Articulo Cientifico
Articulo Cientifico
ESTUDIANTES:
LLAVE TAPIA
LIZANDRO
VILLEGAS HERBAS
ANDREA MARIELA
MATERIA: PROCESOS
INDUSTRIALES II
DOCENTE: ING. JUAN CONDE
MAMANI
FECHA: 16 DE MAYO
DEL 2023
AUXILIAR: BURGOA
ARTICULO CIENTIFICO
TITULO: Germoplasma actual de granos andinos para la seguridad alimentaria
LINK: http://www.revistasbolivianas.ciencia.bo/scielo.php?lng=es&pid=S0102-
03042017000300002&script=sci_arttext
El nombre se debe a que los granos tienen aspecto de ojos de un cóndor y las plantas
muestran tolerancia a los factores bióticos: enfermedades y plagas, sobre todo al desgrane,
estos son las calificaciones sugeridas por agricultores y a esto se debe el nombre.
Warikunca
Variedad Warikunca, es una planta frondosa y con cuatro ramas corimboidales que alcanza
en promedio de una cobertura vegetativa de 1250 cm2 , cuya altura desarrollada fue de 42
cm en promedio y su hábito de crecimiento de tipo lasta, promete producir en promedio
2100 kilogramos por hectárea, granos de tamaño grande y de color café albino.
El nombre se debe a que los agricultores han preferido a las plantas de esta cañahua por su
aspecto expresivo de un cuello semblante de wari (vicuña) de color café canela (beige), vigorosa y
produce granos de color café blancuzco de tamaño grande (1.8 mm) y la broza para el ganado.
Ak’apuya
Variedad Ak’apuya, es una planta morada y frondosa, con cuatro ramas corimboidales paralelo al
tallo principal que alcanza en promedio de una cobertura vegetativa de 177 cm2 , cuya altura
desarrollada fue de 52 cm y su hábito de crecimiento de tipo saihua, promete producir 1600
kilogramos por hectárea, granos de tamaño mediano y de color anaranjado. El nombre de la
variedad de cañahua fue sugerido por los agricultores con el fin de recuperar sus culturas, y las
plantas en su forma de crecimiento muestran aspecto de pilares del templo de Kalasasaya de
Tiahuanaco.
Pukaya
Variedad Pukaya, es una planta frondosa de coloración anaranjada y con cuatro ramas
corimboidales que alcanzan en promedio de una cobertura vegetativa de 1134 cm2 , cuya altura
desarrollada fue de 43 cm y su hábito de crecimiento de tipo lasta, promete producir en promedio
1750 kilogramos por hectárea, granos de tamaño mediano y de color café oscuro. El nombre de la
variedad de cañahua fue sugerido por los agricultores en recuerdo a la cultura y su lengua pukina
perdida en la zona de Tiahuanaco.
Tarwi
CONCLUSIONES
Los granos andinos son alimentos de primera calidad por lo tanto es una necesidad la
conservación de estos recursos fitogenéticos, a través de los agricultores conservacionistas.
La quinua es un cultivo que debe recibir las atenciones prioritarias para lograr la
conservación sostenible. La cañahua es otro cultivo milenario que a futuro se convertirá un
cultivo más importante tal vez que la quinua por las condiciones nutricionales y adaptadas a
las zonas agroecológicas determinadas, que es una ventaja sostenible.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS
Altieri, M. A. (1995). El Estado del Arte” de la Agroecología y su contribución al
desarrollo rural en América Latina. En Cárdenas Marín, A. (ed.). Agricultura y Desarrollo
sostenible. MAPA. Madrid. 151-203.
Astley, D. (1991). Exploration: Methods and Problems of Exploration and Field Collecting.
En: Genetic Conservation. En J. Hawkes, Conservación Genética (págs. 11-22). Londres:
ed. Academic Press, Harcourt, Brace y Javnovitch.
CEPAL (2009). La Economía del Cambio Climático en América Latina y el Caribe.
Síntesis.
UPOV. (2006). Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability.
Enlarged Editorial Committee, Geneva, SU. 34 p
Valls, José F.M. (1989). Caracterizaçao morfológica, reprodutiva e bioquímica de
germoplasma vegetal. En: Curso de Tecnología de Sementes para Bancos de Germoplasma,
CENARGEN. Brasilia, BA. 23 p
Current germplasm of Andean grains for food security
Summary:
It is important that the genetic material for the conservation of the current germplasm
of Andean grains be oriented towards food security. At the Choquenaira Experimental
Station, monitoring and evaluation activities of Andean grains have been carried out in
the conditions of the Northern and Central Altiplano with the participation of farmers
from different municipalities. From these breeding materials, six quinoa varieties with
promising agronomic characteristics were released (Table 1), mainly tolerant to downy
mildew caused by the pathogen Peronospora efusa.Also, the cultivation of cañahua is
another alternative to food security, in this framework seven varieties of cañahua with
dual purpose were released. These important grains deserve to receive the
corresponding attention for their sustainability.
INTRODUCTION
The main activities are the collection of Andean grains and other crops to establish a
germplasm bank of Andean crops for academic purposes and use for plant breeding
material within PROGRANO and the Faculty of Agronomy. Due to the dynamic
characteristics of the Program, it is not only the conservation but also the agronomic
management of these crops referring to the management of seed quality, fertility and
productive potential of agricultural soils.
In this field of technologies and the exchange of knowledge, the cantonal fairs play an
important role in the realization of courses on the importance and technologies of
Andean grain crops, Andean gastronomy and pastry, meeting of farmers with the
purpose of exchanging experiences and field days with farmers, these activities are
used by many farmers to improve living conditions.
PROGRANO currently has an Active Germplasm Bank of Andean grains that constitutes
for the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés a patrimony of knowledge and conservation
of these phytogenetic resources and due to the need to have the germplasm
organized, work is being done to form core collections.
The Bank is established by four collections: cañahua 290 accessions, quinoa 1950
accessions, tarwi 346 accessions, millmi 10 accessions, corn 110 accessions and 12
accessions of barley grain, from the regions of Bolivia, there are also samples from
Peru, Denmark, Holland, Colombia through the America-Europe quinoa test project.
On the other hand, the cum situ management of Andean grains identified as centers of
greater phytogenetic diversity is being experimented in communities of the Northern
and Central Altiplano where the road has not yet reached, which necessarily needs to
strengthen these centers and also integrate related institutions in this area . At the
same time, work is being done with the communities already intervened by different
institutions in order to establish what is known as ancestral conservation cum situ with
the criteria of sustainable management.
Justification
The management of plant genetic resources in the region is being left to the fate of the
farmers. To date, the collection processes have ceased to be carried out from the
agroecological zones where they are still preserved in an ancestral form (cum situ) due
to climatic variations, these valuable products in the medium and long term could
suffer the loss of genetic variability.
problem found
Andean grains such as cañahua, tarwi and quinoa receive the effect of climatic
variations on their productive potential. The productivity of Andean grains may prosper
with genetic improvement aimed at genetic tolerance. The conservation of Andean
grains will allow contributing to food security despite climatic variations in the region.
Goals
- Participate and cooperate in the process of improving the quality of the life system in
the agroecological zones of the municipalities of the region or nationally.
- Conserve and manage plant genetic resources for the benefit of humanity.
METHODS
In order to carry out research work and activities that can interact with the main actors
in agriculture, it is important to highlight the determined participation of the farmers
themselves in the entire research process.
Within the regulatory framework and germplasm management techniques, there are
conservation methods. Ex Situ, it is intended to preserve the variability and
phytogenetic diversity of the species outside their center of origin, seeking to develop
productive crops, tolerant to pathogens or agents that cause damage to productive
quality with the perspective of sustainability of agriculture in a given agroecology and
ecoregion (FAO, 2009; ECLAC, 2009; Claure, 2011).
Farmers have traditionally managed and conserved these resources through cum
situ, in specific agroecological systems to maintain or guarantee seeds for sustainable
management on family farms; also, selecting for different uses and direct use
guaranteeing food safety (Mamani and Zanabria, 2017; Mamani et al., 2016).
RESULTS
As the result of participatory research activities and work, important results are
achieved to reach farmers who can manage their resources sustainably without leaving
traditional knowledge aside.
quinoa
The segregants of the genetic crossing of quinoas were brought from the Patacamaya
Experimental Station - IBTA (1994) to the Belén Experimental Station, for their follow-
up and corresponding evaluation in the conditions of the Northern Altiplano.
From these materials, improvement practices were worked with the segregates for
eight years, from which six quinoa varieties were released with very encouraging
values and agronomic characteristics (Table 1), mainly tolerant to downy mildew, a
disease caused by the pathogen Peronospora . efusa and in terms of saponin content it
is semi-sweet and these varieties constitute alternatives for the Northern and Central
Altiplano.
The characteristics evaluated during seven agricultural years of the six varieties of
quinoa referred to the agromorphology, architectural structure of the plants were
technical aspects and the production of grains in these varieties of quinoa, considered
tolerant to mildew.
Grain yields are quite promising referring to the number of plants present per unit
area, some agronomic characteristics are described in Table 1.
canahua
Cañahua in our environment is being cultivated with mixed seeds, which means low
quality in terms of genetic material and there has not been technical advice either, so
the Faculty of Agronomy through PROGRANO has proposed to carry out work aimed at
overcoming these gaps. technicians.
condornayra
The name is due to the fact that the grains look like the eyes of a condor and the
plants show tolerance to biotic factors: diseases and pests, especially shelling, these
are the qualifications suggested by farmers and this is the reason for the name.
Warikunca
Warikunca variety , is a leafy plant with four corymboidal branches that reaches an
average of 1,250 cm 2 vegetative cover , whose developed height was 42 cm on
average and its last-type growth habit promises to produce an average of 2,100
kilograms per hectare, grains of large size and albino brown color.
The name is due to the fact that farmers have preferred the plants of this cañahua for
its expressive appearance of a cinnamon-brown (beige) wari (vicuña) neck, vigorous
and produces large whitish-brown grains (1.8 mm) and brushwood for cattle.
Ak'apuya
Variety Ak 'apuya, it is a purple and leafy plant, with four corymboidal branches
2
parallel to the main stem that reaches an average of a vegetative cover of 177 cm ,
whose developed height was 52 cm and its saihua-type growth habit, promises
produce 1600 kilograms per hectare, grains of medium size and orange color.
The name of the variety of cañahua was suggested by the farmers in order to recover
their cultures, and the plants in their growth form look like the pillars of the
Kalasasaya temple of Tiahuanaco.
Pukaya
Variety Pukaya, it is a leafy plant of orange coloration and with four corymboidal
branches that reach an average of a vegetative cover of 1134 cm 2 , whose developed
height was 43 cm and its habit of last type growth, promises to produce an average of
1750 kilograms. per hectare, grains of medium size and dark brown color.
The name of the variety of cañahua was suggested by farmers in memory of the
culture and its lost Pukina language in the Tiahuanaco area.
Tarwi
Regarding tarwi work, it has been developed regarding the identification of germplasm
accessions with the best degree of productivity and grain size that have been the
reason for characterization for the production of grain, green matter and for
gastronomy with tarwi.
The tarwi has a series of qualities such is the case of the alkaloid content: sparteine,
lupinine, lupinidine, others, are used to control ectoparasites and intestinal parasites of
animals. Also, farmers use tarwi cooking water as a laxative and as a biocide to control
plant pests.
In the flowering state, the plant is incorporated into the soil as a green manure, with
good results, considerably improving the amount of organic matter, structure, and soil
moisture retention. Due to its alkaloid content, it is often planted as a living fence or to
separate plots of different crops which acts as a repellent or prevents the damage that
animals could cause.
Currently, the seeds of the best accessions have been selected considering grain color,
grain size and earliness. For these activities, 18 lines have been identified per
selection.
CONCLUSIONS
Andean grains are top quality foods, therefore the conservation of these plant genetic
resources is a necessity, through conservation farmers.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES