Bioenergetica y Metabolismo

PROFESOR: Dr.
CARLOS ENRIQUE ESCÁRCEGA GONZÁLEZ
FCQ, UANL INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA

INTRODUCTION
Differences in microbial metabolism can be attributed partly

to genetic differences and/or to differences in their
responses to changes in their environment. Even the same
species may produce different products when grown under
different nutritional and environmental conditions.
Example: The Crabtree effect.
“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

INGENIERIA QUÍMICA"
INTRODUCTION
CATABOLISM is the intracellular process of degrading a

compound into smaller and simpler products (e.g., glucose
to CO2 and H2O).
ANABOLISM is involved in the synthesis of more complex

compounds (e.g., glucose to glycogen) and requires energy.

INTRODUCTION

BIOENERGETICS
The energy for living cells is obtained from the catabolism of

carbon compounds, mainly carbohydrates. They are
synthesized from CO2 and H2O in the presence of light by
PHOTOSYNTHESIS. The sun is the ultimate energy source for
the life processes on earth.

BIOENERGETICS

BIOENERGETICS

BIOENERGETICS
Energy in biological systems is primarily stored and

transferred via adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which
contains high-energy phosphate bonds.
Also GTP, UTP and CTP store and transfer high-energy

phosphate bonds.

BIOENERGETICS

REACCIONES IMPLICADAS EN EL
METABOLISMO
OXIDO REDUCCIÓN (REDOX)
Oxidación.
• Pérdida de electrones en una molécula.
• Pérdida de átomos de H o ganancia de átomos de O.
• Disminuye la energía potencial de la molécula.
Reducción.
• Ganancia de electrones en una molécula.
• Ganancia de átomos de H.
• Aumenta la energía potencial de la molécula.

METABOLISMO

METABOLISMO
MOLECULAS TRANSPORTADORAS DE ELECTRONES DURANTE

LAS REACCIONES REDOX:

BIOENERGETICS
Hydrogen atoms released in biological oxidation–reduction

reactions are carried by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADP+). NADH has two major functions in biological
systems:
Reducing power:
ATP formation in respiratory metabolism: The electrons (or

H atoms) carried by NADH are transferred to oxygen
(respiratory chain) to produce up to three ATP molecules.

BIOENERGETICS
ATP can be formed from the

reducing power in NADH in the
absence of oxygen if an
alternative electron acceptor is
available (e.g., NO3).

BIOENERGETICS
El FADH2 también
transporta electrons
para producir ATP en la
cadena respiratoria.

GLUCOSE METABOLISM
RESPIRATION may be aerobic or anaerobic, depending on

the final electron acceptor.
If oxygen is used as final electron acceptor, the respiration is

called AEROBIC RESPIRATION.
When other electron acceptors, such as NO3, SO4 , Fe+3,

Cu+2, and S, are used, the respiration is termed ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION.

GLUCOSE METABOLISM
El metabolismo de la glucosa se pude dividir en 4 procesos:
GLUCÓLISIS (se realizan en el citosol). La realizan células procariotas y

eucariotas
FORMACIÓN DE ACETIL-COA (se realiza en la matriz mitocondrial)
CICLO DE KREBS (se realiza en la matriz mitoncondrial)
CADENA RESPIRATORIA O CADENA DE TRANSPORTE DE ELECTRONES

(en este proceso se lleva a cabo la FOSFORILACIÓN OXIDATIVA en la
cual se produce el ATP (se realiza en la membrana interna
mitocondrial).

GLUCOSE METABOLISM
GLYCOLYSIS takes place in cytoplasm, whereas the site for the

Krebs cycle is the matrix of mitochondria in eucaryotes. In
procaryotes, these reactions are associated with membrane-
bound enzymes.

GLUCOSE METABOLISM

GLUCOSE METABOLISM
Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate may be converted to

lactic acid, ethanol, or other products, such as acetone,
butanol, and acetic acid.
Anaerobic conversion of glucose to the aforementioned

compounds used to be known as FERMENTATION.
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to CO2 and

NADH through the TCA CYCLE (tricarboxylic acid cycle).

GLUCOSE METABOLISM
FORMACIÓN DE ACETIL-COA
(Descarboxilación oxidativa del piruvato)

GLUCOSE METABOLISM
CICLO DE KREBS O CICLO DEL ÁCIDO CÍTRICO

CICLO DE KREBS O DEL ÁCIDO CÍCLICO
“DISEÑO DE BIOPROCESOS, 1° PARTE: FUNDAMENTOS DE BIOPROCESOS.

M EN C. PROCESOS SUSTENTABLES"
KREBS CYCLE
The major roles of the TCA cycle are:
(1) To provide electrons (NADH) for the electron transport

chain and biosynthesis
(2) To supply C skeletons for amino acid synthesis
(3) To generate energy.
The overall reactions is:

RESPIRATION
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
The process of forming

ATP from the electron
transport chain is
known as OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION.

RESPIRATION
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

METABOLISMO DE LA GLUCOSA

GLUCOSE METABOLISM

METABOLISMO DE LA GLUCOSA

FERMENTATION
The generation of energy without the electron

transport chain is called FERMENTATION
(anaerobic).

FERMENTATION
Other partially oxidized by-

products are acetone, butanol
fermentation, propionic acid,
acetic acid (for vinegar), 2,3-
butanediol, isopropanol, and
glycerol.

FERMENTATION
FERMENTATION
No one organism makes all the products.
Thus, it is important to screen a wide variety of organisms to select

one that will maximize the yield of a desired product, while
minimizing the formation of other by-products.

FIJACIÓN DE NITRÓGENO
Mcroorganisms like Azotobacter, Azotomonas, Azotococcus, and

Biejerinckia fix atmospheric nitrogen to form ammonia.
These microorganisms provide ammonium for plants.
Rhizobium and Azospirillum are widely used for agricultural

purposes and are bioprocess products.

FIJACIÓN DE NITRÓGENO

METABOLISM OF HYDROCARBONS
Pseudomonas, Mycobacteria, certain yeasts and molds can

metabolize hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbon molecules are converted to an alcohol by

incorporation of oxygen, then oxidized to aldehyde and finally to an
organic acid which is further converted to acetyl-CoA, which is
metabolized by the TCA cycle.
Anaerobic metabolism of hydrocarbons is more difficult. Few

microorganisms cleave the C-C bonds and saturate with hydrogen to
yield methane.
METABOLISMO ANAÉROBICO
The same pathways can be used; the primary difference is the use
of an alternative electron acceptor such as NO3- and N2O- to
produce N2 (denitrification).
Many advanced biological waste-treatment systems are operated to

promote denitrification.

AUTOTROPHIC METABOLISM
Autotrophs (either photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs) obtain

nearly all their carbon from CO2.

METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN E.coli

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PROFESOR: Dr.

CARLOS ENRIQUE ESCÁRCEGA GONZÁLEZ

FCQ, UANL INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA

Differences in microbial metabolism can be attributed partly

Example: The Crabtree effect.

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

CATABOLISM is the intracellular process of degrading a

ANABOLISM is involved in the synthesis of more complex

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

The energy for living cells is obtained from the catabolism of

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

Energy in biological systems is primarily stored and

Also GTP, UTP and CTP store and transfer high-energy

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

OXIDO REDUCCIÓN (REDOX)

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

MOLECULAS TRANSPORTADORAS DE ELECTRONES DURANTE

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

Hydrogen atoms released in biological oxidation–reduction

ATP formation in respiratory metabolism: The electrons (or

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

ATP can be formed from the

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

RESPIRATION may be aerobic or anaerobic, depending on

If oxygen is used as final electron acceptor, the respiration is

When other electron acceptors, such as NO3, SO4 , Fe+3,

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

El metabolismo de la glucosa se pude dividir en 4 procesos:

GLUCÓLISIS (se realizan en el citosol). La realizan células procariotas y

FORMACIÓN DE ACETIL-COA (se realiza en la matriz mitocondrial)

CICLO DE KREBS (se realiza en la matriz mitoncondrial)

CADENA RESPIRATORIA O CADENA DE TRANSPORTE DE ELECTRONES

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

GLYCOLYSIS takes place in cytoplasm, whereas the site for the

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate may be converted to

Anaerobic conversion of glucose to the aforementioned

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to CO2 and

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

CICLO DE KREBS O CICLO DEL ÁCIDO CÍTRICO

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

“DISEÑO DE BIOPROCESOS, 1° PARTE: FUNDAMENTOS DE BIOPROCESOS.

The major roles of the TCA cycle are:

(1) To provide electrons (NADH) for the electron transport

The overall reactions is:

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

The process of forming

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO

“MICROBIOLOGÍA, 2° PARTE: METABOLISMO Y CRECIMIENTO