!€- i t::..=+:l:: :
j'

:
I enjoyed doing something you weren't :

supposed to do?

I not done something you should have done? j

.:

! done something foolish that you didn't need

to do?
f, had to follow a rule you didn't like?

\" I had to enforce a rule you didn't like?

\st' B Pair work Discuss your answers. Ask follow-up questions.

\{
x "Have you ever enioyed doing something you weren't supplsed to do?"
,,sure. At my otd jlb, I wasn't supposed to take a long lunch, but I took long lunches

at the park, anyway. How about You?"

:
20 IIÍÑI¡E !\4t*{ekqr¡ anc ry*l*ri*x

\
E

r r_"7
 Glass 11

STARTING POINT (r-14)

A mysterious artist
A Read the article and the comments on the right. whose comments do you
agree with?

The
I
F

-t
j:

B ead ol
Banksy is a British graffiti artist who has become famous around the world for two
things: his controversial work and the mystery surrounding him. usuaily working in
disguise or at night, Banksy has managed to keep his identity secret and both his
fans and detractors alert. Any clues to his identity always make the news.

ln 2010, Time magazine featured Banksy as one of the 100

most inf luential people of the year. Readers hoping to f inally
see his face must have been pretty disappointed when they
saw the picture of Banksy - with a paper bag over his head.

EtrrTR0{¡6f ln 2011, when a movie by Banksy was nominated for an

üE Grfr5tbP Oscar, his graffitiappeared on buildings and signs around ArtFan: Banksy does return
f,**,ilx-"**
Los Angeles. (People thought he p_quld have been trying to get
publicity for the movie.) At that time, a passerby photographed
a man busy taking photos of the graffiti. lt may have been
Banksy documenting his own work, but nobody is sure.
Zorro565: Banksy shouldn't

l,! 'ry§
ln 2013, a website claimed Banksy had been arrested and
his identity finally revealed. However, the claims were Iater WebWatcher: Ihat website hoar
discovered to be false. lt's not clear who was behind the hoax, by
but one thing was certain: Banksy's secret was still safe.
fYlore >>

B Pair work Compare your reactions to the article.

"The people who worked on his movie might know who Banksy is.,'
"Well, maybe, but l'm sure his family must know he is the mysterious artist.,,

teIEFIl, 21

Ig
 t-f _
GRAMMAR
l$¡
*
§
W§ Modals with multiPle uses
':r
To express degrees of certainty, use rnusf (not), can't, coutd
(not), might (not), ot may {not)'

fr tQ/. *- l'm c-ef-tain Banksy mus! have

rre mglrt have
wanted to win that Oscar'
:-.. rL- _^..i^
been trying to get publicity for the movie
-l " -
OAñ611-.proptri!g!g!t
That *ñ¡te hoax ¡rjgh.[_have been pianneO by Banksy himself. 'üff"e
To express obligation, advice, or opinions, use sf¡ou# (not).Do not use ryu§t (not) havetor obligations'
advice, or oPinions about the Past.
Banksy shouldn,t have painted on other people's property. (obligation)
He should be more careful. (advice)
just because of an article. (opinion)
The magazine readers shouldn't have expected Banksy to reveal his identity
Also notice how these modals are used in the passive and continuous.

A Look at the Starting Point on page 21 again. What does each modal express?
Which one is used in the Passive?

B Use modals to write reactions to these situations. Then compare answers

with a partner.

1. you and your friend planned to meet, but

3. You feel sick after a big fish dinner'
your friend never arrived. 4. You receive flowers from a secret admirer.
He might have been busy at work, but he
5. You haven't received any phone calls or text
should have called to tell me. messages in a week.
2. you loaned your classmate a lot of money 6. Your boss promised to promote you, but it
last week, but she still hasn't repaid you. still hasn't happened'

(
DISCUSSION
What's the exPlanation?
A Read these headlines about strange events. How would you explain them?

MYSTERY SOUND IRRITATES VILLAGE

Each night from midnight to 4 e.r't., a Shocked residents watched
mysterious humming sound keeps the 300 in disbelief last week as ttx
residents of Woodland, England, awake. river running through theil
There are no factories or large roads nearby, city turned a deep red colo
Some people rushed to sav
and so far nobody can explain the sound.
a bottle of the colored wat¡
while they had the chance.

Colored Honey Puzzles Farmers

ln a French region famous for its honey, bees
X have been producing it in shades of blue and
green. Farmers say the honey is unsellable,
and they are investigating the cause.

B Group work Discuss your explanations. Do you agree?

"Airplanes ftying overhead could have caused the noise in thatgNlaae.

"l'm not so sure. t think someone may have been making the §6uÑ
on purpose as a prank."

§
L,,tr,
rPhqh I
22 IIÍIIIII Mis{akes anei *:yet*ri*s

E_r L&*-
 Class 12
LISTENING & SPEAKI NG
Solving mysteries
('» A L¡sten to sheila and Adam discussing some myths
and mysteries researched by the
TV show Solving A/lysteries. Choose the ones discovered
to be true. (CD 1:12)
tr 1. Using a cell phone can cause a fire at a gas station.
tr 2. Talking to prants for a short time wiil hetp ttrem grow better.
I 3. A person can break a glass using just his or heivoice.
E 4. Yawning is contagious.
('» B L¡sten again. what ideas did sheila and Adam originally
have? Answer the
questions. (CD 1:13)
1. How did sheira think that ceil phones courd cause fires?

2. Why did Adam doubt that tarking to prants courd

herp them grow?

3. Why did sheila have troubre berieving voices courd

break a grass?

4' why didn't Adam berieve that yawning courd be contagious?

G Group work Brain-storm other mysteries you might like to have so/yrn g lvlysteries
investigate for you. can anyone in the group exprain
the mysteries?

VOCABULARY & SP EAKING

iT*161
Verbs of belief
A Put these verbs of belief in the correct columns
Discuss your answers with a partner.

assume be positive bet figure have a hunch supp0se

be certain be sure doubt guess know for a fact suspect

assume

B Group work Use the verbs of berief to discuss these questions.

1. Why do giraffes have long necks?
2. Why do some buildings not have a thirteenth floor?
3. ls there life on other planets?
4. Why doesn't a haircut hurt?
5. Why do some people fall in love at first sight?
6. What color is an insect,s blood?
"Why do giraffes have tong necks?,'
"l'm not sure, but I assume they have long necks to
eat
the leaves at the taps af trees."
"Yeah, I bet that's the reason why",,

/rDEStE 2:
r READING (l
:x
oa.t
Do I know you?
A Group work What does amnesia mean? What are some things that might
cause amnesia? Discuss with your group.

\ f, /hot i[ the person you morried forgot who you When Seon got out of the hospitol, Amy hod to give him
Y Y were? For one Texos couple, morrioge become o tour of their home. Although he hod q room devoted
o blind dote when the groom come down with omnesio to music, he couldn't even remember whot it meont to
doys ofter their wedding. heor music.
Amy ond Seon McNulty's wedding doy storted well, but Psychiotrist Dr. Doniel Brown soys Seqn's omnesio might
ended with o shock. One of Seon's good friends wos in hove been coused by o series of stressful moments,
q serious cqr occident qfter the wedding ond ended up l¡ke h¡s friend's cqr occident. According to Dr. Brown,
in o comq. Nevertheless, Amy ond Seon decided to Seqn's broin didn't connect with his identity onymore.
moke their honeymoon trip occording to plons. "He doesn't know who Seon McNulty is ond hos no
personol memories or outobiogrophicol memories
At the oirport, Seon reolized he'd left his wollet in
to occount for who he might be."
their cor. He soid to Amy, "l'll be right bock." But he
didn't return. Brown exploined thqt omnesiq wos like
Amy contocted the police, who , forgetting the nome of o file you stored
on your computer. "You know it's there
found Seon wondering neor o
motel three doys loter. He wos
butyou con't find it" soid Brown. "His
memory is like thot. He still hos the file."
confused ond covered in bug
bites. He hod no ideo who he wos Fortunotely, better times soon qrrived. The
or who Amy wos. Seon could not doy before their first onniversory, Seon's :

remember ony personol detoils from memories flooded bock in on instont. He ,

his life, not even his mother. soon remembered everything, including
their wedding. "l remember shoving cqke in
Amy wos now morried to o mon
her [oce," soid Seqn. "lt wos greot."
who viewed her os o stronger.
"l wondered, you know, is he going to Seon views the experience os q chonce l

remember me? How is our relotionship to confirm he picked the right bride. "l got to see how I
going to, you know, Íorm?" soid Amy. much she loves me," soid Seqn. "We hove o much i

This wos o big chonge ofter q six-yeor courtship ond

stronger ond closer bond from the experience. I couldn'tl
plenty of shored memories. hove found o better womqn to spend my life with."j

Source: 'Amnesia Spoils Newlyweds' Bliss," ABC News

B Read the article. Are these statements true or false? Choose the correct answer.
X r\
.,
True Fia lse
\_.1
1. Sean's amnesia began after he was in a car accident. tr tr
2. Sean and Amy didn't know each other well before they got married. tr tr
3. Sean shoved cake in Amy's face when he remembered who she was. tr
4. The amnesia might have been caused by stress. ; tr

G Group work Discuss these questions. Then share your answers with the class.

1. What would you have done if you had been in Amy's position?
2. What would be some of the problems you'd face if you ever forgot everything?

24 tlflliTt §,4istakes anci n:yst*r!es

É

t
tB- L
 Class 13
GRAMMAR PLUS {T-142,281
Modals with multiple uses
Degrees of certainty range from very certain to uncertain.

Very certain: To show that you think something was probable in the past, use must have,
mast not have, can't have, ar cauldn't have.
Jake had a stomachache last night after dinner. He must have eaten too much. i
Sofia was at a movie with me last night. You couldn't have seen her at the mall! 1 :

uncertain: To show that you think something vuas possible in the past, use cauld have,
ma¡t have, might have, may not have, ar might not have.
Jun Ho is usually here by now He could / may / might have missed the bus this morning.
Tanya was supposed to meet me before school. She may / might not have gotten the message.

To give opinions or advice, there are a greater number ol modals available for talking about
the present or future than there are for the past.

Present or future use musf (nat), have to, have got ta, had better (nat), or shautd {not). ut.,,'lt.

Parents have got to monitor the shows their children watch. ] ll: .J/
'
The kids had better not spend so much time indoors playing computer gámes. -. i..

Past Use should (not) have.

I should have listened to the advice my parents gave me about having a healthy lifestyle
We should not have ignored the scientists' warnings about global warming.

Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence.

'1. A: Kimberly didn't come to the party last night. I wonder why.
B: l'm not sure. Sh could have should have been sick, I guess.
2. A: Where's my umbrella? lt was right here by the door.
B: Oh, l'm sorry, Paul. I\4y sister couldn't have / must have taken it.

3. A: I got a terrible cramp in my-ieg while I was jogging yesterday.

B: Hmm. You musf not have ./ -,,,'., : .tt .t |ouf stretches properly first.

4, A: I had to ask Natalie twice to turn down the TV.

B: She mrght not have / must have heard you the first time.
5. A: They said the meeting was at 7:30, but it had already started when I got there.
B: They told me 7:00. You can't have / must have been told the wrong time.
6. A: JVarnie wasn't at work yesterday. Was she sick?
B: Well, she couldn't have / must have been too sick. I saw her at the park.

7, A: I only used your camera to take a few pictures. I don't see why you're so upset.
B: well, you couldn't have / shouldn't have been using it without my permission.

B. A: Sorry l'm late. We were playing baseball, and I didn't notice the time.
B: You may not have / couldn't have been doing that. lt's been dark for an hour!

IduFsrE ¿a

J6 r-:t=:-:-
 (T-148,2
VOCABULARY PLUS
Yerbs of belief
phrase from the box
Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the word or
ft that means the same thing

1. be positive doubt suppose

the
The archaeologist dug up pieces of pottery in the castle ruins' After studying
pottery markings, he was sure that it was from the 16th century was

2. assume be certain have a hunch

must
Based on clues at the crime scene, the detective suspected that the husband
have known something about his wife's disappearance'

3. guess know for a fact suppose

The accountant carefully reviewed his client's records and was certain that all
of his

earnings and expenses were reported correctly

4. be sure doubt susPect

After examining the brushstrokes of the painting, the art expert fioured that it must
be

a forgery

5. be certain have a hunch suppose

The lab technician studied the tooth under a microscope. She was sure it belonged
to.
a humpback whale.

6. be positive doubt guess

when the reporter investigated the story, he had a hunch that the politician was lying
X about the bank loan.

26 f§lipf Mlstakes ane,i my*terler

h- t,
\3 r
 LISTENING & SPEAKING tT-2-
Whots sorry now?
(») A Listen to a radio show called Who's Sorry Now? What is the focus of the show?
Choose the corect answer. (CD 1:20)
E a. people's roommates in college
tr b. things that people should or should not have done in the past
E c. family vacations

(») B Listen again. Are these statements true or false? Choose the correct answer. (CD 1:21)
True False
1. tMark made the manager think that Luke didn't want the job. i r': trf
2. l,Aark said he should feelterrible, but he doesn't. t-tr
3. Anna buried her brother's harmonica in the desert. [tr
4. Anna said she should have bought her brother a drum set. trtr
5. Luke didn't tell his roommate that he knew about the call. trtr
6. Luke thinks he should have told his roommate he knew about the call. trtr
G Pair work
Have you ever made a mistake like the ones on the radio show?
Would you consider calling a show like Who's Sorry Now? to talk about it?
"tlave ylu
ever made a rnistake like tfie anes 0n ttte radia sh¡w?"
"Well, when I was in college, I used to make up excuses sa that I could avaid going to
French class. I should have gone. I really wish I cauld speak French now."
"Would yau callup a shaw likeWho's Sorry Now?"
"l don't knaw. Maybe it wauld be fun. What about yau?"

r.fÍE§rE
 ffi
iil r
#
n*l

c I a SS 1 4 \q
\)-
fr (.ll :$ rj (r-218)
Before
you h ad th Tell
A Pai r wo rk Th¡ n k about ti
n 'r.,
what h appened
1 - \ ,':-
Yo u di d someth ing by accident that turned out, to be lucky.
2. You suspected something that turned out to be correct. . '. l 1,. ,

j
3. You experimented with something new' *' ' , ' . ' I
li.
4.Younoticedsomethingunusualthatcouldbeuseful.*.''.j.
-_'___-9:,,j

A: I was late for work last week because I forgot to set my alarm. l' '' ¡ '

B: How did that turn out to be luckY?

A:Well,lmissedabigtrafficaccidentbecauselwaslate!
inventions?
B Group work Which actions do you think accidentally resulted in these your
and explain
Write the letter of the invention next to the correct action' Discuss
answers.

hc."
¡}'t r&
*\'

*
*
?."
\

b. a common household c. a special materialfor

a. a powerful medical
appliance attaching things
treatment

1. taking a dog for a walk

2. forgetting to wash the dishes
- .

3. bringing a snack to work

- (r-218)
While you watch
A Write the letter of the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence'
x v
Were your answers in Before you watch part B correct?

ra. tho microwave c. a magnetron r.€ penic¡llin

b. hooks and looPs d. mold ,f. Velcro

f . i.
- was discovered
in 1928.
It started as \ on some unwashed dishes'
2. ln 1945, Percy Spencer was working with something called --
It melted his chocolate and led to the creation of
a
--'
3. George de tVestral identified that burrs work by using
r'
'

He had to try lots of prototypes to finally invent

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 B Choose the correct answers according to the information in the video.

1. Alexander Fleming was to help humans

a. studying bacteria b. culturing molds c. mixing powerful drugs
2. Because Fleming , he noticed something interesting
a. was away on vacation b. paid attention to an unusual c. was positive he could find
change a wonder drug
3. Percy Spencer was standing next to the machine that melted the chocolate because he

a. wanted to make a snack b. figured he could blow up c. was working with military
eggs radar technology
4. Spencer's idea of containing his invention in a box was
a. suggested by his co-workers b. the result of making a mess c. done to make its effects stronger
5. While removing burrs, George de [Vlestral was
a. thinking about making new b. curious about what made c. looking for a solution to his
hunting clothes them stick dog's problem
6. George de [Vlestral was confident his invention would be
a. very useful for astronauts b. used as a prototype c. very popular
C Take notes to answer the questions in your own words. Then compare answers with a partner.
1. What are two events that caused penicillin to be discovered?

2. What are two events that caused the microwave to be developed?

3. What are two events that caused Velcro to be invented?

After u watch (r-21e)

A Pair work Discuss these questions. Then share your ideas with the class.
1. What chain of decisions or steps led to each accidental discovery in the video?
2. What things could each inventor have done differently that might have changed the outcome?

B Think of an achievement in your life that may have been influenced

by an accident. Trace the chain of events that led to it and draw
conclusions about what happened.
Example: I learned to swim last year. I took the swimming class
because a friend asked me to do it with her. I met her when I joined
the gym. ljoined the gym to get in shape again after I broke my leg.
So if I had never broken my leg, I might not have learned to swim!
G Pair work Share your stories. Then ask and answer questions to get more information. Do you agree with
your partner's conclusions? Can you think of any other possible scenarios?

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Class 15
STARTING POINT ('
Cities of the world
A Read about
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these cities. Which city would you most like to visit?
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Barcelona is famous Beijing has many

for museums, nightlife, popular tourist
and seafood - and for attractions, which
the architect Antoni include the Summer
Gaudí, who designed Palace and the
several of the city's Forbidden City.
most distinctive Tourists who come
buildings. Most restaurants here stay open until here for the first time are amazed by the crowds, the
midnight, when many locals are still enjoying dinner. busy streets, and the constantly changing skyline.

The place where

most tourists go
first in Sydney is
the famous Opera
House, but this
Australian city also
has great restaurants
and museums. The spring and fall are the
seasons when most people come to visit.

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B Pair work Tell your partner about a city you know. , \ '-- . ,
{ "l krrlw Vancauver. /f3 got the acean sn sfie sitle and ma{Jstains sfi ths sther"
It's really beautiful, lsut it's sxpessive . , ."

GRAMMAR ('
\
,,,, q Defining and non-defining relative clauses ¡" \ :

A defining relative clause defines or gives essentaal i*formation about a noun. -!1 .. ,1

The Myeong-dong area has-dozens of shops that sell the latest fashions.
The spring and fall are the seasons when most people come to vis¡t.

A non-defining relative clause gives optional inlormation about a noun and cannot begin
with the pronoun fáaf. Notice the use of commas. r..r r r \ .

Most restaurants here stay open until midnight, when many Iocals areitillenioy¡ng dinner. \
Beijing has many popular tourist attractions, which include the Summer Palace and the Forbidden Gity.

A Look at the Starting Point again. Can you find more relative clauses?

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