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CIENCIAS
Y TECNOLOGÍA 1
BIOLOGÍA

COMPONENTE CURRICULAR:
FORMACIÓN ACADÉMICA

Claudia Coronel Olivares,


Teresita de Jesús Cuevas Cardona,
Ulises Iturbe Acosta

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El libro Ciencias
y Tecnología 1.

Images, Latinsto
Biología de la serie
Espiral del Saber®
fue elaborado en
Editorial Santillana
por el equipo de la
Dirección General

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de Contenidos

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La presentación y disposición en conjunto y de cada página de © Ulises Iturbe Acosta, Claudia Coronel Olivares,
Ciencias y Tecnología 1. Biología de la serie Espiral del Saber® Teresita de Jesús Cuevas Cardona
son propiedad del editor. Queda estrictamente prohibida
la reproducción parcial o total de esta obra por cualquier
sistema o método electrónico, incluso el fotocopiado,
sin autorización escrita del editor.
Tiro de promoción

D. R. © 2018 por Miembro de la Cámara Nacional de la Industria


EDITORIAL SANTILLANA, S. A. de C. V. Editorial Mexicana. Reg. núm. 802
Avenida Río Mixcoac 274, piso 4, colonia Acacias,
C. P. 03240, delegación Benito Juárez, Ciudad de México. Impreso en México / Printed in Mexico

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Presentación

El aprendizaje de los alumnos será exponencial en


tanto se les provea de estímulos enriquecedores.

Presentación para el alumno

L
os diccionarios definen la espiral como una línea curva que gira en torno a un punto. La
espiral está en la Naturaleza desde el inicio de los tiempos; ha sido testigo de la evo-
lución de todos los seres vivos. Por ello hay quienes la consideran la curva de la vida,
o más aún, la curva del crecimiento.

Si te fijas bien, las espirales parecen abrirse hacia el infinito, como las galaxias. Así es también
el proceso de aprendizaje: una espiral que se desarrolla hacia fuera y que te permite re-
gresar al punto original o a puntos intermedios y retomar las herramientas necesarias para
seguir aprendiendo. Te mueves a través de la espiral cuando lees, escuchas, hablas, realizas,
debates, experimentas, comprendes, propones, argumentas, demuestras lo que sabes…

El libro Ciencias y Tecnología 1. Biología que tienes en tus manos será un compañero valio-
so durante tu viaje a través de la espiral. En él encontrarás los conceptos que requieres para
apropiarte de nuevos conocimientos y desarrollar tus habilidades de observación, análi-
sis, integración, representación e interpretación. Asimismo, fortalecerás las actitudes que te
ayudarán a adquirir conciencia de la Naturaleza, a reconocerte como parte de ella, valorar
su diversidad y asumir sus cambios.

Tu libro se divide en tres trimestres. Los contenidos de cada uno se trabajan a manera de
secuencias didácticas, cada una dividida a su vez en tres etapas: “Exploro”, para que re-
cuperes tus saberes previos; “Construyo”, para que des forma a los nuevos saberes, y
“Aplico”, para que los pongas en práctica. Las secuencias didácticas se integran por tex-
tos, fotografías, esquemas, cuadros, gráficas, así como por diversas actividades, incluyen-
do las experimentales, que llevarás a cabo en forma individual o colectiva con la asesoría
de tu profesor. Al final de cada mes tendrás la oportunidad de evaluar los conocimientos
que vas desarrollando, y al concluir los trimestres darás el giro ascendente en la espiral de
tu aprendizaje.

Durante el curso, te proponemos algunos proyectos, los cuales planificarás, desarrollarás,


comunicarás y evaluarás con tus compañeros y el apoyo del profesor. Responsabilizarte
de una parte del proyecto fortalecerá tu autonomía para aprender, pero también tu capaci-
dad para trabajar en equipo.

Como puedes darte cuenta, este libro es una oportunidad para recorrer la Espiral del Saber.
Disfruta tu viaje

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Presentación para el alumno 3
Panorama de la espiral 8
A través de la espiral 12
Tabla de correspondencias 14

18 Secuencia didáctica 5. Cotejo de las


estructuras básicas 44
 Los tres tipos de células 44

Secuencia didáctica 6. Funciones celulares 46


 La nutrición 46
 La reproducción 49
 La relación 50

Un alto en la espiral 52

Secuencia didáctica 7. Las características


hereditarias y la genealogía 54
 Las características fenotípicas 55
 Las características fenotípicas
de las familias de México 58
 Los árboles genealógicos o familiares
Entremos a la espiral 19 59

Secuencia didáctica 8. La transmisión


Secuencia didáctica 1. Similitudes entre
de las características hereditarias a
los seres vivos 20
los descendientes 60
 Las características de los seres vivos 21
 La herencia de características de dos
variedades 61
Secuencia didáctica 2. ¿Cómo están
 La transmisión de las características
organizados los seres vivos? 24
a los descendientes 63
 La estructura de los seres vivos 25
 Lo que se puede ver en un microscopio 26
Secuencia didáctica 9. Organización,
ubicación y funciones del material genético 64
Secuencia didáctica 3. Las células
 Material genético 64
de los seres vivos 28
 Los microscopios 28
Un alto en la espiral 68
 De los organismos a las células 31
 Las células en todos los seres vivos 35
Secuencia didáctica 10. La domesticación
y la manipulación genética 70
Secuencia didáctica 4. Estructuras
 Los animales en situación de calle
de la célula 36
y los cimarrones 70
 La pared 38
 Ética ambiental 71
 La membrana 40
 Los animales y las plantas domesticados 73
 El citoplasma y el núcleo 41
 Los organelos 42

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Secuencia didáctica 11. Los organismos Secuencia didáctica 15. El proceso
transgénicos o modificados genéticamente 74 evolutivo 102
 ¿Qué son los organismos transgénicos? 74  El fijismo o la inmutabilidad
 Relación entre variedades transgénicas de las especies 102
y nativas 77  El transformismo momentáneo
de Lamarck 103
Secuencia didáctica 12. ¿Los cultivos  Las relaciones genealógicas entre
transgénicos perjudican la salud de las especies 104
los consumidores y el medioambiente? 78
 ¿Hay evidencia de daño a la salud? 78 Secuencia didáctica 16. Las explicaciones
 El derecho a una alimentación equilibrada 79 de Darwin sobre la evolución 106
 Los transgénicos y los organismos  La domesticación como evidencia
silvestres 79 de la evolución 106
 Los escenarios naturales de la evolución
Proyecto 1 82 de las especies 108

Secuencia didáctica 13. La tecnología Secuencia didáctica 17. La importancia


al servicio de la vida 84 de las adaptaciones de los organismos 112
 Conocimiento de los seres vivos 85  Las adaptaciones, producto de la
selección natural 113
Secuencia didáctica 14.  La coevolución entre especies
Progreso tecnológico 90 y la selección natural 114
 Casos de éxito a lo largo del tiempo 90
Un alto en la espiral 116

Secuencia didáctica 18. Componentes


100 del ecosistema 118
 Factores físicos del ecosistema 118

Secuencia didáctica 19. Las cadenas


tróficas y la energía 122
 Cadenas tróficas 122
 Transferencia de energía 126

Secuencia didáctica 20. Tipos de


ecosistemas 128
 Biomas 128

Secuencia didáctica 21. La interacción


depredador-presa 132
 La depredación 133
 Las interacciones entre individuos ante la
escasez de recursos 135
Giro ascendente 96
Entremos a la espiral 101 Secuencia didáctica 22. Selección en las

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presas y en otras interacciones biológicas 136  Secuelas en la biodiversidad 166
 Camuflaje y mimetismo 136 Proyecto 2 170
 Herbivoría y parasitismo 138

Secuencia didáctica 23. La competencia


y la depredación en el equilibrio poblacional 176
de los ecosistemas 140
 Equilibrio y desequilibrio
en los ecosistemas 140
 ¿Hay desequilibrio en ecosistemas
mexicanos? 142
 La competencia regula poblaciones
y detona adaptación 143

Un alto en la espiral 144

Secuencia didáctica 24. La diversidad


de formas de nutrición 146
 Convergencias evolutivas alimentarias 147
 Adaptaciones bucales a la alimentación 148
 La relación de los seres vivos con
el escenario nutricional 149
 Diversidad de aparatos bucales Giro ascendente 172
en los insectos 151 Entremos a la espiral 177
 El origen de las adaptaciones
alimentarias 152 Secuencia didáctica 28. Las funciones
del sistema nervioso 178
Secuencia didáctica 25. La diversidad  El sistema nervioso y los sentidos 178
de formas de reproducción 154  El sistema nervioso y su división 181
 Los tipos de reproducción asexual
y sexual 154 Secuencia didáctica 29. El sistema nervioso
 Las estrategias reproductivas 157 y la regulación del apetito 184
 El sistema nervioso y el digestivo 184
Secuencia didáctica 26. Valoración
de la biodiversidad 158 Secuencia didáctica 30. Los sistemas
 Biodiversidad y México megadiverso 158 endocrino, nervioso y sexual 188
 Las hormonas y la reproducción 188
Secuencia didáctica 27. Cambios
en el ambiente y sus consecuencias
en la biodiversidad 166

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 Las infecciones de transmisión sexual 232
Secuencia didáctica 31. ¿Es correcta Proyecto 3 236
mi dieta? 192
 Las características de una dieta correcta 192 Un alto en la espiral 238

Secuencia didáctica 32. ¿Qué necesito Secuencia didáctica 40. Causas y


para vivir? 196 consecuencias de las adicciones 240
 Nuestras actividades y la alimentación 196  Las adicciones más comunes 240

Secuencia didáctica 33. Hábitos Secuencia didáctica 41. Alcoholismo


alimentarios personales 200 y drogadicción, peligro latente 244
 Nuestras actividades y la alimentación 200  ¿A qué nos enfrentamos? 244

Un alto en la espiral 208 Secuencia didáctica 42. Cómo superar


las adicciones 246
Secuencia didáctica 34. ¿Qué es  ¿Qué nos lleva a las adicciones? 246
la salud sexual? 210
 La sexualidad 210 Giro ascendente 248

Secuencia didáctica 35. Inicio de las Glosario 252


relaciones sexuales 216
 Madurez sexual y psicológica 217 Fuentes de información 255

Secuencia didáctica 36. Mitos y creencias


sobre la sexualidad 220
 Sexualidad y mitos 220

Secuencia didáctica 37. Métodos


anticonceptivos 224
 Los distintos métodos anticonceptivos 224

Secuencia didáctica 38. Embarazo


adolescente 228
 Lo que implica un embarazo 228

Secuencia didáctica 39. Cómo evitar


las infecciones de transmisión sexual 232

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A través de la espiral En el mundo de hoy los conocimientos de cualquier tipo cambian a un ritmo tan rápido que
pocos son duraderos y apenas algunos podrían llegar a ser permanentes.

Lo que sí es permanente es la dinámica social y cultural en que los nuevos conocimientos,


especialmente los científicos y tecnológicos, vienen a reconfigurar nuestra manera de pen-
En esta sección encontrarás una explicación de la forma de sar y a transformar e influenciar nuestra vida. Solo aquellas personas que sean capaces de
apropiarse de esos saberes podrán crear e innovar sobre nuevos conocimientos, y contri-
buirán a la transformación positiva de la sociedad.
trabajo que se propone en el libro, conocerás las ventajas Por ello, los estudiantes de las nuevas generaciones deben aprender a enfrentar constan-

de trabajar en pareja, en equipo o de manera grupal durante temente esta realidad cambiante. Abordarán los nuevos aprendizajes como retos tempo-
rales a los que hay que adaptarse continuamente para lograr comprenderlos, conceptuali-
zarlos y hacerlos inteligibles para sí mismos.
el curso. También encontrarás una explicación de cómo Así, los nuevos conocimientos les resultarán útiles y aplicables a las situaciones reales de
la vida, y les ayudarán a resolver los problemas que se les presenten. Esto es a lo que se
puedes revisar tus avances y tomar decisiones para poder llama aprendizaje significativo.

Este tipo de aprendizaje en el área de las ciencias y la tecnología solo se logra cuando
continuar o regresar y repasar algunos temas con la ayuda el estudiante adopta un papel activo, protagónico y comprometido en su propio proceso
educativo de construcción intelectual y realiza una gestión inteligente de las actividades y

de tu profesor y, así, mejorar tu desempeño. acciones que han sido plasmadas en este libro para guiar y estimular en los estudiante la
adquisición de nuevos conocimientos.

Trimestre 1 La propuesta pedagógica


Aprendizajes
Ejes Temas Contenidos Secuencias
Esta obra, Ciencias didácticas
y Tecnología Págs.se ha escrito para contribuir a la construcción
1, Biología,
esperados
de conocimientos y al desarrollo de habilidades, actitudes y valores en los educandos.
Comparas las características 1. Similitudes entre los
comunes de losBusca orientar a seres
los estudiantes para que sean protagonistas de su aprendizaje y desa-
20-23
seres vivos. vivos
rrollen las bases para el aprendizaje autónomo, para que después, desde la colectividad,
Identificarás a la puedan comparar sus saberes con los de sus compañeros y construir conocimientos de
Reconoces la organización 2. ¿Cómo están
célula como la
Propiedades
unidad estructural manera
estructural de los seres conjunta.organizados los seres 24-27
vivos. vivos?
de los seres vivos.
En las secuencias didácticas que integran los contenidos se parte de situaciones didácticas
Identificas a las células en 3. Las células de los
los seres vivos. realistas que recuperan vivencias cotidianas
28-35y significativas de los alumnos para desarro-
Materia, seres vivos
energía e llar posturas analíticas, críticas y escépticas con la información obtenida. Los aprendizajes
interacciones Reconoces las se
estructuras
logran a través de la resolución de problemas reales y relevantes, lo que fomenta que
4. Estructuras de la

Tabla de
que forman parte
la de las
construcción de nuevos aprendizajes36-43
se realice en un marco de colaboración y respeto
Identificarás célula
células.
las funciones entre compañeros, siempre con la guía del profesor.
Naturaleza de la célula y Verificas las principales
5. Cotejo de las
macro, micro sus estructuras estructuras celulares y sus 44-45
y submicro básicas (pared
La estructura pedagógica
estructurasdel libro consta
básicas de tres componentes esenciales. El primero son
funciones.
celular, membrana, los contenidos que se presentan en un currículum en espiral; cada tópico se trata con ma-
citoplasma y núcleo). Relacionas las funciones
yor profundidad y amplitud conforme se avanza en los grados académicos; se construye

correspondencias
de las células con su 6. Funciones celulares 46-51
estructura.
sobre lo realizado, haciendo conexiones entre un gran cuerpo de conocimientos, habilida-
des y actitudes que van desarrollando los alumnos.
Reconoces que las 7. Las características
12 características físicas se hereditarias y la 54-59
heredan de padres a hijos. genealogía
Describirás la
importancia, 8. La transmisión de
Continuidad funciones y Reconoces la relación entre
las características
En esta tabla encontrarás la propuesta de dosificación y ciclos ubicación de los
cromosomas, genes
y ADN.
las características físicas y
la herencia.
hereditarias a los
descendientes
60-63

trimestral de los aprendizajes esperados de la asignatura y Identificas las estructuras


celulares responsables de
la herencia y las relacionas
9. Organización,
ubicación y funciones 64-67
del material genético

su correspondencia con las secuencias didácticas del libro. Diversidad,


continuidad
y cambio
con su función.

Identificas la domesticación
10. La domesticación y la
como una forma de 70-73
manipulación genética
manipulación genética.

11. Los organismos


Valorarás las Reconoces las
transgénicos
implicaciones éticas características de los 74-77
o modificados
Biodiversidad de la manipulación organismos transgénicos.
genéticamente
genética en la salud
y el medioambiente.
12. ¿Los cultivos
Identificas las ventajas
transgénicos
y desventajas del uso y
perjudican la salud de 78-81
consumo de organismos
los consumidores y el
transgénicos.
medioambiente?

14

Al iniciar cada trimestre


Entremos
ingresas en la espiral
En este trimestre estudiarás que el conocimiento de los seres vivos se actualiza con
a la espiral
base en las explicaciones de Darwin acerca del cambio de las especies en el tiempo,
esto es, comprenderás que los seres vivos se han ido transformando. Como resul-
del aprendizaje. En este
tado, se han adaptado al medio en el que viven, aunque muchas especies se han
extinguido por catástrofes naturales. Así también, revisarás algunas teorías que se
han expuesto sobre la evolución de los seres vivos.
apartado tendrás una idea
También revisarás la importancia de las transformaciones de la energía en los eco-
sistemas, en función de la fuente primaria y las cadenas tróficas, sus componentes,
general de los temas que
factores físicos, biológicos y las transformaciones de la energía, la transferencia de
la misma y los tipos de ecosistemas. Inferirás el papel que juegan las interacciones
entre seres vivos, como la denominada depredador-presa o la competencia, en el
estudiarás los tres meses
Biodiversidad:
equilibrio del mismo y de las poblaciones de los organismos que viven en él.
siguientes.
Compararás también la diversidad de estrategias que los seres vivos ejecutan para
competencia y encontrar sus alimentos y nutrirse, la relación de ellos con el medio y para reprodu-
cirse. Verás que estas relaciones son resultado de la evolución.
adaptación de
Por último, y no por eso menos importante, explicarás la relación entre ética, estética
los seres vivos y biodiversidad en México. Para ello, analizarás la importancia del cuidado a la biodi-
versidad como parte primordial para la preservación de la vida.

La biodiversidad y la ciencia
México es un país megadiverso, esto es, con una alta concentración de especies y ecosis-
temas. La ciencia es una aliada para trabajar en su cuidado y preservación, así como en la
adecuada obtención de recursos. Por esto, el desarrollo del país debe realizarse de acuerdo
con lo que se conoce de su diversidad, con el objetivo de conservarla y utilizarla de la mejor
manera haciendo uso de la ciencia y la tecnología.

El desarrollo de la ciencia nos ha permitido transformar el ambiente. Sin embargo,,


En cada trimestre
la explotación desmedida de los recursos naturales está disminuyendo la ca-
pacidad para sustentar la vida. encontrarás información
Debemos utilizar los avances científicos y tecnológicos para conservar el
ambiente, como una prioridad para el equilibrio del planeta, la preserva-
ción de la salud y la supervivencia de la vida.
para que reflexiones
Entre los avances científicos que han servido para preservar el ambien- acerca de cómo las
te están las celdas solares que se pueden instalar en las casas, vacunas
que no requieren jeringas para aplicarse o la limpieza de desechos del
petróleo en el océano. Otros desarrollos tecnológicos buscan revertir la Ciencias permiten
contaminación en el aire para disminuir el calentamiento global.

Todos podemos participar en el cuidado de nuestro planeta. Lo más im-


crear soluciones a
portante es contar con información sobre nuestros recursos y la forma
como se aprovechan, utilizarlos responsablemente y participar en activi-
dades que los cuiden y mejoren.
problemáticas de distintos
100 101 campos del conocimiento.
8

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Para lograr los aprendizajes, te proponemos trabajar mediante secuencias didácticas que incluyen
una serie de actividades que te permitirán adquirir conocimientos y desarrollar habilidades y
actitudes. Las secuencias didácticas constan de tres fases: Exploro, Construyo y Aplico.

• Exploro. En esta fase te introducirás en el tema. Además, identificarás los conocimien-


tos que ya tienes y los que necesitas para continuar aprendiendo.

• Construyo. Mediante actividades individuales, en parejas, en equipo, y con la guía de


tu profesor, lograrás conocimientos y desarrollarás habilidades y actitudes que te per-
mitirán aprender permanentemente.

• Aplico. La fase final de la secuencia consta de actividades que integran los aprendiza-
jes. Esto permitirá valorar tus logros.

Durante las secuencias didácticas encontrarás estos apartados:

a) b) Por ejemplo, un pino, un árbol que puede Para saber más


medir hasta quince o veinte metros de al- Actividad experimental
Garry DeLong /

tura, forma estructuras para reproducirse Revisa el cuadro


Gettyimages

durante la primavera. Crea conos mascu- Comprueba el papel de los descomponedores: la composta. número 4,
linos y femeninos durante el invierno para “Clasificación de
que, llegada la primavera, estén listos para Investiga un poco más sobre la composta. Debes conocer los materiales necesarios, el residuos orgánicos
Garry DeLong / Gettyimages para el compostaje
Figura 1.3. la reproducción. Los pinos perciben que el procedimiento y la clasificación de los residuos para el compostaje doméstico. Implica
invierno ha llegado y comienzan a formar los conos. Así responden al medio, es decir, lle- doméstico”, de la
a) El paramecio es un la recolección de materiales comunes y un procedimiento sencillo que podrás realizar.
protozoario que vive página 31 en:
van a cabo la función de irritabilidad.
en charcos y utiliza la http:// www.esant.
• Puedes ver el video en esta dirección: www.esant.mx/essecb1-049; o bien, consul- mx/essecb1-052
luz para producir sus
alimentos.
Ejemplos más sencillos de esta función los vemos en los animales. Si un venado percibe a tar el Manual de compostaje municipal. Tratamiento de residuos sólidos urbanos,
b) Los hongos se un puma cerca, huirá para escapar de él. Una gallina se irá a dormir al caer el Sol. editado por el Instituto Nacional de Ecología, cuya dirección electrónica se encuentra
reproducen y crecen en el apartado “Para saber más”.

Glosario. Proporciona la solo en los lugares


donde pueden obtener lo
necesario para producir
La respuesta al medio nos permite a los seres vivos relacionarnos con él y con otros se-
res vivos. Todos respondemos utilizando nuestro cuerpo y nuestras estructuras sensi-
bles. En el ser humano, son los órganos de los sentidos los que llevan a cabo esta fun-
• Elabora una tabla donde resumas los tipos de residuos, ejemplos y notas que te sir-
van para identificarlos.
sus alimentos.

definición de términos ción, pero todos los seres vivos poseen estructuras que les permiten interactuar con el
medio.
En equipos, diseñen la unidad de compostaje.

• Con base en lo que investigaron, decidan las dimensiones, el material del recipien-
Glosario
o palabras que te protozoarios.
Seres
También las bacterias y otros seres microscópicos reaccionan al medio. Por ejemplo, algu-
nos protozoarios se mueven en busca de la luz, ya que la utilizan para producir sus alimen-
tos (figura 1.3a). Lo mismo hacen las algas microscópicas.
te que utilizarán, el tipo y la cantidad de residuos que pueden verter y la ubicación.
• Reúnan los materiales necesarios y constrúyanla. Soliciten la ayuda de un adulto.
• Les sugerimos hacer un calendario de monitoreo donde anoten las transformaciones

ayudarán a comprender microscópicos


formados por
una sola célula
El caso de los hongos es similar (figura 1.3b), pero estos seres vivos no buscan la
que puedan percibir como consistencia, olor, presencia de plagas. Si es posible, to-
men fotografías para presentarlas al grupo.
luz, sino sustancias que les sirven para alimentarse dependiendo de su función en • No olviden regarla uniformemente sin dejarla secar, pero tampoco con exceso. Les
los textos. y que viven
en ambientes
húmedos.
el medioambiente. Por ejemplo, los hongos que descomponen las hojas que caen de
los árboles crecen a lo largo y ancho del follaje. Para ello, una célula especializada de
sugerimos cada tres días.

ellos que llega a una hoja arrastrada por el aire o el agua comienza a reproducirse y Análisis de resultados. Convivo en
crece una colonia de este hongo. armonía
• En su reporte, incluyan aspectos como si se obtuvo composta en tiempo y forma, los Cuando expongan
elementos de su investigación que facilitaron el diseño y seguimiento del proceso, sus resultados,
2. Dibújate en una hoja. Identifica los órganos con los que te relacionas con el medio si la selección de materiales fue la adecuada, si la consistencia fue la esperada, las argumenten sus
y describe cómo realizas la función de irritabilidad con estos órganos. dificultades que hubo, si la experiencia les permitió entender la participación de los procedimientos
seres vivos del cuarto nivel en la cadena trófica. apoyándose en
Luego identifica y describe en el ser vivo que utilizaste en la actividad de la pági- los conceptos que
• También incluyan una conclusión sobre la energía que entra al proceso de la com-
han aprendido.
na anterior cómo realiza esta función y la de movimiento. posta y cómo se transforma en él.
Además de ser una
• Presenten sus resultados al grupo y discutan la importancia de este proceso para el evidencia de su
Vuelve a la actividad de la sección “Exploro”, lee la definición que escribiste a es- ambiente y los seres vivos.
Secuencia didáctica 19. Las cadenas tróficas y la energía

avance, ayudarán
tas funciones y anótala en tu hoja con los cambios que creas convenientes. a sus compañeros
a resolver sus
Debido al desarrollo tecnológico y gracias a las investigaciones de los científicos, como la dudas.
Cuido mi salud y el ambiente doctora en biotecnología Gabriela Vázquez Rodríguez, se ha logrado conocer a detalle el
proceso del compostaje.
Todos los seres vivos son importantes para mantener en equilibrio el ambiente. Sin
embargo, hay algunos microscópicos que nos pueden dañar y enfermar. ¿Cuáles co- Así como en la composta participan bacterias y hongos, existen muchos ejemplos más
noces, qué enfermedades producen y cómo te proteges de ellos? de descomposición de la materia orgánica que forma parte de las transformaciones de la
energía que fluye en las cadenas tróficas.
Comenta en grupo y anota en tu cuaderno un ejemplo, la enfermedad que produce y
Trimestre 1

cómo te puedes proteger. ¿Logras reconocer en él las funciones vitales? Los niveles tróficos que acabas de conocer tienen un nombre asignado que corresponde al
tipo de función que realizan dentro de las redes tróficas.

Para saber más. 22 125

Encontrarás
recomendaciones de
fuentes impresas y Cuido mi salud y el ambiente. Convivo en armonía. En esta sección
electrónicas (libros, videos, Este apartado te plantea reconocerás la necesidad de convivir
películas, páginas web y situaciones mediante las cuales de manera respetuosa y pacífica dentro
otras) que te servirán para podrás tomar decisiones orientadas y fuera del salón de clases. Se dan
ampliar tus conocimientos a consolidar una cultura de recomendaciones para realizar trabajo
y habilidades sobre el tema la prevención de la salud y la colaborativo en un marco de respeto y se
de la secuencia. conservación del ambiente. destaca cómo este enriquece el aprendizaje. 9

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Esto quiere decir que tanto la pregunta como la respuesta inicial pueden cambiar, pues son
una guía que puedo ir modificando a lo largo del proyecto según vaya encontrando infor-
mación y realizando actividades. Puedes, en este momento, pensar en un tema que hayas
La célula y su relación con el visto en este curso, plantear una pregunta, ponerla a consideración con tu equipo e intentar
predecir una respuesta.
desarrollo científico y tecnológico
Para planear un proyecto es necesario considerar el tiempo con el que se cuenta, que en
En esta asignatura, un proyecto es un espacio propicio para desarrollar tus habilidades este caso son dos semanas. Es importante que verifiques en equipo y con tu profesor que
científicas mientras resuelves alguna inquietud que haya surgido durante el trimestre, o sea factible responder tu pregunta en ese tiempo.
bien, un problema social o de tu entorno que quisieras ayudar a resolver. También puedes
diseñar y construir un objeto útil para tu comunidad. Un objetivo de Es pertinente aprovechar la ayuda del profesor para organizar las actividades en una tabla
los proyectos es que utilices la ciencia y sus métodos a tu favor y o cronograma. Esto te permitirá programar cada actividad y terminar el proyecto a tiempo
seas capaz de predecir resultados, planear un proceso y modificar- y de la mejor manera.
lo según se requiera (figura 1.48).
Etapa 2. Desarrollo
Podrás desarrollar tres tipos de proyectos. Un proyecto científico im-
plica realizar una investigación, documental o un experimento que te ¿Cómo sabremos que nuestras predicciones o hipótesis son correctas? Trabajando para Convivo en
permita describir un fenómeno de tu interés. Por ejemplo, si revisa- comprobarlas. Una gran parte de un proyecto abarca el trabajo en este sentido. Las activi- armonía
mos el tema de la célula, un proyecto científico puede ser tratar de dades van desde entrevistar a ciudadanos u otros estudiantes y analizar los datos que se Al trabajar en
explicar cómo se propaga la enfermedad del virus de zika, explicar el obtuvieron; llevar a cabo los experimentos planeados y registrar lo que se observa; diseñar equipos puedes
proceso de infección y las formas de prevención de contagio. y construir un instrumento o dispositivo y probarlo. proponer tantas
Figura 1.48. El trabajo ideas como se
en equipo y el apoyo Si eliges un proyecto tecnológico, puedes idear un aparato para purificar agua. En este En cualquier caso, se recomienda tomar notas de cada actividad que realizamos. Por ejem- te ocurran, pero
del profesor son también escucha
caso trabajarías tus habilidades de uso de materiales y herramientas, y tendrías que inves- plo, si un equipo decide construir un dispositivo, registrar dificultades para conseguir los
fundamentales para las sugerencias de
para lograr un mejor
tigar y construir el artefacto. materiales, en la construcción o al probar su funcionamiento; así también, las soluciones
tus compañeros.
desempeño durante el que se propusieron y cómo se fue modificando la estrategia. Este ejercicio servirá para ve- Puede ser
proyecto. Otra forma de llevar a cabo el proyecto es buscar que la ciencia resuelva un problema en tu rificar el trabajo de todos y el avance en el proceso de solución de problemas. que estas se
comunidad. En este trimestre valoramos las formas como la ciencia puede intervenir para complementen y,
elevar la calidad de vida de las personas al permitir una mejor y más eficiente producción Para presentar los resultados de un proyecto se pueden elaborar gráficas, resúmenes, pre- juntos, logren una
de alimentos y de medicamentos. Puedes intentar asociar estos avances y proponer ma- sentar fotografías, dibujos, esquemas o resúmenes. Se pueden crear panfletos, volantes o mejor estrategia de
neras de aprovecharlos en tu comunidad. periódicos murales. También se reporta una conclusión que explique una respuesta a la trabajo.
pregunta y del fenómeno observado, o si funcionó el dispositivo.
Un proyecto debe realizarse en cuatro etapas: planeación, desarrollo, comunicación y eva-
luación. Cada una tiene un propósito particular que explicaremos a continuación. En cual- Etapa 3. Comunicación
quier forma en que decidas actuar en tu proyecto, es importante que lo realices con un
equipo, y que entre todos acuerden el tipo de investigación y el tema que tratarán. Plantear La comunicación es muy importante en el quehacer de la ciencia. De esta forma, el resto
preguntas es una forma de iniciar y delimitar un proyecto. de la comunidad científica y de la gente se entera de lo descubierto y otros científicos o
personas interesadas pueden poner a prueba lo descubierto.
Etapa 1. Planeación
En un proyecto escolar, presentar al grupo el trabajo realizado, es decir, el proceso, las di-
Una pregunta y una predicción de cómo podría responderse nos guían en nuestra inves- ficultades y cómo se solucionaron, así como los resultados, permite a todos conocer otras
tigación. Continuamente nos hacemos preguntas sobre lo que vemos y experimentamos, formas de trabajo, nuevas ideas e información útil.
sin embargo, no todas las podemos responder de manera científica. Algunas sí, y son estas
las que podemos utilizar en un proyecto. Plantear una pregunta es muy importante, ya que Etapa 4. Evaluación
con ella identificamos lo que queremos conocer o resolver.
A lo largo del proyecto conviene evaluar continuamente los avances, así como al finalizar-
Si un proyecto plantea describir cómo obtener un huerto casero para obtener alimentos de lo. Es importante considerar la participación de todos los integrantes, la actitud, el trabajo
Trimestre 1

mejor calidad, la pregunta puede ser: ¿Cómo construir un huerto casero? Pueden ir modifi- realizado, la exposición y si la comunicación fue suficientemente clara para que quienes
cando la respuesta según la información que tengan disponible. nos escucharon comprendieran la trascendencia del tema y lo lleven a su vida.

82 83

Su finalidad es que integres tus aprendizajes y los apliques en


situaciones y problemas del entorno natural y social y que desarrolles
diversas habilidades científicas. Se mostrarán al final de algunas
secuencias didácticas.

A continuación, realiza lo solicitado. Con base en tus resultados, y la ayuda de tu profesor,


identifica los contenidos que debes repasar.

Observa la imagen de cada pinzón y une con flechas el alimento que consume.

Pinzón Alimento

Cada mes tendrás la


oportunidad de detenerte
y revisar los aprendizajes Pinzón mediano de suelo Tunas
que adquiriste a través
de una evaluación con
diferentes reactivos.
Pinzón grande de suelo Insecto

Pinzón de cactus Semillas pequeñas


Trimestre 2

Pinzón insectívoro Semillas grandes


10
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Estas actividades integran lo estudiado durante el trimestre y son una oportunidad para
que apliques los conocimientos, las habilidades y las actitudes que desarrollaste. Con
esto demostrarás que has ascendido un nivel en la espiral de tu aprendizaje.

1. Escribe en en la imagen el nombre de cada una de las partes que señala.

2. Lee y subraya la respuesta correcta.

Una planta de hierbabuena crece en un jardín a un lado de una nochebuena. Los


Se trata de actividades diversas que integran lo estudiado durante el tallos y las hojas de la hierbabuena han crecido desviándose de la sombra de la no-
chebuena; así les llega más sol durante el día. ¿De cuál función de los seres vivos

trimestre. Será una oportunidad para aplicar los conocimientos, las se habla?

A) Irritabilidad C) Reproducción
habilidades y las actitudes que desarrollaste. Con esto demostrarás que has B) Alimentación D) Respiración
¿En cuál opción se habla del estudio de las estructuras internas de la célula?
ascendido un nivel en la espiral de tu aprendizaje. A) Los alumnos de la maestra Juanita colectaron hojas de varios árboles. Las orga-
nizaron según su tamaño, forma y color. Obtuvieron una colección de hojas de los
árboles que viven cerca de la escuela.
B) En el salón de primero de secundaria colectaron un chapulín en un frasco. Con
cuidado, lo observaron con una lupa y lograron identificar la estructura con la que
se alimenta. Lo vieron consumir unas hojas y utilizar su boca para ello.
C) El grupo 1.º A cortó un trozo de la punta de la raíz de una cebolla, lo colocó en un
portaobjetos con un colorante y lo observó en el microscopio. Descubrieron cómo
se colorea el núcleo de las células cuando se están reproduciendo.
D) El profesor Juan y su grupo de primero observaron fotografías en internet de di-
ferentes células. Hallaron células de piel, de estómago, de intestino, neuronas,
ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN). tipo de microorganismos por ejem- comunidad. Componente biótico células de la sangre y de talos de plantas, todas con diferentes aumentos.
Molécula que contiene la informa- plo aquellos que tienen una pared del ecosistema. Conjunto de espe-
ción genética de los seres vivos, celular gruesa como algunas bac- cies distintas que interaccionan.
así como las instrucciones de su terias del tracto respiratorio alto 96
transmisión y funcionamiento. Staphylococcus aureus o en aque- competencia. Interacción entre dos
Tiene una estructura de doble llas que la pared es más delgada y individuos de la misma o distintas
hélice, que se forma mediante la está ubicada entre dos membranas especies por la obtención de un
unión de dos cadenas de com- por ejemplo Salmonella typhi e in- recurso que es común a ambos. En
puestos químicos. cluso actuar sobre ambos tipos. mamíferos y reptiles generalmente
toma el curso de una disputa vio-
autótrofo. Organismo capaz de ali- lenta por una presa o bien por las
mentarse directamente de sustan- hembras. En las aves hay disputa
cias inorgánicas. Del griego autos, por alimento y en la reproducción
“uno mismo”, y trofos, “alimento”. se trata de una exhibición de des-
trezas de movimientos corporales,
biodiversidad. Variedad de seres aleteos, cantos y colores para cor-
vivos en cuanto a la cantidad de tejar a una hembra, pues esta es la
individuos y a número de especies que elige pareja. La competencia
existentes en el planeta.

ciclo de vida. Abarca desde que se


entre las plantas es por espacio en
el suelo para la propagación o por
el acceso a la luz en los ambientes
Consta de definiciones ampliadas de conceptos que aparecen en
aerobio. Ser vivo que requiere oxí-
geno para llevar a cabo sus reac-
desarrolla y nace, hasta que al-
canza la madurez, se reproduce
densamente poblados como en las
selvas. el interior del libro.
ciones metabólicas y vivir. y muere.
depredador. Animal que caza a
adicción. Acción de depender de otros animales para comérselos. Es
una sustancia, comida, sentimien- una relación entre un consumidor
to o hecho, que se puede apoderar terciario y secundario o entre uno
de las personas y controlarlas, po- secundario y uno primario en un
niendo en riesgo la salud física ecosistema.
o mental.

anaerobio. Ser vivo que no requiere


de oxígeno para vivir ya que este es
tóxico para la célula.

analogía. Comparación entre dos cigoto. Célula producida por la fu-


argumentos acerca de fenómenos sión de dos gametos. En los mamí-
naturales porque se piensa que sus feros, un óvulo que es fecundado
causas pudieran ser similares o ex- por un espermatozoide fusiona los
plicarse de maneras parecidas. núcleos de ambas células y se for-
ma el cigoto.
antibiótico. Sustancia que es pro-
ducida por ciertos microorganis- coloide. Mezcla formada por partí-
Impresas
mos y puede inhibir el crecimiento culas en estado sólido dispersas en ecología. Del girego oikos, que
de otros microorganismos perju- una sustancia fluida. Son coloides significa “casa” y logos, “estudio”.
• Aguilera, G. El origen de la vida, SEP-Libros del Escarabajo, México, 2006 (Biblioteca
diciales para el humano. Pueden la gelatina, la sangre y la espuma Ciencia que se encarga del estudio
de Aula).
ser selectivos y actuar sobre un de afeitar. de los ecosistemas.
• Arnau, E. Cuida tu cuerpo, Parragón-SEP, México, 2003.
• Barahona, Ana y Piñero, Daniel. Genética: la continuidad de la vida, Fondo de Cultura
252 Económica, México, 2010.
• Barceló, Manuel. Cómo valorar mi sexualidad, Ediciones Internacionales Universitarias,
Madrid, 2001.
• Burnie, David. Animal. Hábitats, Aguilar-SEP, México, 2001.
• Ceballos, G. y F. Eccardi. Animales de México en peligro de extinción, Fundación Alejo
Peralta, México, 2004 (Biblioteca de Aula)
• Curtis, Helena, Shnek, Adriana y Alicia Massarini. Biología, 7.ª edición, Médica
Panamericana, Buenos Aires, 2008.
• Cifuentes Lemus y otros. El océano y sus recursos, Fondo de Cultura Económica, México,
1995 (colección Ciencia para Todos).
• Darwin, Charles. El origen de las especies, Porrúa, México, 2010 (edición original: 1859).
• Esparza, P. Nosotros los árboles, SEP-Santillana, México, 2005 (Biblioteca Escolar).
• Ganeri, A. Algo viejo, algo nuevo: reciclando, Destino, México, 2006 (Biblioteca de Aula).
• Hawlwy, D. Charles Darwin, Calandria Ediciones, México, 2006 (Biblioteca Escolar)
• Herrán, J. de la. Mosaico tecnológico, ADN Editores, México, 2003.
• Kruif, Paul de. Cazadores de microbios, Editores Mexicanos Unidos, 2006.
• Laurent, G. Cuvier y Lamarck, la querella del catastrofismo, Mundo Científico. 66, 136-
144, Barcelona, 1987.
• Navarro, Joaquín. Ecología, Océano-SEP, México, 2002.
• Piñero, Daniel. De las bacterias al hombre: la evolución, Fondo de Cultura Económica,
México, 2010.
• Rico, Blanca. La sexualidad, ADN Editores, México, 2003.
Incluye referencias impresas y electrónicas para que • Rosenstein, Yvonne y otros. Cuerpo saludable, SEP-Santillana, México, 2002.
• Sánchez Mora, María del Carmen. Vida y nutrición, Siglo XXI, México, 2001.
• Sarukhán, José. Las musas de Darwin. Fondo de Cultura Económica, México, 2010.
amplíes tu conocimiento. • Savater, Fernando. Ética para Amador, Ariel, Barcelona, 2008.
• Sin autor. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, Protección ambiental-
Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres-Categorías de riesgo y especifi-
caciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio-Lista de especies en riesgo. Diario Oficial
de la Federación. 2010.
• Vázquez Rodríguez, Gabriela A. Manual de prácticas de la asignatura de Manejo de re-
siduos de la industria alimentaria, Licenciatura en Química de Alimentos, UAEH. México,
2008.

255

11

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En el mundo de hoy los conocimientos de cualquier tipo cambian a un ritmo tan rápido que
pocos son duraderos y apenas algunos podrían llegar a ser permanentes.

Lo que sí es permanente es la dinámica social y cultural en que los nuevos conocimientos,


especialmente los científicos y tecnológicos, vienen a reconfigurar nuestra manera de pen-
sar y a transformar e influenciar nuestra vida. Solo aquellas personas que sean capaces de
apropiarse de esos saberes podrán crear e innovar sobre nuevos conocimientos, y contri-
buirán a la transformación positiva de la sociedad.

Por ello, los estudiantes de las nuevas generaciones deben aprender a enfrentar constan-
temente esta realidad cambiante. Abordarán los nuevos aprendizajes como retos tempo-
rales a los que hay que adaptarse continuamente para lograr comprenderlos, conceptuali-
zarlos y hacerlos inteligibles para sí mismos.

Así, los nuevos conocimientos les resultarán útiles y aplicables a las situaciones reales de
la vida, y les ayudarán a resolver los problemas que se les presenten. Esto es a lo que se
llama aprendizaje significativo.

Este tipo de aprendizaje en el área de las ciencias y la tecnología solo se logra cuando
el estudiante adopta un papel activo, protagónico y comprometido en su propio proceso
educativo de construcción intelectual y realiza una gestión inteligente de las actividades y
acciones que han sido plasmadas en este libro para guiar y estimular en los estudiante la
adquisición de nuevos conocimientos.

La propuesta pedagógica
Esta obra, Ciencias y Tecnología 1, Biología, se ha escrito para contribuir a la construcción
de conocimientos y al desarrollo de habilidades, actitudes y valores en los educandos.
Busca orientar a los estudiantes para que sean protagonistas de su aprendizaje y desa-
rrollen las bases para el aprendizaje autónomo, para que después, desde la colectividad,
puedan comparar sus saberes con los de sus compañeros y construir conocimientos de
manera conjunta.

En las secuencias didácticas que integran los contenidos se parte de situaciones didácticas
realistas que recuperan vivencias cotidianas y significativas de los alumnos para desarro-
llar posturas analíticas, críticas y escépticas con la información obtenida. Los aprendizajes
se logran a través de la resolución de problemas reales y relevantes, lo que fomenta que
la construcción de nuevos aprendizajes se realice en un marco de colaboración y respeto
entre compañeros, siempre con la guía del profesor.

La estructura pedagógica del libro consta de tres componentes esenciales. El primero son
los contenidos que se presentan en un currículum en espiral; cada tópico se trata con ma-
yor profundidad y amplitud conforme se avanza en los grados académicos; se construye
sobre lo realizado, haciendo conexiones entre un gran cuerpo de conocimientos, habilida-
des y actitudes que van desarrollando los alumnos.

12

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El alumno construye conocimientos y desarrolla
habilidades, actitudes y valores en un clima de
armonía con sus compañeros.

El segundo componente propone una situación didáctica dinámica. La forma en que cons-
truimos el conocimiento no es lineal, por ello se promueve una experiencia vivencial y ac-
tiva en la cual el alumno crea, conceptualiza, comparte, dialoga, internaliza y socializa el
conocimiento con sus compañeros.

Tercero, la aplicación de conocimientos integra diferentes disciplinas, y se hace énfasis en


la producción de conocimiento en su contexto y forma, de manera heterogénea, interactiva
y con responsabilidad social.

La estructura pedagógica de la serie está centrada en el trabajo en tres trimestres. Los


aprendizajes esperados se abordan en secuencias didácticas que son etapas o momentos
didácticos para desarrollar el componente de formación académica.

De modo complementario, también se consideran secciones fijas y móviles que contribu-


yen a la apropiación de los conocimientos por parte del alumno.

Los momentos que las secuencias didácticas contemplan son Exploro, Construyo y Aplico.
El momento Exploro tiene como finalidad la recuperación de los conocimientos previos. En
esta etapa se presentan actividades diversas o imágenes para la deducción, que reforza-
das con preguntas permiten al alumno poner en contexto lo que sabe, con los contenidos
y aprendizajes que abordará en la secuencia didáctica.

En Construyo el alumno adquirirá nuevos conocimientos y desarrollará habilidades me-


diante el tratamiento de los contenidos y la resolución creativa individual y colectiva de
problemas, realización de actividades y modelos, la creación de organizadores gráficos,
textos, entre otros. Los productos que vaya obteniendo serán evidencia directa de los
aprendizajes, mismos que podrán servir al docente para evaluar constantemente de ma-
nera formativa los niveles alcanzados por cada estudiante o por los equipos de trabajo,
y brindarles retroalimentación para la consecución de sus logros de aprendizaje.

Por último, en la etapa Aplico, el alumno, mediante una serie de ejercicios y preguntas, po-
drá constatar sus conocimientos y poner en práctica lo adquirido en la etapa antecedente.

Al final de cada aprendizaje esperado el alumno participará de manera organizada y res-


ponsable en debates grupales, mesas redondas o foros de discusión, con la finalidad de
integrar y afianzar sus conocimientos, y habrá adquirido las habilidades y las actitudes
de criticismo y escepticismo informado con las que actuará a lo largo de su vida.

13

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Trimestre 1
Aprendizajes
Ejes Temas Contenidos Secuencias didácticas Págs.
esperados
Comparas las características 1. Similitudes entre los
20-23
comunes de los seres vivos. seres vivos
Identificarás a la
Reconoces la organización 2. ¿Cómo están
célula como la
Propiedades estructural de los seres organizados los seres 24-27
unidad estructural
vivos. vivos?
de los seres vivos.
Identificas a las células en 3. Las células de los
28-35
Materia, los seres vivos. seres vivos
energía e
interacciones Reconoces las estructuras
4. Estructuras de la
que forman parte de las 36-43
Identificarás célula
células.
las funciones
Naturaleza de la célula y Verificas las principales
5. Cotejo de las
macro, micro sus estructuras estructuras celulares y sus 44-45
estructuras básicas
y submicro básicas (pared funciones.
celular, membrana,
citoplasma y núcleo). Relacionas las funciones
de las células con su 6. Funciones celulares 46-51
estructura.

Reconoces que las 7. Las características


características físicas se hereditarias y la 54-59
heredan de padres a hijos. genealogía
Describirás la
importancia, 8. La transmisión de
Continuidad funciones y Reconoces la relación entre
las características
y ciclos ubicación de los las características físicas y 60-63
hereditarias a los
cromosomas, genes la herencia.
descendientes
y ADN.
Identificas las estructuras
9. Organización,
celulares responsables de
ubicación y funciones 64-67
la herencia y las relacionas
del material genético
con su función.
Diversidad,
continuidad
Identificas la domesticación
y cambio 10. La domesticación y la
como una forma de 70-73
manipulación genética
manipulación genética.

11. Los organismos


Valorarás las Reconoces las
transgénicos
implicaciones éticas características de los 74-77
o modificados
Biodiversidad de la manipulación organismos transgénicos.
genéticamente
genética en la salud
y el medioambiente.
12. ¿Los cultivos
Identificas las ventajas
transgénicos
y desventajas del uso y
perjudican la salud de 78-81
consumo de organismos
los consumidores y el
transgénicos.
medioambiente?

14

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Trimestre 1
Aprendizajes
Ejes Temas Contenidos Secuencias didácticas Págs.
esperados

Reconoces las ventajas del


13. La tecnología al servicio
Identificarás uso de la tecnología en el 84-89
de la vida
cómo los cambios conocimiento científico.
Tiempo tecnológicos
y cambio favorecen el avance
en el conocimiento
de los seres vivos. Identificas los beneficios
14. Progreso tecnológico 90-93
del progreso tecnológico.

Trimestre 2
Aprendizajes
Ejes Temas Contenidos Secuencias didácticas Págs.
esperados

Descubres algunas formas


Reconocerás que de explicar la existencia de
15. El proceso evolutivo 102-105
el conocimiento de la diversidad actual
los seres vivos se de especies.
actualiza con base
en las explicaciones
Reconoces algunas
de Darwin acerca del 16. Las explicaciones de
Tiempo evidencias con las que
cambio de los seres Darwin sobre 106-111
y cambio Darwin explicó la evolución
vivos en el tiempo la evolución
de la vida.
(relación entre el
medioambiente,
las características Identificas el proceso por
adaptativas y la 17. La importancia de las
el cual se originan las
sobrevivencia). adaptaciones de los 112-115
adaptaciones en los seres
organismos
vivos.

Diversidad, Compararás la Identificas distintas formas


24. La diversidad de formas
continuidad diversidad de formas de nutrición 146-153
de nutrición
y cambio de nutrición, relación en la Naturaleza.
con el medio y
reproducción e
identificarás que Reconoces diferentes
son resultado de la 25. La diversidad de formas
formas y estrategias 154-157
evolución. de reproducción
reproductivas.

Biodiversidad

Identificas el valor de la 26. Valoración de la


Explicarás la 158-165
biodiversidad en el país. biodiversidad
importancia ética,
Tabla de correspondencias

estética, ecológica
y cultural de la
biodiversidad en Reconoces las causas 27. Cambios en el ambiente
México. y consecuencias de la y sus consecuencias en 166-169
pérdida de biodiversidad. la biodiversidad

15

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Trimestre 2
Aprendizajes
Ejes Temas Contenidos Secuencias didácticas Págs.
esperados

Reconoces los factores que 18. Componentes del


118-121
Representarás las integran un ecosistema. ecosistema
transformaciones
de la energía en los
Identificas cadenas tróficas 19. Las cadenas tróficas
Sistemas Ecosistemas ecosistemas, en 122-127
y sus niveles. y la energía
función de la fuente
primaria y las
Reconoces cadenas
cadenas tróficas.
tróficas en los diferentes 20. Tipos de ecosistemas 128-131
tipos de ecosistemas.
Identificas las funciones de
21. La interacción
los depredadores y de las 132-135
depredador-presa
presas en el ecosistema.
Inferirás el papel
que juegan las
interacciones Reconoces las relaciones 22. Selección en las presas
Materia, entre los seres vivos en el y en otras interacciones 136-139
depredador-presa y
energía e Interacciones ecosistema. biológicas
la competencia en
interacciones
el equilibrio de las
poblaciones en un
ecosistema. 23. La competencia y
Identificas cómo una
la depredación en el
población limita su 140-143
equilibrio poblacional de
crecimiento.
los ecosistemas

Trimestre 3
Aprendizajes
Ejes Temas Contenidos Secuencias didácticas Págs.
esperados

Reconoces las funciones 28. Las funciones del


178-183
del sistema nervioso. sistema nervioso

Explicarás la Relacionas al sistema


coordinación del nervioso con el sistema 29. El sistema nervioso y la
sistema nervioso en 184-187
digestivo y la regulación del regulación del apetito
el funcionamiento apetito.
del cuerpo.
Identificas la vinculación
del sistema nervioso, 30. Los sistemas endocrino,
188-191
endocrino y el sexual en la nervioso y sexual
Sistemas del reproducción.
Sistemas cuerpo humano
y salud Reconoces las
Explicarás cómo características de una dieta 31. ¿Es correcta mi dieta? 192-195
evitar el sobrepeso correcta.
y la obesidad
con base en las Identificas tus necesidades
características de 32. ¿Qué necesito para
energéticas y las relacionas 196-199
la dieta correcta y vivir?
con tu dieta.
las necesidades
energéticas en la
Identificas si tus hábitos
adolescencia. 33. Hábitos alimentarios 200-
alimentarios son
personales 207
saludables.

16

SESCIE1LAP01.indd 16
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Contemporáneo de Leeuwenhoek, el científico inglés Robert Hooke (1635-1703), en 1665,
hizo cortes de corcho y observó estructuras huecas semejantes a un panal de abejas, por
lo que las denominó celdillas y posteriormente el término se aceptó como células.

Desde luego que el avance científico no paró. Muchas casas de investigación científica
y de desarrollo tecnológico competían por diseñar microscopios que brindaran mayor
aumento y mejor resolución, de tal modo que diseñaron el microscopio electrónico, que
emplea un haz de electrones en lugar de un haz de luz y requiere una lente electromag-
nética en lugar de una de vidrio, como los microscopios ópticos. Existen dos tipos de es-
tos microscopios: barrido, cuyo aumento va de 1000 a 10 000X (1000 a 10 000 aumen-
tos) y de transmisión, cuyo aumento va de 10 000 a 100 000X.

Actividad
1. Revisa los recursos digitales propuestos en el apartado “Para saber más” y anota en
tu cuaderno las ventajas de contar con microscopios para estudiar a los seres vivos.

• Discute con dos compañeros las ventajas que anotaste y escribe una lista en
una hoja. Guárdala, pues la utilizarás para el final de la secuencia.
• Anota también lo que más te interesaría ver en un microscopio.

Garry DeLong / Gettyimages


• Observa la figura 1.11. La imagen es una microfotografía de células de la san-
gre, glóbulos rojos (que transportan oxígeno a todos los órganos y tejidos del
cuerpo), y dos glóbulos blancos, que forman parte del sistema inmunológico,
encargado de proteger al cuerpo. Esta fotografía fue tomada con un aumento
de 1000X.

Reúnete con un compañero y responde en tu cuaderno.


Figura 1.11. Células
• ¿Cómo se verán estas células con un aumento 100X o 400X, como el de los sanguíneas vistas en
microscopios escolares? el microscopio con un
aumento de 1000X.
• ¿Y con un aumento 10 000X? ¿Y con 100 000X?
• Dibuja tus ideas.

2. Compara tus dibujos y tus ideas con otra pareja de compañeros. Observa las se-
mejanzas y discute con ellos las diferencias. Traten de llegar a un acuerdo y corri-
ge tus dibujos para que representen las ideas en común. Guarda este dibujo para
que, cuando observes en el microscopio, lo compares con lo que descubriste. Secuencia didáctica 3. Las células de los seres vivos

Para saber más


En la plataforma digital Aprende 2.0 encontrarás diversos recursos relacionados con
los temas que estudiarás a lo largo de la secundaria. Revisa los que te proponemos
aquí para que recuerdes cómo funciona un microscopio y lo que se puede observar
con él.

• Cosas pequeñísimas: www.esant.mx/essecb1-003


• El micromundo: www.esant.mx/essecb1-004

29
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Ŋʼn
Relación entre variedades Para saber más
transgénicas y nativas Acerca de la
discusión en la
prensa sobre si
3. En equipos, discutan si el cultivo masivo de organismos transgénicos repercute hay efectos del
en la producción de variedades nativas o no transgénicas. cultivo de maíz
transgénico sobre
las variedades
• Expliquen qué tan probable es que desaparezca una variedad cultivada y apre-
nativas o criollas,
ciada por sus consumidores. ve a esta liga:
• ¿Qué piensan que harían los campesinos que cultivan variedades de maíces www.esant.mx/
tradicionales o criollos, por su valor cultural y gastronómico, si empezaran a essecb1-043
aparecer en ellas características de variedades ajenas que no les gusten?
• ¿Qué acciones podrían emprender las instituciones agrícolas y científicas para sal-
vaguardar la existencia futura de las razas de maíz criollo si estuvieran en riesgo?

Después, revisen el apartado “Para saber más” y, con base en eso, vuelvan a re-
flexionar juntos y, de ser necesario, ajusten sus conclusiones.

En México, la base de la alimentación es el maíz. A través del proce-


so de domesticación se produjeron sesenta y cuatro razas de maíz
que se distribuyen regionalmente por el territorio. Tenemos maíces
de muchos tamaños y colores (figura 1.45).

Organizaciones civiles, ambientalistas y también científicos e in-


telectuales advierten que el monocultivo del maíz transgénico

©Bernardo Bolaños
puede desplazar a las razas nativas o criollas hasta lograr que se
pierdan para siempre. Se argumenta que, debido a la cruza con
el maíz transgénico, las variedades criollas van a incorporar los
transgenes en sus cromosomas y, por ello, se irán diluyendo pau-
latinamente las características originales que las distinguen.

Secuencia didáctica 11. Los organismos transgénicos o modificados genéticamente


Figura 1.45. Muestra de
Sin embargo, desde la mitad del siglo XX se han obtenido distintas variedades de maíz hí- la diversidad de razas
brido y hoy es el más producido en el país. Entonces, este maíz se ha cruzado con gran de maíz nativo o criollo
mexicano.
parte o quizás con todas las razas criollas y seguramente alelos particulares de sus genes
ya se alojan en estas y tal vez hayan alcanzado a las especies de teocinte. Sin embargo, el
maíz híbrido no ha cambiado las características de los maíces criollos, no las ha puesto en
riesgo y no las ha hecho desaparecer.

No se pueden perder las razas de maíz criollo si los campesinos mantienen su interés en
las características que las distinguen. Así funciona el proceso de selección. No obstante,
algunas instituciones científicas están creando bancos de semillas para resguardarlas en
caso de que caigan en desuso y se pierda el interés de cultivarlas.

Escribe un ensayo, de dos cuartillas, para explicar qué son los organismos modificados
genéticamente y comenta sus aplicaciones, la polémica que encierran con respecto de
los cultivos tradicionales. Fundamenta con lo que has trabajado a lo largo de la secuencia
e incluye el dibujo que hiciste en la fase “Exploro”. Léelo a tu equipo, toma nota de los co-
mentarios y guárdalo como evidencia de tu avance.

77
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¡‡ŗ Diversidad, continuidad y cambio
T‡ªrŗ Biodiversidad
±«È‡«—ƒ±ŗ Identificas distintas formas de nutrición en la Naturaleza.

24 La diversidad de formas de nutrición


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tienen dividido el
estómago para
digerir en etapas 2. En equipo, analicen las adaptaciones mencionadas en el texto. Identifiquen aque-
la materia vegetal.
llas que corresponden a los modos de alimentación de cada especie.
Regurgitan
continuamente el
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149
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Resultados
J†Õ–Á†ªźÁÌÁź†Á¼Ì†©qÁź†ªź†£ź†¼Ì–º°źÜź}°½½°|°½†ªź¼Ì†ź}°½½†Áº°ª‚qªźqź£°ź°|Á†½Õq‚°ŝź
°£°½††ªźÁÌÁź†Á¼Ì†©qÁźÜźÌr½‚†ª£°Áźºq½qź©rÁźq‚†£qªÇ†ŝ
XªqźÕ†áźÇ†½©–ªq‚qź£qźq}ǖՖ‚q‚źq½Ì©†ªÇ†ªź†ªź†¼Ì–º°Áź£qÁźº½†ÌªÇqÁźqźºq½Ç–½ź‚†ź£°ź
¼Ì†ź°|Á†½Õq½°ªŝ

Conclusiones
Responde con tu equipo y anota tus conclusiones en tu cuaderno.

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Ŗź ŠÁź º°Á–|£†ź ‚–ÁǖªÌ–½Řź q‚†©rÁź ‚†ź q‚qºÇq}–°ª†Áź q£–©†ªÇq½–qÁŘź q‚qºÇq}–°ª†Áź q£ź q©Ů
|–†ªÇ†ź†ªź¼Ì†źÕ–Õ†ªş

De forma individual, elabora un resumen acerca de los aparatos bucales observados y


su relación con el tipo de alimentación. Describe las diferencias entre las adaptaciones
alimentarias y las adaptaciones al medio en que viven los insectos.

Diversidad de aparatos bucales


Secuencia didáctica 27. La diversidad de formas de nutrición
en los insectos
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4. En equipos, lleven a cabo una investigación en la Biblioteca Escolar y la de Aula so-


bre los aparatos bucales de las larvas de estos órdenes de insectos o de otros que
encuentren. Si tienen acceso, también pueden realizar la búsqueda en internet.

Después respondan y tomen notas en su cuaderno.

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q£–©†ªÇq½–qÁş

Elaboren un mapa mental o cuadro sinóptico en el que reflejen sus respuestas


consensuadas.

Ŗź Ìq½‚†ªźÌªqź}°º–qźºq½qź}°©ºq½q½£°ź‚†ÁºÌ‡Áŝ

El origen de las adaptaciones alimentarias


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Realiza la actividad sugerida en el apartado “Cuido mi salud y el ambiente”.

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153
¡‡ŗ Diversidad, continuidad y cambio
T‡ªrŗ Biodiversidad
±«È‡«—ƒ±ŗ Reconoces diferentes formas y estrategias reproductivas.

25 La diversidad de formas
de reproducción
En equipo, observen el arreglo de los pares de cromosomas o cariotipo de una persona
(figura 2.37). Enseguida hagamos un ejercicio imaginario. Respondan:

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Trimestre 2

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Actividad
1. Elaboren en equipos un cuadro comparativo de características fenotípicas que Secuencia didáctica 25. La diversidad de formas de reproducción
distinguen a machos y hembras de cinco especies de animales vertebrados.

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Secuencia didáctica 25. La diversidad de formas de reproducción


Para ello, realicen lo siguiente.

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157
¡‡ŗ Diversidad, continuidad y cambio
T‡ªrŗ Biodiversidad
±«È‡«—ƒ±ŗ Identificas el valor de la biodiversidad en el país.

26 Valoración de la biodiversidad
Observa las imágenes de la figura 2.39 y responde en tu cuaderno.

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Revisa el video Ŗź Šªź¼Ì‡źÁ–Ç–°ź°|Á†½ÕqÁź©qÜ°½źªÍ©†½°ź‚†źÁ†½†ÁźÕ–Õ°Áş
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actividad uno. º½±Áº†½°Áş
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En grupo, discute por qué es importante conservar los ecosistemas y qué se debe hacer
para conocer cuántas especies de animales o plantas se encuentran en un lugar.

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Biodiversidad y México megadiverso


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Actividad
1. Para iniciar, escribe qué es biodiversidad y guarda tu definición para cotejarla
más adelante.

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2. Evalúa la definición de biodiversidad que ya escribiste y cotejaste.

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3. Lee las preguntas y anota la letra en el paréntesis de la respuesta correcta.

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4. Completa el párrafo con la información que investigues en el recurso del apartado


“Para saber más” o busca los datos en la Biblioteca Escolar.

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5. Piensa si conoces la ubicación de estos países y si reconoces algún ejemplo de


Trimestre 2

su fauna endémica. Después comparte tus respuestas con el grupo y toma nota
de lo que comenten, pues te servirá para el debate final.

160
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ņŇ ¿Qué es la salud sexual?


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Inicio de la vida sexual en adolescentes

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Ņňʼn
SECUNDARIA
CIENCIAS
Y TECNOLOGÍA 1
BIOLOGÍA

COMPONENTE CURRICULAR:
FORMACIÓN ACADÉMICA

CIENCIAS
Y TECNOLOGÍA 1
BIOLOGÍA

CIENCIAS Y TECNOLOGÍA 1. BIOLOGÍA


El estudio de las ciencias exige que
el alumno aprenda a aprender y que
desarrolle habilidades y actitudes
específicas, como la capacidad de
reflexionar y debatir sobre diversos
fenómenos de la Naturaleza a partir de
información fidedigna y de experimentos
que lo acerquen al quehacer de los
investigadores. Así, el libro Ciencias y
Tecnología 1. Biología de la serie Espiral
del Saber, fue creado para servir de
herramienta en la aventura extraordinaria
de comprender que la ciencia está al
alcance de todos los estudiantes.

Claudia Coronel Olivares, Teresita de Jesús Cuevas Cardona,


Ulises Iturbe Acosta

Ciencias 1 2018.indd 1 20/12/17 3:49 p.m.

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