3/22/2021

Ejemplos Transferencia de Calor

Por Convección

Por el exterior de los tubos del intercambiador de la figura ingresan 2.5 m3/s de aire a
la temperatura de 10°C, la que se desea aumentar hasta la temperatura de 60°C. Para
cual se hace circular agua por el interior de un tubo a una velocidad de 1.0 m/s y con
una temperatura de entrada de 190°C. Para evaluar propiedades físicas suponga
temperatura de cañería y agua a la salida t p = 170°C y t s = 182°C
De acuerdo a la geometría del intercambiador determine (despreciado la resistencia
térmica de la cañería y su espesor):
a) Flujo de Calor intercambiado.
b) Longitud total de tubos
c) Número de corridas longitudinal y transversal del intercambiador.

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ta 2 = 60°C Ecuaciones de la Termodinámica

aire: Qaire = mɺ a ⋅ c pa ⋅ ( ta 2 − ta1 ) (1)
agua Qagua = mɺ H 2O ⋅ cH 2O ⋅ ( T1 − T2 ) (2)

Ecuaciones de Transferencia de Calor

Qaire = U ⋅ A ⋅ ∆TMLDT (3)
T1 = 190°C
ta1 = 10°C
3 ecuaciones válidas por lo tanto se tiene
un caso 3 de flujo cruzado
1 1
H = 10 ⋅ 0.06 = 0.6m U= =
r1 1 1
1
+
r1 r
ln 2 + +
W = 0.75m α agua λcañería r1 r2 ⋅ α aire α agua α aire
T2 = ?
Asec ción = H ⋅ W = 0.6 ⋅ 0.75 = 0.45m 2 0

1 1
α aire : Flujo por exterior banco de tubos Propiedades de aire tR = ( ta1 + ta 2 ) = (10 + 60 ) = 35°C
2 2
Tubos alternados kg
ρ a = 1.145 Pra = 0.727
Nu = f a ⋅ 0.3 + Nul2 + Nut2  m3
  kJ
v∞ ⋅ l α ⋅l π c pa = 1.007 π
Re = , Nu = , l = ⋅d kgK l= 0.04 = 0.063m
ψ ⋅υ λ 2 W
2
π λa = 0.0263 60 70
fa = 1 +
2
, ψ = 1−
S1
, a= , b= 2
S mK a= = 1.5 b = = 1.75
3⋅ b 4⋅a d d 40 40
m2
υ a = 1.66 ⋅ 10−5
s

fa = 1 +
2
=1 +
2
=1.38 de Ec (1) Q = mɺ a ⋅ c pa ⋅ ( ta 2 − ta1 )
3⋅ b 3 ⋅ 1.75
kg J
π π Q = 2.86 ⋅ 1007 ⋅ ( 60 − 10 ) K = 144126.9 W
ψ = 1− =1− = 0.476 s kgK
4⋅a 4 ⋅ 1.5
m3 α agua : flujo por interior de cañería
2.5
Vɺa s = 5.55 m v ⋅d α ⋅d
va = = Re = , Nu =
Asec cion 0.45m 2 s υ λ
1  1 
m Propiedades del agua: tR = t film = ⋅ t p + ( T1 + T2 ) 
5.55 ⋅ 0.063m 2  2 
Re = s = 44295.8
m2 1  1 
0.476 ⋅ 1.66 ⋅ 10−5 t film = ⋅ 170 + (190 + 182 )  = 178°C
s 2  2 
Pr = 0.727 Ec 45 kg
ρ agua = 889
m3 m
1.0 ⋅ 0.04m
kJ s
Nu = f a ⋅ 0.3 + Nul2 + Nut2  = 1.38 ⋅ 209.4 cagua = 4.397 Re = = 233918
  kgK m2
1.71 ⋅ 10−7
α a ⋅ l α a ⋅ 0.063m W s
Nu = 289 = = λagua = 0.674
λa W mK Pr = 0.99 Ec 41
0.0263
mK m 2

W υ agua = 1.71 ⋅ 10−7  2


α a = 120.6 2 s
mK Pragua = 0.99 Nu = 0.0214 ⋅ ( Re 0.8
− 100 ) ⋅ Pr 0.4 
⋅ 1 +
 d 3 

 l 

3
 
kg m
mɺ a = ρ a ⋅ Vɺa = 1.145 3 ⋅ 2.5  2

Nu = 0.0214 ⋅ ( 2339180.8 − 100 ) ⋅ 0.990.4 ⋅ 1 + 
m s  0.04  3 

kg   10  
mɺ a = 2.86  
s

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α agua ⋅ d
Nu = 423.6 =
λagua
W
423.6 ⋅ 0.674
α agua = mK = 7137.8 W
0.04m m2 K

mɺ agua = ρ agua ⋅ vagua ⋅ Acañería ∆TMLDT =

(T2 − ta1 ) − (T1 − ta 2 ) = (160.7 − 10 ) − (190 − 60 )
kg m π kg (T − t )
ln 2 a1 ln
(160.7 − 10 )
mɺ agua = 889 3 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ ⋅ 0.042 m 2 = 1.12 (T1 − ta 2 ) (190 − 60)
m s 4 s
∆TMLDT = 139.8°C

de Ec (2) Q = mɺ agua ⋅ cagua ⋅ ( T1 − T2 ) De Ec (3)

J kg J 144126.9 = 118.6 ⋅ Atc ⋅ 139.8  Atc = 8.7m 2
144126.9 = 1.12 ⋅ 4397 ⋅ (190 − T2 ) K
s s kgK
Atc = π ⋅ d ⋅ Lcañeria = π ⋅ 0.04 m ⋅ Lcañería  Lcañería = 69m
T2 = 160.7°C
Lcañeria
N °cañerías = = 92.3
1 1 W 0.75m
U= = = 118.6 2
1
+
1 1
+
1 m K N °cañerías corridas impares = 10
Total pares e impares = 19
α agua αaire 7137.7 120.6 N °cañerías corridas pares =9

92.3
De Ec (3) N° grupos pares e impares = = 4.85 = 5
19
Q = U ⋅ Atc ⋅ ∆TMLDT
N °Total cañerías corridas impares = 5 ⋅ 10 = 50
N °Total cañerías = 95
N °Total cañerías corridas pares = 5 ⋅ 9 = 45

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Se tiene una cañería de acero carbono de 110 mm de diámetro exterior, 5.0 mm de

espesor y 250 m de largo, conduce agua caliente presurizada a la temperatura de entrada
de 180 °C y velocidad de 0.4 m/s . La cañería está expuesta al ambiente con una
temperatura de 10 °C y una velocidad de 18 km/h.
Se desea que la pérdida de calor al ambiente de la cañería no sea superior a 150 W/m,
para lo cual ésta debe ser cubierta con lana mineral λaislante = 0.05 [W mK ]
Para evaluar propiedades físicas del agua considere temperaturas; de salida del agua y
de la pared interior : t2 = 176°C , t p = 170°C diámetro exterior cañería aislada, para
calcular αaire , 160 mm
Despreciando la resistencia térmica de la cañería, determine:

a) Qué espesor de aislante se debe adicionar para que se cumpla la condición

requerida.
b) La temperatura de salida del agua.
c) La temperatura de la superficie exterior del aislante

d 2 = 110mm ; e = 5mm ; d1 = 100mm

d 3 = 160mm supuesta

W
Q = q ⋅ L = 150 ⋅ 250m = 37500W
m
α agua : flujo por interior de cañería
Ecuaciones de la Termodinámica
aire: Qaire = mɺ a ∞⋅ c pa ⋅ ∆ta  ∆ta =0  ta =10°C (1) v ⋅d α ⋅d
Re = , Nu =
υ λ
agua Qagua = mɺ H2O ⋅ cH2O ⋅ ( T1 − T2 ) (2)  caso 2
1  1 
Prop. del agua: t R = t film = ⋅ t p + ( T1 + T2 ) 
Ecuaciones de Transferencia de Calor 2  2 
Qaire = U ⋅ A ⋅ ∆TMLDT (3) 1  1 
t film = ⋅ 170 + (180 + 176 )  = 174°C
2  2 
U ⋅ Atc
T2 − ta −
⋅c
= exp agua agua kg
mɺ

T1 − ta
(4) ρ agua = 893.3
m3
kJ m
cagua = 4.382 0.4 ⋅ 0.1m
1 s
U= kgK Re = = 229885
1 r1 r2 r r r1 m2
+ ln + 1 ln 3 + λagua = 0.676
W 1.74 ⋅ 10 −7
α agua λcañería r1 λaisl r2 r3 ⋅ α aire mK s
0 Pr = 1.01 Ec 41
m2
υ agua = 1.74 ⋅ 10 −7
Atc =π ⋅ d ⋅ L = π ⋅ 0.1m ⋅ 250m = 78.54m 2 s
Pragua = 1.01

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 2
 m
⋅ 0.251m
 d 3
Nu = 0.0214 ⋅ ( Re0.8 − 100 ) ⋅ Pr 0.4 ⋅ 1 +   
5.0
Re = s = 87762.3
 l  m2
  1.43 ⋅ 10−5
 2
 s
 0.1  3 
Nu = 0.0214 ⋅ ( 2298850.8 − 100 ) ⋅ 1.010.4 ⋅ 1 +  
Pr = 0.734 Ec 43
  250  
 
α agua ⋅ d
Nu = 418 =
λagua Nu = 0.3 + Nul2 + Nut2  = 337.3
 
W
418 ⋅ 0.676 337.3 ⋅ 0.024
W
α agua = mK = 2825.7 W Nu ⋅ λ W
0.1m m2K α aire = = mK = 32.8 2
l 0.251m mK

α aire : Flujo por exterior de cuerpos

de ecuacion (2)
Nu = 0.3 + Nul2 + Nut2  Qagua = mɺ H 2O ⋅ cH 2O ⋅ (T1 − T2 )
 
v ⋅l α ⋅l π mɺ agua = ρ agua ⋅ vagua ⋅ Acañería
Re = ∞ , Nu = , l = ⋅d
υ λ 2
kg m π kg
1 1 mɺ agua = 893.3 ⋅ 0.4 ⋅ ⋅ 0.12 m 2 = 2.8
Propiedades de aire tR = ( ta1 + ta 2 ) = (10 + 10 ) = 10°C m3 s 4 s
2 2
kg
ρ a = 1.145 3 m2 de ecuacion (2)
m υ a = 1.43 ⋅ 10 −5
kg J
⋅ (180 − T2 )
s
kJ 37500W = 2.8 ⋅ 4382
c pa = 1.007 Pra = 0.734 s kgK
kgK
π T2 =176.9°C
W l = 0.16 = 0.251m
λa = 0.0263 2
mK

Temperatura superficial externa

de Ecuación (4)
U ⋅78.54 m 2
−
176.9 − 10
kg J
2.8 ⋅4382
= exp s kgK

180 − 10
W
U = 2.84 2
m K Q = α aire ⋅ A3 ⋅ ( ts − ta )
A3 = π ⋅ d 3 ⋅ L = π ⋅ 0.153m ⋅ 250m = 120.3m 2
1 W
U= = 2.84 2
1 r1 r3 r1 m K
+ ln +
α agua λaisl r2 r3 ⋅ α aire W
37500W = 32.78 ⋅ 120.3m 2 ⋅ ( t s − 10°C )
m2 K
ts = 19.5°C
1 1 r r r1
= + 1 ln 3 +
U α agua λaisl r2 r3 ⋅ α aire
1 1 0.05 r 0.05
= + ln 3 +
2.84 2825.7 0.05 0.055 r3 ⋅ 32.78
r3 0.00153
0.352 = 0.00035 + ln +
0.055 r3
r3 = 0.0766m = 76.6mm

espesor aislante
e = r3 − r2 = 76.6 − 55 = 21.6mm

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Para el intercambiador de calor de la figura determine:

a) Flujo de Calor Intercambiado
b) El flujo de aceite térmico
c) Largo total de tubos del intercambiador
d) Si el flujo de aceite térmico disminuye un 30%, determine las nuevas temperaturas
del aceite y del agua, (utilice el mismo valor del U anterior).
Considere la temperatura de la cañería, para evaluar propiedades físicas t p = 170°C

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1
U=
1 r1 r2 r
+ ln + 1
α agua λcañería r1 r2 ⋅ α ac
W
r1 = 21mm λcañería = 21
mK
r2 = 24mm

α agua : flujo por interior de cañería

Ecuaciones de la Termodinámica v ⋅d α ⋅d
Re = Nu =
Qaceite = mɺ ac ⋅ cac ⋅ ( tac1 − tac 2 )
,
aceite: (1) υ λ
agua Qagua = mɺ H2O ⋅ cH2O ⋅ (T2 − T1 ) (2)
1  1 
Prop. del agua: t R = t film = ⋅ t p + ( T1 + T2 ) 
2  2 
Ecuaciones de Transferencia de Calor
1  1 
Q = U ⋅ Atc ⋅ ∆TMLDT (3) t film = ⋅ 170 + ( 20 + 120 )  = 120°C
2  2 
Vɺagua
kg vagua =
ρ agua = 943 Asec cion ⋅ N °cañerías
m3
kJ m3
cagua = 4.244 0.1
kgK vagua = s
π
W 33 ⋅⋅ 0.0422 m 2
λagua = 0.683
∆TMLDT
( t − T ) − ( tac1 − T2 ) = (180 − 20) − ( 250 − 120)
= ac 2 1 mK
4
(t − T ) (180 − 20 ) m2 vagua = 2.18
m
ln ac 2 1 ln υ agua = 2.46 ⋅ 10−7 s
( tac1 − T2 ) ( 250 − 120 ) s
∆TMLDT = 144.5°C Pragua = 1.44

m
2.18 ⋅ 0.042m v∞ ⋅ l α ⋅l π
s Re = , Nu = , l= ⋅d
Re = = 373432 ψ ⋅υ λ 2
m2
2.46 ⋅ 10−7 2 π
s fa = 1 + , ψ = 1− , con b < 1
Pr = 1.44 Ec 41 3⋅ b 4⋅a⋅b
S1 S2
a= , b=
d d
  2
d 
Nu = 0.0214 ⋅ ( Re0.8 − 100 ) ⋅ Pr 0.4 ⋅ 1 +   
3

 l  Propiedades de aceite térmico

 
 2
 π
l= 0.048 = 0.0754m
Nu = 0.0214 ⋅ ( 3734320.8 − 100 ) ⋅ 1.440.4 ⋅ 1 + 
 0.042  3  kg
  10  
 ρ ac = 950 3 2
  m 67.5 45
kJ a= = 1.4 b = = 0.937
α agua ⋅ d cac = 2.5 48 48
Nu = 733.8 = kgK
λagua
W
W λac = 0.8 fa = 1 +
2
=1 +
2
=1.71
733.8 ⋅ 0.683 mK 3⋅ b 3 ⋅ 0.937
α agua = mK = 11933 W 2
m
0.042m m2 K υ ac = 2.5 ⋅ 10−6 v∞
= vac = 6.0
m
s ψ s
Prac = 2.8
α aceite : Flujo por exterior banco de tubos
m
Tubos alternados 6.0⋅ 0.0754m
Re = s = 174000
m2
Nu = f a ⋅ 0.3 + Nul2 + Nut2  2.5 ⋅ 10−6
  s
Pr = 2.8 Ec 45

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de Ec (2) Q = mɺ agua ⋅ cagua ⋅ ( T2 − T1 )

Nu = f a ⋅ 0.3 + Nul2 + Nut2  = 1.71 ⋅ 1015.9
  kg J
α a ⋅ l α a ⋅ 0.0754m Qagua = 94.3 ⋅ 4244 ⋅ (120 − 20 ) K = 40.020.920W
Nu = 1737.2 = = s kgK
λa 0.8
W
mK de Ec (1) Qaceite = mɺ ac ⋅ cac ⋅ ( tac1 − tac 2 )
W
α ac = 18431 2 J
40.020.920 = mɺ ac ⋅ 2500
J
⋅ ( 250 − 180)
m K s kgK
1
U= mɺ ac = 228.7
kg
1 r1 r2 r
+ ln + 1 s
α agua λcañería r1 r2 ⋅ α ac
1
U= de Ec (3) Q = U ⋅ Atc ⋅ ∆TMLDT
1 0.021 48 42
+ ln + W
11933 21 42 48 ⋅ 18431 40.020.920(W ) = 3776 ⋅ Atc ⋅ 144.5K
1 m2K
U= Atc =73.34m 2
0.0000838 + 0.001335 + 0.0000474
W
U = 3776 2
m K Atc = π ⋅ d1 ⋅ L ⋅ N °cañerías
73.34m 2 = π ⋅ 0.042m ⋅ L ⋅ 33
mɺ agua = ρ agua ⋅ Vɺagua
L = 16.8m (en los 2 pasos)
kg m3 kg Lintercambiador = 8.4m
mɺ agua = 943 3
⋅ 0.1 = 94.3
m s s

pregunta (d) si el flujo de aceite disminuye en un 30% determine las temperaturas

de salida del aceite y del agua desde el intercambiador
kg
mɺ ac 2 = mɺ ac1 ⋅ (1 − 0.3) = 228.7 ⋅ (1 − 0.3 = 160.1
s
de Ec (1)
Qaceite = mɺ ac ⋅ cac ⋅ ( tac1 − tac 2 )
kg J
Q = 160.1 ⋅ 2500 ⋅ ( 250 − tac 2 )  Q = 93.812.500 − 375.250 ⋅ tac 2
s kgK

de Ec (2)
Qagua = mɺ agua ⋅ cagua ⋅ ( T2 − T1 )
kg J
Q = 94.3 ⋅ 4244 ⋅ ( T2 − 20 ) K  Q = 400.209 ⋅ T2 − 8.004.184
s kgK

de Ec (3)
t + t T +T 
Q = U ⋅ Atc ⋅ ∆T =U ⋅ Atc ⋅  ac1 ac 2 − 1 2 
 2 2 
W 2  250 + tac 2 20 + T2 
Q = 3776 2 ⋅ 73.34m ⋅  −  Q = 138.466 ⋅ [ 230 + tac 2 − T2 ]
mK  2 2 

Resolviendo:
T2 = 112.8°C tac 2 = 151°C Q = 37.139.980W

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La pileta de la figura se mantiene a temperatura constante de 60°C y recibe un flujo de agua

de 60 m3/h de agua a 20°C el que se calienta a través de la cañería que conduce agua
caliente presurizada en las condiciones que se indican.
Considere que la transferencia de calor, desde la superficie exterior del tubo al baño de
agua, es por convección natural y que la superficie del tubo tiene una temperatura de 140
°C, determine:
a) El flujo de agua caliente presurizada.
b) El coeficiente global de transferencia de calor
c) El largo total del tubo.

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kg
ρ H O = 983.2
Ecuaciones de la Termodinámica
2 f
m3  
2

kJ  
agua fría: Q = mɺ H 2O f ⋅ cH 2O f ⋅ ( taf 2 − taf 1 ) (1) cH 2O f = 4.185
 1 
kgK
 0.387 ⋅ Ra 6 
agua caliente Q = mɺ H 2Oc ⋅ cH 2Oc ⋅ ( T1 − T2 ) (2) Nu = 0.825 +
 27 
8
W
λH O = 0.654   0.492  16 
9
 1 +  
mK  
2 f

 Pr   
Ecuaciones de Transferencia de Calor m2     
υ H O = 4.74 ⋅ 10−7
Q = U ⋅ Atc ⋅ ∆TMLDT (3) 2 f
s
PrH 2O f = 2.98 π
Si el depósito de agua mantiene su temperatura l= ⋅ 0.11m = 0.173m
1 2
constante a TH 2O = 60°C , se tiene un caso 2 βH O = 5.23 ⋅ 10 −4
2 f
K
U ⋅ Atc
T2 − t H2O −
mɺ H 2Oc ⋅cH 2Oc
= exp (3)
T1 − t H2O m 1
⋅ 5.23 ⋅ 10−4 ⋅ (140 − 60 ) K ⋅ 0.1733 m 3
9.8
Ra = s2 K ⋅ 2.98
1
( 4.74 ⋅ 10−7 ) ms2
4
U= 2
1 r1 r2 r1
+ ln +
αH O 2 c
λcañería r1 r2 ⋅ α H 2O f Ra = 28.158.897.127 = 28.16 ⋅ 109

α H 2O f : flujo por exterior de cañería convección  

2

natural por exterior de cañería horizontal  

 9 6 
1
0.387 ⋅ (28.16 ⋅ 10 )
g ⋅ β ⋅ ∆T ⋅ l 3 Nu = 0.825 +  = 412.1
Ra = Gr ⋅ Pr = ⋅ Pr    0.492  916  27 
8
υ2  
1 +   
d    2.98   
l =π ⋅ , tR = t∞ = 60°C  
2

Cálculo del flujo de agua caliente ?

αH O ⋅ l Primero calculamos el flujo de agua fría y el calor requerido
Nu = 412.1 = 2 f

λH O 2 f para calentar el agua desde la Ec (1)

W mɺ H 2O f = ρ H 2O f ⋅ VɺH2O f
412.1 ⋅ 0.654
W
αH O = mK = 1557 2
2 f
0.173m m K kg m 3 1h
mɺ H 2O f = 932.2 ⋅ 60 ⋅
m3 h 3600 s
α H O : flujo por interior de cañería
2 c mɺ H 2O f = 16.4
kg
s
v ⋅d α ⋅d
Re = , Nu = de Ec (1) Q = mɺ H 2O f ⋅ cH 2O f ⋅ ( taf 2 − taf 1 )
υ λ
kg kJ
1  1  Q = 16.4 ⋅ 4.185 ⋅ ( 60 − 20 ) = 2746kW
Prop. del agua: t R = t film = ⋅ t p + ( T1 + T2 ) 
2 
s kgK
2 
1  1 
t film = ⋅ 140 + (180 + 150 )  = 152°C
2  2  de Ec (2) Q = mɺ H 2Oc ⋅ cH2Oc ⋅ ( T1 − T2 )

kg kJ
ρ H O = 915 2746kW = mɺ H 2Oc ⋅ 4.312 ⋅ (180 − 150) K
2 c
m3 kgK
kJ kg
cH 2Oc = 4.312 mɺ H2Oc =21.2
kgK s
W kg
λH O = 0.682 mɺ mɺ H O 21.2
s
2 c
mK vmɺ H O = 2 c
=
Asec cion ⋅ ρ mɺ H O π kg
0.12 m 2 ⋅ 915
2 c
m2
υ H O = 1.97 ⋅ 10−7
2 c
4 m3
2 c
s
m
PrH 2Oc = 1.14 vamɺ H O = 2.95
2 c
s

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m
2.95 ⋅ 0.1m
Re = s = 1499265 U ⋅ Atc
m2 T2 − t H 2O −
mɺ H 2 Oc ⋅cH 2Oc
1.94 ⋅ 10−7 de Ec(3) = exp
s T1 − t H 2O
Pr = 1.14 Ec 41

1332⋅ Atc
 2
 150 − 60 −
 d 3 = exp 21.26⋅4312
Nu = 0.0214 ⋅ ( Re − 100 ) ⋅ Pr ⋅ 1 +   
0.8 0.4
180 − 60
 l 
 
 2
 Atc = 20.11m 2
Nu = 0.0214 ⋅ (14992650.8 − 100 ) ⋅ 1.140.4 ⋅ 1 + 
 0.1  3 

  10  
  Atc = π ⋅ d1 ⋅ L
α agua ⋅ d L=
20.11m 2
= 64.03m
Nu = 2045.9 =
λagua π ⋅ 0.1m
W
2045.9 ⋅ 0.682
αH O = mK = 13953 W
2 c
0.1m m2 K

1
U=
1 r1 r2 r1
+ ln +
αH O
2 c
λcañería r1 r2 ⋅ α H 2O f

1 W
U= = 1332 2
1 0.05 110 100 m K
+ ln +
13953 50 100 110 ⋅ 1557

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 3/22/2021

El horno de la figura se utiliza para enfriar barras de acero en la condiciones que se

muestran: Determine:
a) El tiempo que demora una barra en alcanzar la temperatura de salida (300°C) en el
centro de ésta
b) La distribución de temperaturas en los puntos del radio r/r0=0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; 1.0
c) La producción del horno en toneladas/hora

Propiedades de acero π 250

l= 0.2 = 0.314m , a= = 1.25
kg 2 200
ρ = 8000 3
m π π
J ψ = 1− =1− = 0.372
c = 700 4⋅a 4 ⋅ 1.25
kgK
W Propiedades del aire tR = tb = 20°C
λ = 30
mK
kg
m2 ρ a = 1.204 m
⋅ 0.314m
a = 5 ⋅ 10−6 m3 v∞ ⋅ l
8
s Re = = s
c pa = 1.007
kJ ψ ⋅υ m2
α ⋅l 0.372 ⋅ 1.52 ⋅ 10−5
Cálculo del N° de Biot Bi = aire kgK s
λacero W
λa = 0.0251
Cálculo de α aire flujo por exterior de cuerpos mK Re = 444256
1 corrida de barras m2 Pr = 0.731 Ec 45
υ a = 1.52 ⋅ 10−5
s
Pra = 0.731
Nu = f a ⋅  0.3 + Nul2 + Nut2  Nu = 1095
 

α aire ⋅ l Nu ⋅ λaire
v∞ ⋅ l α aire ⋅ l π Nu =  α aire =
Re = , Nu = , l= ⋅d λaire l
ψ ⋅υ λaire 2
W
π S 1095 ⋅ 0.0251
ψ =1− , a= 1 α aire = mK = 87.5 W
4⋅a d 0.314m m2 K

f a = 1 (1 corrida de barras)

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 3/22/2021

a ⋅t
Verificamos si el enfriamiento de las barras se produce Tr =0 − T∞ − AB2 ⋅
Ec (24)
T0 − T∞
= CB ⋅ e l2

con o sin resistencia térmica interna despreciable

es decir si corresponde a caso 1 o caso 2.
J 1 ( AB ) α ⋅ r0
para cilindros AB ⋅ = Bi =
α ⋅l J 0 ( AB ) λ
Bi = aire
λcero y CB =
2
⋅
J1 ( AB )
AB J 02 ( AB ) + J 12 ( AB )
π
V 4 ⋅ d ⋅ L d 0.2m
2

l= = = = = 0.05m
A π ⋅d ⋅ L 4 4 según tablas con Bi = 0.292
AB = 0.735 y C B = 1.069
W
87.5 ⋅ 0.05m
Bi = m2 K = 0.146 > 0.1  caso 2 5e − 6⋅t
W 300 − 20 −0.7352 ⋅
30
mK 600 − 20
= 1.069 ⋅ e 0.12

Utilizando metodología de Heissler Fo>0.2

t = 2911( s) = 0.808h (a)
se debe verificar una vez calculado el tiempo

m2
5e − 6 ⋅ 2911 s
0.2m a ⋅t s
l = r0 = = 0.1m Fo = 2 = = 1.46 > 0.2
2 l 0.12 m 2
∴ es correcto usar metodología Heissler
W
α ⋅ r 87.5 m 2 K ⋅ 0.1m
Bi = aire o = = 0.292
λacero 30
W
mK

b. Distribución de temperaturas
r/ro AB r/ro J0(AB r/ro)
Tr − T∞ 0
0.2
0
0.146
1
0.995
>0  r
= J 0  AB ⋅ 
r0
Ec (25) 0.4 0.292 0.979
Tr =0 − T∞  r0  0.6 0.437 0.953
0.8 0.583 0.917
1 0.729 0.871
Tr − 20
>0  r
= J 0  AB ⋅ 
r0

300 − 20  r0 

π kg π
Peso de la barra W = ρ acero ⋅ Vbarra = ⋅ d 2 ⋅ L = 8000 ⋅ ⋅ 0.2 2 m 2 ⋅ 6.0m = 1508 kg
4 m3 4

largo horno 5000mm

N °barras en el horno = = = 20 barras
paso entre barras 250mm

N °barras en el horno 20barras barras

Flujo de barras por hora = = = 24
tiempo residencia 0.83h h

Producción del horno =flujo de barras por hora ⋅ peso de la barra

barras kg kg Ton
Producción del horno=24 ⋅ 1508 = 20352 = 20.3
hora barra hora hora

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 3/22/2021

Para el intercambiador de la figura, si la velocidad del agua por el interior de las cañerías
es de 0.4 m/s, determine, despreciando la resistencia térmica de la cañería:
a) El número de corridas de tubos en la dirección longitudinal.
b) El flujo de agua y su temperatura de salida del intercambiador.
c) El calor intercambiado suponga (para evaluar prop. físicas): t2 = 170°C , t p = 163°C
d) Determine el error que se obtiene al usar la diferencia de temperatura media aritmética en
lugar de la media logarítmica de la diferencia de temperatura

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 3/22/2021

Ecuaciones de la Termodinámica
1 1
agua: Q = mɺ H 2O ⋅ cH 2O ⋅ ( t1 − t2 ) (1) Propiedades de aire tR = (T1 + T2 ) = ( 20 + 100) = 60°C
2 2
aire Q = mɺ aire ⋅ c pa ⋅ ( T2 − T1 ) (2)
π
kg l= 0.05 = 0.0785m
Ecuaciones de Transferencia de Calor ρ a = 1.059 2
m3
Q = U ⋅ Atc ⋅ ∆T (3) a=
70
= 1.4 b =
70
= 1.4
kJ
c pa = 1.007 50 50
kgK π π
t +t T +T  ψ = 1− =1 −
∆T =  1 2 − 1 2  (4) W 4⋅a 4 ⋅ 1.4
=0.439
 2 2  λa = 0.0281
mK b − 0.3
0.7
a
U=
1 m2 fa = 1 + ⋅
(5) υ a = 1.9 ⋅ 10−5 ψ 1.5
( )
2
1 r1 r r1 s b + 0.7
+ ln 2 + a
α H O λcañería r1 r2 ⋅ α aire Pra = 0.72 0.7 1 − 0.3
0 fa = 1 + ⋅ = 1.58
2

0.4391.5 (1 + 0.7 ) 2
α aire : Flujo por exterior banco de tubos
m
Tubos alineados 4.0 ⋅ 0.0785m
Re = s = 37645.3
m2
Nu = f a ⋅ 0.3 + Nul2 + Nut2  0.439 ⋅ 1.9 ⋅ 10−5
  s
v∞ ⋅ l α ⋅l π Pr = 0.72 Ec 45
Re = , Nu = , l = ⋅d
ψ ⋅υ λ 2

π 0.7
b − 0.3 Nu = f a ⋅ 0.3 + Nul2 + Nut2  = 1.58 ⋅ 186.9 = 295.9
ψ = 1− , f a = 1 + 1.5 ⋅ a ,  
4⋅a ψ
( )
2
b + 0.7 α aire ⋅ l α aire ⋅ 0.0785m W
a Nu = 295.9 = =  α aire = 105.9 2
S S λaire 0.0281
W m K
a= 1, b= 2 mK
d d

α agua : flujo por interior de cañería  2


 d 3
Nu = 0.0214 ⋅ ( Re0.8 − 100 ) ⋅ Pr 0.4 ⋅ 1 +   
v ⋅d α ⋅d  l 
Re = , Nu =  
υ λ  2

 3 
Nu = 0.0214 ⋅ ( 949540.8 − 100 ) ⋅ 1.010.4 ⋅ 1 + 
0.04
1  1  
Prop. del agua: t R = t film = ⋅ t p + ( T1 + T2 )    1.2  
2  2   
α agua ⋅ d
1  1  Nu = 211.7 =
t film = ⋅ 163 + ( 200 + 170 )  = 174°C λagua
2  2 
W
kg 211.7 ⋅ 0.676
ρ agua = 893.3 α agua = mK = 3577.7 W
m3 0.04m m2 K
kJ
cagua = 4.382 1
kgK U= (5)
1 r1 r2 r1
λagua = 0.676
W + ln +
mK αH O
2
λcañería r1 r2 ⋅ α aire
m2 1 W
υ agua = 1.74 ⋅ 10−7 U= = 127.6 2
s 1 40 mK
+
Pragua = 1.01 3577.7 50 ⋅ 105.9

m
0.4⋅ 0.04m
Re = s = 91954 kg m
m2 mɺ aire = ρ aire ⋅ vaire ⋅ Aección = 1.059 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 1.2 ⋅ 1.0m 2
1.74 ⋅ 10−7 m3 s
s kg
Pr = 1.01 Ec 41 mɺ aire = 5.08
s

15
 3/22/2021

Atc =π ⋅ d ⋅ L ⋅ N °tubos =π ⋅ 0.04m ⋅ 2.4m ⋅ N °tubos

de Ec (2) Q = mɺ aire ⋅ c pa ⋅ (T2 − T1 )
Atc = 0.301 ⋅ N °tubos
kg kJ
Q = 5.08 ⋅ 1.007 ⋅ (100 − 20) K
s kgK t +t T +T 
de Ec (3 y 4) Q = U ⋅ Atc ⋅  1 2 − 1 2 
Q = 409.5kW  2 2 
W  200 + t2 100 + 20 
Q = 127.6 2 ⋅ 0.301 ⋅ N °tubos ⋅  − 
Flujo de agua mK  2 2 
mɺ H 2O = ρ H 2O ⋅ vH 2O ⋅ Atubo ⋅ N °tubos
de Ec (1) Q = mɺ H 2O ⋅ cH 2O ⋅ ( t1 − t2 )
kg m π
mɺ H 2O = 893.3 ⋅ 0.4 ⋅ ⋅ (0.04) 2 m 2 ⋅ N °tubos J
s s 4 Q = 0.449 ⋅ N °tubos ⋅ 4382 ⋅ (200 − t2 )
mɺ H 2O = 0.449 ⋅ N °tubos kgK

Igualando
W  200 + t2 100 + 20  J
127.6 ⋅ 0.301 ⋅ N °tubos ⋅ −  = 0.449 ⋅ N °tubos ⋅ 4382 ⋅ (200 − t2 )
m2 K  2 2  kgK
1538.3 + 19.2 ⋅ t2 = 393503 − 1967.5 ⋅ t2  t2 = 197.3°C
J J
Q = 0.449 ⋅ N °tubos ⋅ 4382 ⋅ (200 − t2 )  409500W = 0.449 ⋅ N °tubos ⋅ 4382 ⋅ (200 − 197.3) K
kgK kgK
N °tubos = 77 tubos de 2.4 m de largo

N °tubos = 154 tubos de 1.2 m de largo Flujo de agua

N °tubos 154 mɺ H 2O = 0.449 ⋅ N °tubos = 0.449 ⋅ 77 = 34.57
kg
N °corridas= = = 11 corridas
N °tubos / corrida 14 s

Diferencia media aritmética

 t + t T + T   200 + 197.8 20 + 100 
∆T =  1 2 − 1 2  =  −  = 139°C
 2 2   2 2 

Diferencia media Logarítmica

∆TMLDT =
( t2 − T1 ) − ( t1 − T2 ) = (197.3 − 20 ) − ( 200 − 100 )
(t − T )
ln 2 1 ln
(197.3 − 20 )
( t1 − T2 ) ( 200 − 100)
∆TMLDT = 135°C

Error = 6.7%

16