Librocompleto Ciencias 1 Es
Librocompleto Ciencias 1 Es
Librocompleto Ciencias 1 Es
CIENCIAS
Y TECNOLOGÍA 1
BIOLOGÍA
COMPONENTE CURRICULAR:
FORMACIÓN ACADÉMICA
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El libro Ciencias
y Tecnología 1.
Images, Latinsto
Biología de la serie
Espiral del Saber®
fue elaborado en
Editorial Santillana
por el equipo de la
Dirección General
ck y
de Contenidos
low G
ma i
es g
La presentación y disposición en conjunto y de cada página de © Ulises Iturbe Acosta, Claudia Coronel Olivares,
Ciencias y Tecnología 1. Biología de la serie Espiral del Saber® Teresita de Jesús Cuevas Cardona
son propiedad del editor. Queda estrictamente prohibida
la reproducción parcial o total de esta obra por cualquier
sistema o método electrónico, incluso el fotocopiado,
sin autorización escrita del editor.
Tiro de promoción
L
os diccionarios definen la espiral como una línea curva que gira en torno a un punto. La
espiral está en la Naturaleza desde el inicio de los tiempos; ha sido testigo de la evo-
lución de todos los seres vivos. Por ello hay quienes la consideran la curva de la vida,
o más aún, la curva del crecimiento.
Si te fijas bien, las espirales parecen abrirse hacia el infinito, como las galaxias. Así es también
el proceso de aprendizaje: una espiral que se desarrolla hacia fuera y que te permite re-
gresar al punto original o a puntos intermedios y retomar las herramientas necesarias para
seguir aprendiendo. Te mueves a través de la espiral cuando lees, escuchas, hablas, realizas,
debates, experimentas, comprendes, propones, argumentas, demuestras lo que sabes…
El libro Ciencias y Tecnología 1. Biología que tienes en tus manos será un compañero valio-
so durante tu viaje a través de la espiral. En él encontrarás los conceptos que requieres para
apropiarte de nuevos conocimientos y desarrollar tus habilidades de observación, análi-
sis, integración, representación e interpretación. Asimismo, fortalecerás las actitudes que te
ayudarán a adquirir conciencia de la Naturaleza, a reconocerte como parte de ella, valorar
su diversidad y asumir sus cambios.
Tu libro se divide en tres trimestres. Los contenidos de cada uno se trabajan a manera de
secuencias didácticas, cada una dividida a su vez en tres etapas: “Exploro”, para que re-
cuperes tus saberes previos; “Construyo”, para que des forma a los nuevos saberes, y
“Aplico”, para que los pongas en práctica. Las secuencias didácticas se integran por tex-
tos, fotografías, esquemas, cuadros, gráficas, así como por diversas actividades, incluyen-
do las experimentales, que llevarás a cabo en forma individual o colectiva con la asesoría
de tu profesor. Al final de cada mes tendrás la oportunidad de evaluar los conocimientos
que vas desarrollando, y al concluir los trimestres darás el giro ascendente en la espiral de
tu aprendizaje.
Como puedes darte cuenta, este libro es una oportunidad para recorrer la Espiral del Saber.
Disfruta tu viaje
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Presentación para el alumno 3
Panorama de la espiral 8
A través de la espiral 12
Tabla de correspondencias 14
Un alto en la espiral 52
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Secuencia didáctica 11. Los organismos Secuencia didáctica 15. El proceso
transgénicos o modificados genéticamente 74 evolutivo 102
¿Qué son los organismos transgénicos? 74 El fijismo o la inmutabilidad
Relación entre variedades transgénicas de las especies 102
y nativas 77 El transformismo momentáneo
de Lamarck 103
Secuencia didáctica 12. ¿Los cultivos Las relaciones genealógicas entre
transgénicos perjudican la salud de las especies 104
los consumidores y el medioambiente? 78
¿Hay evidencia de daño a la salud? 78 Secuencia didáctica 16. Las explicaciones
El derecho a una alimentación equilibrada 79 de Darwin sobre la evolución 106
Los transgénicos y los organismos La domesticación como evidencia
silvestres 79 de la evolución 106
Los escenarios naturales de la evolución
Proyecto 1 82 de las especies 108
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presas y en otras interacciones biológicas 136 Secuelas en la biodiversidad 166
Camuflaje y mimetismo 136 Proyecto 2 170
Herbivoría y parasitismo 138
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Las infecciones de transmisión sexual 232
Secuencia didáctica 31. ¿Es correcta Proyecto 3 236
mi dieta? 192
Las características de una dieta correcta 192 Un alto en la espiral 238
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A través de la espiral En el mundo de hoy los conocimientos de cualquier tipo cambian a un ritmo tan rápido que
pocos son duraderos y apenas algunos podrían llegar a ser permanentes.
de trabajar en pareja, en equipo o de manera grupal durante temente esta realidad cambiante. Abordarán los nuevos aprendizajes como retos tempo-
rales a los que hay que adaptarse continuamente para lograr comprenderlos, conceptuali-
zarlos y hacerlos inteligibles para sí mismos.
el curso. También encontrarás una explicación de cómo Así, los nuevos conocimientos les resultarán útiles y aplicables a las situaciones reales de
la vida, y les ayudarán a resolver los problemas que se les presenten. Esto es a lo que se
puedes revisar tus avances y tomar decisiones para poder llama aprendizaje significativo.
Este tipo de aprendizaje en el área de las ciencias y la tecnología solo se logra cuando
continuar o regresar y repasar algunos temas con la ayuda el estudiante adopta un papel activo, protagónico y comprometido en su propio proceso
educativo de construcción intelectual y realiza una gestión inteligente de las actividades y
de tu profesor y, así, mejorar tu desempeño. acciones que han sido plasmadas en este libro para guiar y estimular en los estudiante la
adquisición de nuevos conocimientos.
Tabla de
que forman parte
la de las
construcción de nuevos aprendizajes36-43
se realice en un marco de colaboración y respeto
Identificarás célula
células.
las funciones entre compañeros, siempre con la guía del profesor.
Naturaleza de la célula y Verificas las principales
5. Cotejo de las
macro, micro sus estructuras estructuras celulares y sus 44-45
y submicro básicas (pared
La estructura pedagógica
estructurasdel libro consta
básicas de tres componentes esenciales. El primero son
funciones.
celular, membrana, los contenidos que se presentan en un currículum en espiral; cada tópico se trata con ma-
citoplasma y núcleo). Relacionas las funciones
yor profundidad y amplitud conforme se avanza en los grados académicos; se construye
correspondencias
de las células con su 6. Funciones celulares 46-51
estructura.
sobre lo realizado, haciendo conexiones entre un gran cuerpo de conocimientos, habilida-
des y actitudes que van desarrollando los alumnos.
Reconoces que las 7. Las características
12 características físicas se hereditarias y la 54-59
heredan de padres a hijos. genealogía
Describirás la
importancia, 8. La transmisión de
Continuidad funciones y Reconoces la relación entre
las características
En esta tabla encontrarás la propuesta de dosificación y ciclos ubicación de los
cromosomas, genes
y ADN.
las características físicas y
la herencia.
hereditarias a los
descendientes
60-63
Identificas la domesticación
10. La domesticación y la
como una forma de 70-73
manipulación genética
manipulación genética.
14
La biodiversidad y la ciencia
México es un país megadiverso, esto es, con una alta concentración de especies y ecosis-
temas. La ciencia es una aliada para trabajar en su cuidado y preservación, así como en la
adecuada obtención de recursos. Por esto, el desarrollo del país debe realizarse de acuerdo
con lo que se conoce de su diversidad, con el objetivo de conservarla y utilizarla de la mejor
manera haciendo uso de la ciencia y la tecnología.
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Para lograr los aprendizajes, te proponemos trabajar mediante secuencias didácticas que incluyen
una serie de actividades que te permitirán adquirir conocimientos y desarrollar habilidades y
actitudes. Las secuencias didácticas constan de tres fases: Exploro, Construyo y Aplico.
• Aplico. La fase final de la secuencia consta de actividades que integran los aprendiza-
jes. Esto permitirá valorar tus logros.
durante la primavera. Crea conos mascu- Comprueba el papel de los descomponedores: la composta. número 4,
linos y femeninos durante el invierno para “Clasificación de
que, llegada la primavera, estén listos para Investiga un poco más sobre la composta. Debes conocer los materiales necesarios, el residuos orgánicos
Garry DeLong / Gettyimages para el compostaje
Figura 1.3. la reproducción. Los pinos perciben que el procedimiento y la clasificación de los residuos para el compostaje doméstico. Implica
invierno ha llegado y comienzan a formar los conos. Así responden al medio, es decir, lle- doméstico”, de la
a) El paramecio es un la recolección de materiales comunes y un procedimiento sencillo que podrás realizar.
protozoario que vive página 31 en:
van a cabo la función de irritabilidad.
en charcos y utiliza la http:// www.esant.
• Puedes ver el video en esta dirección: www.esant.mx/essecb1-049; o bien, consul- mx/essecb1-052
luz para producir sus
alimentos.
Ejemplos más sencillos de esta función los vemos en los animales. Si un venado percibe a tar el Manual de compostaje municipal. Tratamiento de residuos sólidos urbanos,
b) Los hongos se un puma cerca, huirá para escapar de él. Una gallina se irá a dormir al caer el Sol. editado por el Instituto Nacional de Ecología, cuya dirección electrónica se encuentra
reproducen y crecen en el apartado “Para saber más”.
definición de términos ción, pero todos los seres vivos poseen estructuras que les permiten interactuar con el
medio.
En equipos, diseñen la unidad de compostaje.
• Con base en lo que investigaron, decidan las dimensiones, el material del recipien-
Glosario
o palabras que te protozoarios.
Seres
También las bacterias y otros seres microscópicos reaccionan al medio. Por ejemplo, algu-
nos protozoarios se mueven en busca de la luz, ya que la utilizan para producir sus alimen-
tos (figura 1.3a). Lo mismo hacen las algas microscópicas.
te que utilizarán, el tipo y la cantidad de residuos que pueden verter y la ubicación.
• Reúnan los materiales necesarios y constrúyanla. Soliciten la ayuda de un adulto.
• Les sugerimos hacer un calendario de monitoreo donde anoten las transformaciones
ellos que llega a una hoja arrastrada por el aire o el agua comienza a reproducirse y Análisis de resultados. Convivo en
crece una colonia de este hongo. armonía
• En su reporte, incluyan aspectos como si se obtuvo composta en tiempo y forma, los Cuando expongan
elementos de su investigación que facilitaron el diseño y seguimiento del proceso, sus resultados,
2. Dibújate en una hoja. Identifica los órganos con los que te relacionas con el medio si la selección de materiales fue la adecuada, si la consistencia fue la esperada, las argumenten sus
y describe cómo realizas la función de irritabilidad con estos órganos. dificultades que hubo, si la experiencia les permitió entender la participación de los procedimientos
seres vivos del cuarto nivel en la cadena trófica. apoyándose en
Luego identifica y describe en el ser vivo que utilizaste en la actividad de la pági- los conceptos que
• También incluyan una conclusión sobre la energía que entra al proceso de la com-
han aprendido.
na anterior cómo realiza esta función y la de movimiento. posta y cómo se transforma en él.
Además de ser una
• Presenten sus resultados al grupo y discutan la importancia de este proceso para el evidencia de su
Vuelve a la actividad de la sección “Exploro”, lee la definición que escribiste a es- ambiente y los seres vivos.
Secuencia didáctica 19. Las cadenas tróficas y la energía
avance, ayudarán
tas funciones y anótala en tu hoja con los cambios que creas convenientes. a sus compañeros
a resolver sus
Debido al desarrollo tecnológico y gracias a las investigaciones de los científicos, como la dudas.
Cuido mi salud y el ambiente doctora en biotecnología Gabriela Vázquez Rodríguez, se ha logrado conocer a detalle el
proceso del compostaje.
Todos los seres vivos son importantes para mantener en equilibrio el ambiente. Sin
embargo, hay algunos microscópicos que nos pueden dañar y enfermar. ¿Cuáles co- Así como en la composta participan bacterias y hongos, existen muchos ejemplos más
noces, qué enfermedades producen y cómo te proteges de ellos? de descomposición de la materia orgánica que forma parte de las transformaciones de la
energía que fluye en las cadenas tróficas.
Comenta en grupo y anota en tu cuaderno un ejemplo, la enfermedad que produce y
Trimestre 1
cómo te puedes proteger. ¿Logras reconocer en él las funciones vitales? Los niveles tróficos que acabas de conocer tienen un nombre asignado que corresponde al
tipo de función que realizan dentro de las redes tróficas.
Encontrarás
recomendaciones de
fuentes impresas y Cuido mi salud y el ambiente. Convivo en armonía. En esta sección
electrónicas (libros, videos, Este apartado te plantea reconocerás la necesidad de convivir
películas, páginas web y situaciones mediante las cuales de manera respetuosa y pacífica dentro
otras) que te servirán para podrás tomar decisiones orientadas y fuera del salón de clases. Se dan
ampliar tus conocimientos a consolidar una cultura de recomendaciones para realizar trabajo
y habilidades sobre el tema la prevención de la salud y la colaborativo en un marco de respeto y se
de la secuencia. conservación del ambiente. destaca cómo este enriquece el aprendizaje. 9
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Esto quiere decir que tanto la pregunta como la respuesta inicial pueden cambiar, pues son
una guía que puedo ir modificando a lo largo del proyecto según vaya encontrando infor-
mación y realizando actividades. Puedes, en este momento, pensar en un tema que hayas
La célula y su relación con el visto en este curso, plantear una pregunta, ponerla a consideración con tu equipo e intentar
predecir una respuesta.
desarrollo científico y tecnológico
Para planear un proyecto es necesario considerar el tiempo con el que se cuenta, que en
En esta asignatura, un proyecto es un espacio propicio para desarrollar tus habilidades este caso son dos semanas. Es importante que verifiques en equipo y con tu profesor que
científicas mientras resuelves alguna inquietud que haya surgido durante el trimestre, o sea factible responder tu pregunta en ese tiempo.
bien, un problema social o de tu entorno que quisieras ayudar a resolver. También puedes
diseñar y construir un objeto útil para tu comunidad. Un objetivo de Es pertinente aprovechar la ayuda del profesor para organizar las actividades en una tabla
los proyectos es que utilices la ciencia y sus métodos a tu favor y o cronograma. Esto te permitirá programar cada actividad y terminar el proyecto a tiempo
seas capaz de predecir resultados, planear un proceso y modificar- y de la mejor manera.
lo según se requiera (figura 1.48).
Etapa 2. Desarrollo
Podrás desarrollar tres tipos de proyectos. Un proyecto científico im-
plica realizar una investigación, documental o un experimento que te ¿Cómo sabremos que nuestras predicciones o hipótesis son correctas? Trabajando para Convivo en
permita describir un fenómeno de tu interés. Por ejemplo, si revisa- comprobarlas. Una gran parte de un proyecto abarca el trabajo en este sentido. Las activi- armonía
mos el tema de la célula, un proyecto científico puede ser tratar de dades van desde entrevistar a ciudadanos u otros estudiantes y analizar los datos que se Al trabajar en
explicar cómo se propaga la enfermedad del virus de zika, explicar el obtuvieron; llevar a cabo los experimentos planeados y registrar lo que se observa; diseñar equipos puedes
proceso de infección y las formas de prevención de contagio. y construir un instrumento o dispositivo y probarlo. proponer tantas
Figura 1.48. El trabajo ideas como se
en equipo y el apoyo Si eliges un proyecto tecnológico, puedes idear un aparato para purificar agua. En este En cualquier caso, se recomienda tomar notas de cada actividad que realizamos. Por ejem- te ocurran, pero
del profesor son también escucha
caso trabajarías tus habilidades de uso de materiales y herramientas, y tendrías que inves- plo, si un equipo decide construir un dispositivo, registrar dificultades para conseguir los
fundamentales para las sugerencias de
para lograr un mejor
tigar y construir el artefacto. materiales, en la construcción o al probar su funcionamiento; así también, las soluciones
tus compañeros.
desempeño durante el que se propusieron y cómo se fue modificando la estrategia. Este ejercicio servirá para ve- Puede ser
proyecto. Otra forma de llevar a cabo el proyecto es buscar que la ciencia resuelva un problema en tu rificar el trabajo de todos y el avance en el proceso de solución de problemas. que estas se
comunidad. En este trimestre valoramos las formas como la ciencia puede intervenir para complementen y,
elevar la calidad de vida de las personas al permitir una mejor y más eficiente producción Para presentar los resultados de un proyecto se pueden elaborar gráficas, resúmenes, pre- juntos, logren una
de alimentos y de medicamentos. Puedes intentar asociar estos avances y proponer ma- sentar fotografías, dibujos, esquemas o resúmenes. Se pueden crear panfletos, volantes o mejor estrategia de
neras de aprovecharlos en tu comunidad. periódicos murales. También se reporta una conclusión que explique una respuesta a la trabajo.
pregunta y del fenómeno observado, o si funcionó el dispositivo.
Un proyecto debe realizarse en cuatro etapas: planeación, desarrollo, comunicación y eva-
luación. Cada una tiene un propósito particular que explicaremos a continuación. En cual- Etapa 3. Comunicación
quier forma en que decidas actuar en tu proyecto, es importante que lo realices con un
equipo, y que entre todos acuerden el tipo de investigación y el tema que tratarán. Plantear La comunicación es muy importante en el quehacer de la ciencia. De esta forma, el resto
preguntas es una forma de iniciar y delimitar un proyecto. de la comunidad científica y de la gente se entera de lo descubierto y otros científicos o
personas interesadas pueden poner a prueba lo descubierto.
Etapa 1. Planeación
En un proyecto escolar, presentar al grupo el trabajo realizado, es decir, el proceso, las di-
Una pregunta y una predicción de cómo podría responderse nos guían en nuestra inves- ficultades y cómo se solucionaron, así como los resultados, permite a todos conocer otras
tigación. Continuamente nos hacemos preguntas sobre lo que vemos y experimentamos, formas de trabajo, nuevas ideas e información útil.
sin embargo, no todas las podemos responder de manera científica. Algunas sí, y son estas
las que podemos utilizar en un proyecto. Plantear una pregunta es muy importante, ya que Etapa 4. Evaluación
con ella identificamos lo que queremos conocer o resolver.
A lo largo del proyecto conviene evaluar continuamente los avances, así como al finalizar-
Si un proyecto plantea describir cómo obtener un huerto casero para obtener alimentos de lo. Es importante considerar la participación de todos los integrantes, la actitud, el trabajo
Trimestre 1
mejor calidad, la pregunta puede ser: ¿Cómo construir un huerto casero? Pueden ir modifi- realizado, la exposición y si la comunicación fue suficientemente clara para que quienes
cando la respuesta según la información que tengan disponible. nos escucharon comprendieran la trascendencia del tema y lo lleven a su vida.
82 83
Observa la imagen de cada pinzón y une con flechas el alimento que consume.
Pinzón Alimento
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Estas actividades integran lo estudiado durante el trimestre y son una oportunidad para
que apliques los conocimientos, las habilidades y las actitudes que desarrollaste. Con
esto demostrarás que has ascendido un nivel en la espiral de tu aprendizaje.
trimestre. Será una oportunidad para aplicar los conocimientos, las se habla?
A) Irritabilidad C) Reproducción
habilidades y las actitudes que desarrollaste. Con esto demostrarás que has B) Alimentación D) Respiración
¿En cuál opción se habla del estudio de las estructuras internas de la célula?
ascendido un nivel en la espiral de tu aprendizaje. A) Los alumnos de la maestra Juanita colectaron hojas de varios árboles. Las orga-
nizaron según su tamaño, forma y color. Obtuvieron una colección de hojas de los
árboles que viven cerca de la escuela.
B) En el salón de primero de secundaria colectaron un chapulín en un frasco. Con
cuidado, lo observaron con una lupa y lograron identificar la estructura con la que
se alimenta. Lo vieron consumir unas hojas y utilizar su boca para ello.
C) El grupo 1.º A cortó un trozo de la punta de la raíz de una cebolla, lo colocó en un
portaobjetos con un colorante y lo observó en el microscopio. Descubrieron cómo
se colorea el núcleo de las células cuando se están reproduciendo.
D) El profesor Juan y su grupo de primero observaron fotografías en internet de di-
ferentes células. Hallaron células de piel, de estómago, de intestino, neuronas,
ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN). tipo de microorganismos por ejem- comunidad. Componente biótico células de la sangre y de talos de plantas, todas con diferentes aumentos.
Molécula que contiene la informa- plo aquellos que tienen una pared del ecosistema. Conjunto de espe-
ción genética de los seres vivos, celular gruesa como algunas bac- cies distintas que interaccionan.
así como las instrucciones de su terias del tracto respiratorio alto 96
transmisión y funcionamiento. Staphylococcus aureus o en aque- competencia. Interacción entre dos
Tiene una estructura de doble llas que la pared es más delgada y individuos de la misma o distintas
hélice, que se forma mediante la está ubicada entre dos membranas especies por la obtención de un
unión de dos cadenas de com- por ejemplo Salmonella typhi e in- recurso que es común a ambos. En
puestos químicos. cluso actuar sobre ambos tipos. mamíferos y reptiles generalmente
toma el curso de una disputa vio-
autótrofo. Organismo capaz de ali- lenta por una presa o bien por las
mentarse directamente de sustan- hembras. En las aves hay disputa
cias inorgánicas. Del griego autos, por alimento y en la reproducción
“uno mismo”, y trofos, “alimento”. se trata de una exhibición de des-
trezas de movimientos corporales,
biodiversidad. Variedad de seres aleteos, cantos y colores para cor-
vivos en cuanto a la cantidad de tejar a una hembra, pues esta es la
individuos y a número de especies que elige pareja. La competencia
existentes en el planeta.
255
11
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En el mundo de hoy los conocimientos de cualquier tipo cambian a un ritmo tan rápido que
pocos son duraderos y apenas algunos podrían llegar a ser permanentes.
Por ello, los estudiantes de las nuevas generaciones deben aprender a enfrentar constan-
temente esta realidad cambiante. Abordarán los nuevos aprendizajes como retos tempo-
rales a los que hay que adaptarse continuamente para lograr comprenderlos, conceptuali-
zarlos y hacerlos inteligibles para sí mismos.
Así, los nuevos conocimientos les resultarán útiles y aplicables a las situaciones reales de
la vida, y les ayudarán a resolver los problemas que se les presenten. Esto es a lo que se
llama aprendizaje significativo.
Este tipo de aprendizaje en el área de las ciencias y la tecnología solo se logra cuando
el estudiante adopta un papel activo, protagónico y comprometido en su propio proceso
educativo de construcción intelectual y realiza una gestión inteligente de las actividades y
acciones que han sido plasmadas en este libro para guiar y estimular en los estudiante la
adquisición de nuevos conocimientos.
La propuesta pedagógica
Esta obra, Ciencias y Tecnología 1, Biología, se ha escrito para contribuir a la construcción
de conocimientos y al desarrollo de habilidades, actitudes y valores en los educandos.
Busca orientar a los estudiantes para que sean protagonistas de su aprendizaje y desa-
rrollen las bases para el aprendizaje autónomo, para que después, desde la colectividad,
puedan comparar sus saberes con los de sus compañeros y construir conocimientos de
manera conjunta.
En las secuencias didácticas que integran los contenidos se parte de situaciones didácticas
realistas que recuperan vivencias cotidianas y significativas de los alumnos para desarro-
llar posturas analíticas, críticas y escépticas con la información obtenida. Los aprendizajes
se logran a través de la resolución de problemas reales y relevantes, lo que fomenta que
la construcción de nuevos aprendizajes se realice en un marco de colaboración y respeto
entre compañeros, siempre con la guía del profesor.
La estructura pedagógica del libro consta de tres componentes esenciales. El primero son
los contenidos que se presentan en un currículum en espiral; cada tópico se trata con ma-
yor profundidad y amplitud conforme se avanza en los grados académicos; se construye
sobre lo realizado, haciendo conexiones entre un gran cuerpo de conocimientos, habilida-
des y actitudes que van desarrollando los alumnos.
12
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El alumno construye conocimientos y desarrolla
habilidades, actitudes y valores en un clima de
armonía con sus compañeros.
El segundo componente propone una situación didáctica dinámica. La forma en que cons-
truimos el conocimiento no es lineal, por ello se promueve una experiencia vivencial y ac-
tiva en la cual el alumno crea, conceptualiza, comparte, dialoga, internaliza y socializa el
conocimiento con sus compañeros.
Los momentos que las secuencias didácticas contemplan son Exploro, Construyo y Aplico.
El momento Exploro tiene como finalidad la recuperación de los conocimientos previos. En
esta etapa se presentan actividades diversas o imágenes para la deducción, que reforza-
das con preguntas permiten al alumno poner en contexto lo que sabe, con los contenidos
y aprendizajes que abordará en la secuencia didáctica.
Por último, en la etapa Aplico, el alumno, mediante una serie de ejercicios y preguntas, po-
drá constatar sus conocimientos y poner en práctica lo adquirido en la etapa antecedente.
13
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Trimestre 1
Aprendizajes
Ejes Temas Contenidos Secuencias didácticas Págs.
esperados
Comparas las características 1. Similitudes entre los
20-23
comunes de los seres vivos. seres vivos
Identificarás a la
Reconoces la organización 2. ¿Cómo están
célula como la
Propiedades estructural de los seres organizados los seres 24-27
unidad estructural
vivos. vivos?
de los seres vivos.
Identificas a las células en 3. Las células de los
28-35
Materia, los seres vivos. seres vivos
energía e
interacciones Reconoces las estructuras
4. Estructuras de la
que forman parte de las 36-43
Identificarás célula
células.
las funciones
Naturaleza de la célula y Verificas las principales
5. Cotejo de las
macro, micro sus estructuras estructuras celulares y sus 44-45
estructuras básicas
y submicro básicas (pared funciones.
celular, membrana,
citoplasma y núcleo). Relacionas las funciones
de las células con su 6. Funciones celulares 46-51
estructura.
14
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Trimestre 1
Aprendizajes
Ejes Temas Contenidos Secuencias didácticas Págs.
esperados
Trimestre 2
Aprendizajes
Ejes Temas Contenidos Secuencias didácticas Págs.
esperados
Biodiversidad
estética, ecológica
y cultural de la
biodiversidad en Reconoces las causas 27. Cambios en el ambiente
México. y consecuencias de la y sus consecuencias en 166-169
pérdida de biodiversidad. la biodiversidad
15
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Trimestre 2
Aprendizajes
Ejes Temas Contenidos Secuencias didácticas Págs.
esperados
Trimestre 3
Aprendizajes
Ejes Temas Contenidos Secuencias didácticas Págs.
esperados
16
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19/12/17 19:19
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Is¿sźÃs~¿ź«tÃ
2sź¿×ÃÉsź9sɲ¬s¥ż ²¿s¼ż¼Î~¥³ź¬źÃÎźÃɲźź¬É¿¬ÉźÎ¬źs¿ÉÎ¥²źÃ²~¿ź¥ź¬ÏŮ
«¿²źÉ²És¥źź¥Î¥sÃź¾ÎźsÞź¬ź¥źÎ¿¼²źÎ«s¬²ŝź&¬¿Ãsźsź¥sź¿³¬źźs~s¢²Řź¥ź
¥źs¿ÉÎ¥²źÞź²«¬Ésź²¬źÎ¬ź²«¼s±¿²ź¼²¿ź¾ÎźÃź«¼²¿És¬Éź²¬²¿źÃÉ²ÃźsɲÃŝ
U¿«ÃÉ¿źń
×××ŝÂr«ÈŝªÜŤÂÂ~}ńŮŃŃŅ
Ņŋ
Contemporáneo de Leeuwenhoek, el científico inglés Robert Hooke (1635-1703), en 1665,
hizo cortes de corcho y observó estructuras huecas semejantes a un panal de abejas, por
lo que las denominó celdillas y posteriormente el término se aceptó como células.
Desde luego que el avance científico no paró. Muchas casas de investigación científica
y de desarrollo tecnológico competían por diseñar microscopios que brindaran mayor
aumento y mejor resolución, de tal modo que diseñaron el microscopio electrónico, que
emplea un haz de electrones en lugar de un haz de luz y requiere una lente electromag-
nética en lugar de una de vidrio, como los microscopios ópticos. Existen dos tipos de es-
tos microscopios: barrido, cuyo aumento va de 1000 a 10 000X (1000 a 10 000 aumen-
tos) y de transmisión, cuyo aumento va de 10 000 a 100 000X.
Actividad
1. Revisa los recursos digitales propuestos en el apartado “Para saber más” y anota en
tu cuaderno las ventajas de contar con microscopios para estudiar a los seres vivos.
• Discute con dos compañeros las ventajas que anotaste y escribe una lista en
una hoja. Guárdala, pues la utilizarás para el final de la secuencia.
• Anota también lo que más te interesaría ver en un microscopio.
2. Compara tus dibujos y tus ideas con otra pareja de compañeros. Observa las se-
mejanzas y discute con ellos las diferencias. Traten de llegar a un acuerdo y corri-
ge tus dibujos para que representen las ideas en común. Guarda este dibujo para
que, cuando observes en el microscopio, lo compares con lo que descubriste. Secuencia didáctica 3. Las células de los seres vivos
29
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Ŋʼn
Relación entre variedades Para saber más
transgénicas y nativas Acerca de la
discusión en la
prensa sobre si
3. En equipos, discutan si el cultivo masivo de organismos transgénicos repercute hay efectos del
en la producción de variedades nativas o no transgénicas. cultivo de maíz
transgénico sobre
las variedades
• Expliquen qué tan probable es que desaparezca una variedad cultivada y apre-
nativas o criollas,
ciada por sus consumidores. ve a esta liga:
• ¿Qué piensan que harían los campesinos que cultivan variedades de maíces www.esant.mx/
tradicionales o criollos, por su valor cultural y gastronómico, si empezaran a essecb1-043
aparecer en ellas características de variedades ajenas que no les gusten?
• ¿Qué acciones podrían emprender las instituciones agrícolas y científicas para sal-
vaguardar la existencia futura de las razas de maíz criollo si estuvieran en riesgo?
Después, revisen el apartado “Para saber más” y, con base en eso, vuelvan a re-
flexionar juntos y, de ser necesario, ajusten sus conclusiones.
©Bernardo Bolaños
puede desplazar a las razas nativas o criollas hasta lograr que se
pierdan para siempre. Se argumenta que, debido a la cruza con
el maíz transgénico, las variedades criollas van a incorporar los
transgenes en sus cromosomas y, por ello, se irán diluyendo pau-
latinamente las características originales que las distinguen.
No se pueden perder las razas de maíz criollo si los campesinos mantienen su interés en
las características que las distinguen. Así funciona el proceso de selección. No obstante,
algunas instituciones científicas están creando bancos de semillas para resguardarlas en
caso de que caigan en desuso y se pierda el interés de cultivarlas.
Escribe un ensayo, de dos cuartillas, para explicar qué son los organismos modificados
genéticamente y comenta sus aplicaciones, la polémica que encierran con respecto de
los cultivos tradicionales. Fundamenta con lo que has trabajado a lo largo de la secuencia
e incluye el dibujo que hiciste en la fase “Exploro”. Léelo a tu equipo, toma nota de los co-
mentarios y guárdalo como evidencia de tu avance.
77
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1. En equipos, piensen en los casos descritos abajo, lleguen a un acuerdo y anoten
la respuesta sobre la línea.
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herbívoros que £ź©qǽq£źÕÇq£źqªÇÁźźÇ½qq½£°Řź£°ź¼Ìźq}ź©rÁźr}£ź£qźªÁÇqźÜź£źº½°}Á°źÁÇÕ°ŝ
tienen dividido el
estómago para
digerir en etapas 2. En equipo, analicen las adaptaciones mencionadas en el texto. Identifiquen aque-
la materia vegetal.
llas que corresponden a los modos de alimentación de cada especie.
Regurgitan
continuamente el
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Conclusiones
Responde con tu equipo y anota tus conclusiones en tu cuaderno.
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¡ŗ Diversidad, continuidad y cambio
Tªrŗ Biodiversidad
±«È«±ŗ Reconoces diferentes formas y estrategias reproductivas.
25 La diversidad de formas
de reproducción
En equipo, observen el arreglo de los pares de cromosomas o cariotipo de una persona
(figura 2.37). Enseguida hagamos un ejercicio imaginario. Respondan:
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1. Elaboren en equipos un cuadro comparativo de características fenotípicas que Secuencia didáctica 25. La diversidad de formas de reproducción
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¡ŗ Diversidad, continuidad y cambio
Tªrŗ Biodiversidad
±«È«±ŗ Identificas el valor de la biodiversidad en el país.
26 Valoración de la biodiversidad
Observa las imágenes de la figura 2.39 y responde en tu cuaderno.
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Actividad
1. Para iniciar, escribe qué es biodiversidad y guarda tu definición para cotejarla
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