27 Abril 95

REUNIONES DE FORMACION

ASUNTO: BOMBAS CENTRIFUGAS

Conceptos generales

*
T.D.H.; es la altura que desarrolla la bomba para transferir el líquido.

Expresada en m.c.l. el valor es independiente de la densidad.

*
N.P.S.H; Net Possitive Suction Head:

Distinguimos entre el requerido y el disponible (available).

El requerido es un dato que proporciona el fabricante de la bomba. Expresado

en m. e. 1. es el valor de presión positiva que se necesita en el ej e de aspiración
de la bomba para evitar la vaporización del líquido en la aspiración.

El disponible, como su nombre indica, es el que se obtiene del circuito real

de aspiración de la bomba.

Se debe cumplir NPSHa > NPSHr

*
Curva de funcionamiento: es aquello que mejor caracteriza a la bomba y se
emplea para su selección.

-,
 En función del caudal, y a un valor determinado de rpm, se obtiene la altura
H, rendimiento ij, potencia P, y NPSH.

* Cálculo de la potencia: es la potencia hidraúlica calculada teóricamente

sin pérdidas

P(Kw) = /
3 h)xH(m)x(
O(m
367. i

Clasificaciones de bombas centrífugas

Para las aplicaciones mas comunes distinguimos:

a) radiales al) rodete cerrado

a2) rodete semiabierto

b) Axiales

c) Semiaxiales (mixed flow) ci) rodete cerrado

c2) rodete abierto

Para este tipo de bombas, la forma de las curvas características es diferente

k-i,
1

Para las curvas de potencia se deduce un tipo diferente de arranque, siendo

para las radiales a válvula de descarga cerrada ( Q = O, P mm.) y para las
axiales a válvula abierta (Q max, P mm).
 Las curvas de NPSH también difieren, siendo mas problemáticas por presentar
un mínimo las axiales y en menor medida las semiaxiales.

Selección del motor

Se toma un margen de seguridad entre la potencia absorbida y el motor que se

selecciona. Como criterio general:

P < 7,5 Kw 1,25

7,5 < P < 22 Kw 1,15

P > 22Kw 1,1,

De todos modos, siempre habrá que tener presentes las curvas de consumos y los
criterios de arranque.

Modificación de la curva de una bomba

La colocación de una placa orificio en la tubería de descarga produce una pérdia de

carga que es función del caudal Q
2

o 1-l

C)
Datos para la selección de una bomba

* Caudal: Q = 1,4 x Qn para cond. vapor vivor y producto

Q = 1,25 x Qn para cond. proceso
* TDH: Se efectúa una estimación inicial, pero posteriormente y en
función de la situación final se debe ajustar.

*
Curva: Cada modelo de bomba tiene una familia de curvas en función
del 0. La buena práctica consiste en no adoptar nunca un O de
rodete máximo.

* Bombas de uso general ó bombas químicas

- Las bombas químicas responden a una normativa mas severa en cuanto

a robustez. sobredimensinriado y f i1ida1 t-I mntnimi’ntn

- Las de uso general no tienen tantos requerimientos. Las empleamos en

papeleras y usos menos comprometidos (aguas, condensados baja
presión...)

* NPSH; condiciona toda la instalación de los equipos

*
Velocidad de giro: como criterio general, se intentará no superar 1500 rpm

* Cierre: mecánico ó empaquetadura

*
Datos de fluido/proceso

La viscosidad puede ser un parámetro muy importante, a partir de 50 cp

modifica las curvas y se deben efectuar correciones.

Los magmas también complican el bombeo y aparecen diferentes alternativas,

siendo una de ellas las bombas de rodete desplazado (efecto vórtex) con las
cuales se aumenta el paso disponible y se mejora la resistencia frente a la
erosión.
Leyes de semejanza

1
/
2
Q Q = 1
/
2
NN

1
/
2
H H = 1
/
(N
2
) N

Pot 2 = 1
/
2
N N
Por 1

Control de las características de una bomba

Una bomba siempre trabaja en los puntos de su curva.

Nos podemos desplazar a lo largo de la curva variando la pérdida de carga en el

circuito.

Otra posibilidad consiste en moverse por curvas paralelas variando la velocidad.

Anexo: Design Standard 9.0 HPD Inc

Info. Goulds:
PROPRIETARY AND HPD Incorporated
CONFIDENTIAL SPECIFICÁTION
1 NF O RNAT ION

DESIGN STANDARD 9.0

PULP MILL EVAPORATION SYSTEMS

TRANSFER PtJMP SPECIFICATION PROCEDURE

A. SCOPE

ne purpose of this standard is to set forth the procedure

1
T
and design criteria required to specify the transfer pu.rnps which
are incorporated into a pulp mili evaporation systems. The group
of pumps to be specified comprise the feed, product, steam con
densate, process condensate, and intra stage líquor transfer pumps.

3. CALCULATION PROCEDtJRE

1. The calculations should be perfornied.on a pump caiculation sheet

which contains che informacion indicated on Standard 9.1 attached.

2. Prior to performing the calculation, sketch the flow system

on the calculation sheet, showing the initiation and termination
point, approximate pipe routing, and ah irnportant flow res
trictions, such as control valves, orifices, etc. In cases
where liquor or condensate is being transfered away from the
system, a supplemental sketch of the pumping system should
be attached to the standard calculation sheet.

3. Flow capacity -

a. Feed Fiowsheet Ouantity plus 207 (Note 1

b. Product Flowsheet Quantity plus 40 (Note 21
c. Stearn Condensate Flowsheet Quantity plus 407 (Note 3
d. Process Condensate Flowsheet Ouantity plus 407 (Note 31
e. Intra Stage Liquor Transfer .Flowsheet Quantity plus 207 (Note 41

4. Net positive suction head (NPSH) (Note 5)

a. Feed ---- Design for the feed tank nearly empty and the
hiquor fairly warm; ie. maxirnuin NPSH available
is approximately 10 feet.
 HPD Incorporated
SPECIFICÁTION

B. Calculation Procedure (Continued)

b. Product Ah these liquids are norrnahly

Steam Condensate transfered from flash tanks. The
Product Condensate flash tanks are located at elevations
such that Che lower tangent unes are
approxirnately 10,0” aboye grade. Qn
Chis basis, and assurning a 2’ friction
head loss in Che suction piping, and
a 2’ aboye grade pump centerline elevatiot
a maximuin available NPSH of 6 ft. should
be specified.

c. Intra Stage Liquor Since Che evaporator operation can

Transfer vary over a wide range of capacities,
pressures in each effect, liquor flows,
etc, the discharge heads of these pu.mps
can vary considerably during normal
operation. In order Co avoid pump
cavitation on one extreme, and flooding
of the vapor body on Che other extreme,
the pumps are specified for a normal
liquor level in the downleg of 10 ft abov€
the tubesheet. Then, assuming Chat at
times Che hiqiior level could actually be
at approximately 2 ft. aboye tubesheet
elevation, which is 11 or 12 ft. aboye
grade. The available NPSH for these pumps
is always specified aC 10 fC.

5. Total Discharge Head (3’DH) (Note 6) (See Item 9.1)

a. Determine Che absolute pressures in the vessel on the dis

charge and suction sides of Che pumps. Covert the differ
ential between the two pressures into feet of hiquid. This
value will be additive or subtractive in the calculation,
depending on whether Che suction side of the pump is at
a lower or higher pressure than Che discharge side.

b. Determine the differential static head in the system.

(See comrnens in Che NPSH calculation section, plus in
Note 6). With respect to thetube lengths of 28 fC.,
the pseudo liquor level aboye the tubesheets iii LTV effects
are assuined to be as fohlows:
 HPD Incorporated
SPECIFICATIOH

8. Calculation Procedure (Continued);

b. Static Head Aboye.

Liquor Entrance Condition Tubesheet, FC.
No preheat or afterheat 24
Afterheated condition 18
Preheated condition ;. 12
Do not forget Co subtract the 10 ft. design level aboye the
tubesheet Qn the puinp suction side from the aboye values.

c. Determine Che piping friction loss according to standard

procedure 7.0. If the purnps must be specified prior to
piping design, with respect to intra-stage liquor piping,
a friction loss of 10 fc. liquid between each stage may be
as sumed.

d. Determine the preheater or afterheater delta-P by calculating

ah the factors indicated in item 9.1. Due Co the low
liquor velocities in internal pre or afcer heaters, sorne
plugging and scaling of tubes rnay be expected to occur. For
this reason, arbitrary values of 5 fc. loss and 16 fc loss
shculd be assigned for 2 pass and 4 pass pre- or after
heaters respectively. (NOTE Except in unusual cir
-

curnstances, these units should never be designed with more

Chan 4 passes.)

e. Escimate the control valve head loss, if aoplicable. This

value is usually approximacely 25/ of the total system TDH;
and in any case, is never less than 10 ft.

f. Total ah the items ‘a” through ‘ e” which contributeto the

T
systein TDH, then subtract any additional factors, if any,
Qn the suction side of the purnp, which may nct have been in
the aboye items.

NOTES:

1. Most evaporators are actually capable of operating at rates as

high as 10-157v aboye design capacity. In addition, the feed
sohids concentration is often aboye Che design condition; which
 HPD Incorporated
SPECIFICÁTION

NOTES (Continued):

means that at Che design evaporation rate, Che feed rate will
be higher Chan design. For this reason, the feed pump rnust
be oversized by approxiinately 2O7.

2. For the reasons cited in (1) aboye, the product flow will at
times, be greater than design. In addition, Qn start-up -

the product flow will be much greater than normal, until the
normal steam flowrate is reached (note ChaC a fairly high feed
flow rate must be maintained Qn start-up, SO as Co maintain
adequate tubular velocities). Considering ah these factors, it
is recornmended that Che product pump be oversized by approximately
4QO/

3. On start-up and/or boilout conditions, situations can occur

wherein the steam flow Co the system may be much greater
than design. In addition, substantial a.inounts of entrainment
may occur at these times in one or more effects. For these
reasons, Che steam and/or process condensate flows may be much
greater Chan design. Accordingly, these pumps should be over
sized by approximately 4O7,.

4. For the reasons cited in “1” and aboye, as well as to

accornodate liquor flow surges which occur during normal operation,
due Co fluctuations in Che hiquor leveis iii the tubes, the inCra
stage liquor tansfer pumps should be oversized by approx. 2O7.

5. The Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is defined as the head of

liquid on the suction of Che pump, which is additional to Che
boiling absolute pressure (depending Qn Che ternperature of
Che liquid) at the centerline of Che pump suction. Note that
Che NPSH is Co be specified in FEET (or METERS) OF LIQUID BEING
PTJMPED, NOT FEET OF WATER. Since most liquids under consideration
in evaporation systems are in a boiling condition, the NPSH is
normally merely the elevation of liquid aboye the centerline
of the pump sucCion minus Che friction loss in the suction piping.

6. The Total Discharge Head (TDH) is defined as Che increase in

liquid head, assuming Che puinp centerline as Che datum point,
which is provided by Che pump operation. Note Chat it is a
differential in head, and not Che CoCal head of Che system; ie.
it is the CoCa] head required on Che discharge side of Che
pump, minus Che -‘‘ailable head at the centerhine of Che puinp
suction. In deCermining the head at Che centerline of the
pump suction, it is irnportant Co calculate Che friction loss
in Che sucCion piping, and subtracC this value from Che static
head of liqud on Che suction side of Che pump.
 HPD Incorporated
SPECIFICATION

NOTES:

IT IS NOT CORRECT to subtract NPSH required for the pump;

only the friction loss is to be subtracted. Note that the
TDH is ALWAYS to be calculated and expressed in tertns of
feet of liquid being transferred; NOT in feet of water.
 ___________
________
________

PROPRIETARY AND
CONFIDENTIAL HPD Incorporated
INFO RMAT ION
SPECIFICATION
DESIGN STANDARDS 9.1
Pulp Mill Evaporation Systems
Sartiple Transfer Pump Calculation

EFFECT “A” PREHEATER EFFECT “3”

Note: Sketch the actual puinping loop, in lieu of the aboye sketch.

GP

Suct. Line: Disch. Line:

No. Els x = Equiv. L________ No. Els X = Equiv. L_______

Length Pipe -_______ No. Tees____ x = Equiv. L________
Total Equiv. L No. Valves____ x = Equiv. L______
L/ioo Ft. Length Pipe______________________
Lp Total Equiv.
L

¿ P/100 Ft.
Preheater

No. Passes__________ Control Valve Press. Drop______ Ft.

Tube Velocity
Total Length Tube______ 21
P—P
= 1x Ft.
Tube Velocity
Lp Static Head Ft.
Friction Loss Ft.
Liq. Box LP__________
Total ¿ P______________ TDH Ft.
 Section 17A
Centrifugal Pump Fundamentais
17A-1 Head
The pressure at any point in a liquid can be thought of as being Where H = Total head developed in feef.
Velocity at periphery of impeller in feet per sec.
caused by a vertical column of the Jiqud which, due to íts y =

weight, exerts a pressure equal to the pressure at the point in g = 32.2 FeetlSec.
2
question, The height of this column is called the static head” We can predict the approximate head of any centrifugal pump
and is expressed in terms of teet of liquid. by calculating the peripheral velocity of the impeller and sub
The static head corresponding to any specific pressure is de stituting into the aboye formula. A handy formula for peripheral
pendent upon the weight of the liquid according to the following velocity is:
formula:
RPMXD lmpeller dameter in inches.
Pressure in psi X 2.31 Where D =
1-fead in Feet = —--_______________
= 229
Specitic Gravity
The aboye demonstrates why we must always think in terma of
A Centrifugal pump imparts velocity to a liquid. This velocity
feet of liquid rather than pressure when working with centrifugal
energy is then transformed largely into pressure energy as the
pumps. A given pump with a given ímpeller diameter and speed
liquid leaves the pump. Therefore, the head developed is ap
will raise a liquid to a certain height regardless of the weight of
proximately equal to the velocity energy at the periphery of
the liquid, as shown in Fig. 1.
the impeller. This relationship is expressed by the following well
known formula:
va
H=—
2g

Fig. 1 Identical Pumps Handling Liquids of Different Specitic Gravities.

feet bf
Ah of the forms of energy nvolved in a iquid flow system can be STATIC DISCHARGE HEAD is the vertical distance arge0t
5
[
expressed in terms of feet of liquid. The total of these various tween the pump centerline and the point of free
heads determines the total system head or the work which a surface of the liquid in the discharge tank.
pump must perform in the system. The various forms of head are ¡ feet
TOTAL STATIC [-IEAD is the vertical distance 1I
defined as follows. level of the source of supply and the poiflt O
the free
SUCTION LIFT exists when the source of supply 5 below the charge or the free surface of the discharge liquid.
center [me of the pump. Thus the STATIC SUCTION LIFT is the shOWfl
The aboye forms of static head are
vertical distance in feet from the center une of the pump fo the graphically in Fig. 2a & b
free level of the liquid to be pumped.
tO
SUCTION HEAD exists when the source of supply is aboye the FRICTION HEAD (hf) is the head required
the pipe and fittings. IS dep
centerline of the pump. Thus the STATIC SUCTION HEAD 5 resistance to flow in
natu
the vertical distance in feet from the centerline of the pump to the size and type of pipe, flow rate, and
Frictional tables are included in section 17C.
the free level of the liquid to be pumped.

17A 532
 VELOCITY HEAD (hv
) is the energy
mohon at sorne veIOci of a tiquid as a result of
fy V. It is the ls TOTAL DYNAMIC SU
through whch fha equivalent head in fee CTION LIFT (hs) is the
water would have t minus the velocity head static suction tiff
velocity, or n other to taN fo acqure the sam at the pump suchon flan
words, the head a friction head in the suction ge plus the total
the water. Velocity necassary to accelerat lina. The total dynamic
head can be calcul e determined Qn pump suction ¡itt, as
formula: ated from fha foHowing test, 5 the reading of
flange, converted fo faet a gage on the suction
of liquid and corrected
centerlirie, minus theveloc fo the pump
ity head atthe pointo
hV —

2g wher e g 32.2 2ft/sac. fgageattachmenl.

—
V liquid velocity in fee
=
t par second. TOTAL DYNAMIC SUCT
The valocity head is ION HEAD (h ) 5 the static suctio
5
usually insignificant plus the velocity head at n head
in mosf high head sys and can be ignored the pump suction flange
tems. However, it can friction head in the suc minus the total
must be considerad in be a arge factor and tion une. The total dynami
low head systems. determined Qn pump test c suction head, as
, is the reading of the gag
flange. converted to feet e Qn fha suction
PRESSURE HEAD mu of hquid and correct
st be considerad wh centerline, plus the vel ed lo the pump
either begins or termi en a pumping system octy head at tha point of
nates in a tank which gage attachment
sure ofher than atmosp i under sorne pres .
heric. The pressu
first be converted fo faet re in such a tank must TOTAL DYNAMIC DISCH
of liquid. A vacuum ARGE HEAD (hd) is the sIal
or a positiva prassure in the suction tank head plus fha velocity ic discharge
in Ihe discharge head at fha pump discha
the system head, where tank must be added to the total friction head in rge flanga plus
as a positive pressure the discharge lina. Tha
or vacuum in the discha in the suction tank discharge head, as det total dynamic
rge tank would be sub erminad Qn pump test,
owing is a handy form tracted. The fol a gage at the discha is the reading of
ula for convarting rge flanga, con
vacuum into feet of flqu nches of mercury corrected to fha pump cantarlina* verted fo faat of liquid and
id. , plus fha velo
point of gage aftach city head at the
ment,
Vacuum, ft. of liquid Vacuum, in.ot Hg
—
x 1.13
Sp. Gr. TOTAL HEAD (H) or TO
The aboye forms of hea TAL DYNAMIC HEAD (TD
d, namely static, friction dynamic discharge H) is fha total
preasure, are combined , velocity, and head minus fha total dyn
fo make up the total sys or plus fha total dynami amic suction head
particular flow rafe. Follow tem head at any c suction lift.
ing are definitions
or “Dynamic” head term of these combined TDH
s as thay apply fo the hd + h (with a suctio
pump. n lift)
TDH = hd lis (with a suction hea
—

d)

STATIC —
—
.‘

DISCHG
LZE
HEAD
TOTAL STATIC
HEAD
w

J1z
Fig. 2-a Suction Litt —
Showing Static He
ads in a Pumping System
is Located Aboye Where the Pump
the Suction Tank. (Static
Suction Head)

533
17A
 A

TOTAL STATIC
H EA D

STATIC

STATIC
SU CT ION
HEAD

Fig. 2-b Suction Head —

Showing Static Heads in a Pumping System Where the Pump

ja Located Below the Suctjon Tank. (Static Suction Head)

17A-2 Capacity
Capacity (Q) is normally expressed in gallons per minute (gpm). A Area of pipe or conduit in square feet.
=

. Since Iiquids are essentially incompressible, there is a direct

relationship between the capacity in a pipe and the velocity of
Where
V = Velocity of flow in feet per
second.

*On vertical pumps the correction should be made to the

eye Cf

flow. This relationship is as follows: the suction or lowest impeller.

O = A X V or V =

17A-3 Power and Efficiency

The work performed by a pump is a function of the total head Q x TDH x Sp. Gr.
bhp
and the weight of the liquid pumped in a gíven time period. The = 60 x Pump EfficleflcY
pump capacity in gpm and the liquid specific gravity are normally the number
The consant 3960 is obtained by dvidng of one
used in the formulas rather than the actual weight of the liquid pounds for one horsepower (33000) by the weight
pumped. of water (8.33 pounds.)
¡5 greate’
m
Pump input or brake horsepower (bhp) is the actual horsepower The brake horsepower or input to a pump mech3
the
delivered to the pump shaft Pump output or hydraulic horse hydraulic horsepower or output due to
Therebare mi
power (whp) is the líquid horsepower delivered by the pump. hydraulic losses incurred in the pump.
These two terms are defined by the following formulas. efficiency is the ratio of these two values.

whp
— O x TDH X Sp. Gr. PumpEff=2P=-Q3960 X btip
— 3960 bhp

17A 534
17A-4 Specific Speed and Pump Type
Specific speed (Ns) is a non-dimensional design ndex used to The specific speed determines the general shape or class of the
classify pump impeilers as to their type and proportions. It is impeller as depicted in Fig. 3. As the specific speed increases,
def.ned as the speed in revolutions per minute at which a gea the ratio of the impeller oullet diameter, D
, to the in(et or eye
2
metrically similar Impeller would operate it it were of such a diameter, D, decreases. This ratio becomes 1.0 for a true axial
size as to deliver ono gallon per minute against one foot head flow impeller.
The understanding of this definition is of design engineering
significance only, however, and specific speed should be thought Radial flow mpellers develop head principally through centri
of only as an index used to predict certain pump characteristics. fugal force. Pumps of higher specific speeds develop head
The following formula is used fo determine specific speed: partly by centrifugal force and partly by axial force. A higher
— N/Q specific speed indicates a pump design with head generation
5
N — ---,-

more by axial forces and less by centrifugal forces. An axial

Where N = Pump speed in RPM flow or propeller pump with a specific speed of 10000 or greater
Q = Capacity in gpm at the best efficiency point generates t’s head exclusively through axial forces.
H Total head per stage at the best efficiency point
For double suction impellers, the total flow should Radial impellers are generally 10w flow high head designs where
be divided by twa in calculating the specific speed. as axial flow impellers are high flow 10w head designs.

Values of Specific Speed, N

5

1 1 l 1 1 liii
a a a o a a o o o o a o a a a a o o
a a a a a a o a o a a a a a a a a o
Ir) (O i- O O) a LO O a a a a a a a a a o
— O) ir) (O rS.. a a o Lo o

11
Radial-Vane Area Francis-Vane Area Mixed-Flow Area Axial-Flow Area Rotation
D 2
D
> 2 = 1.5to 2
1
U Dl

Fig. 3 Impeller Design Vs Specific Speed

175 Net Positive Sctin Head (NP$H) and Cavitation

The Hydraulic Institute defines NPSH as the total suction head It is obvious from the aboye that it we are to pump a fluid effec
ifl feet absoluto,
determined at the suction nozzle and corrected tively, we must keep it in liquid form. NPSH is simply a measure
lo datum, less the vapor pressure of the liquid in feet
absolute. of the amount of suction head present to prevent this vaporiza
Simply stated it is an analysis of energy conditions on the suc
tion at the lowest pressure point in the pump.
0 side of a pump to determine it the
tio
liquid will vaporize at the
lOWest pressure point in the pump. NPSH Required is a function of the pump design. As the liquid
The Pressure which a liquid exerts on its surroundings passes from the pump suction fo the oye of the impeller, the
is de velocity increases and the pressure decreases. There are also
pefldent upon its temperature. This pressure, called vapor pres
‘we is a unique characteristic of every fluid and increases pressure losses due fo shock and turbulence as the liquid strikes
th ‘ncreasing temperature. When the impeller. The centrifugal torce of the impeller vanes further
the vapor pressure within increases the velocity and decreases the pressure of the liquid.
reaches the pressure of the surrounding medium, the The NPSH Required is the positive head in feet absolute required
Id fluid
begins to vaporize or bou. The temperature at which this
at the pump suction fo overcome these pressure drops in the
alorization occurs will decrease as the pressure of the sur
pump and maintain the liquid aboye its vapor preasure. The
flding medjum decreases.
NPSH Required vanes with speed and capacity within any
Iiqui
increases greatly in volume when it vaporizes. One particular pump. Pump manufacturer’s curves normally provide
foot of water at room temperature becornes 1700 cu. ft. this information.
‘vapor at the same lemperature.

535 17A
 in which the pump
NPSH Available is a tunction of the system
liquid in feet absolute
operates. It is the excess pressure of the
pump suction. Fig. 4
over ls vapor pressure as it arrives al the
the NPSH AvalabIe
shows four typical suction systems with
each. It is import ant to correct for the
formulas applicable fo
aH terms to units of
specific gravity of the liquid and to convert
feet absolute’ in using the formul as.

SPHERE
SPHERE 4b SUCTION SUPPLY OPEN TO ATMO
4a SUCTION SUPPLY OPEN TO ATMO —with Suction Head
—wíth Suction Lft

L PB + LH — (Vp + hf)
LH
NPSHA P — (Vp + L + hf)

4d CLOSED SUCTION SUPPLY

4c CLOSED SUCTION SUPPLY —wtth Suction Head
—with Suction Lift
p

h)
L, =p + L —(Vp+

—
p — 5 + V + h)
(L

L = Maximum static suction Iift in feet.

PB Barometric pressure, in feet absolute. Minimum static suction head in
feet.
ng tem LH capaChl
Vp Vapor pressure of the liquid al maximum pumpi Friction loss in feel in suction pipe at required
hf
perature, in feet absolute.
tank, in
P Pressure on surface of liquid in closed suction
feet absolute.
conditiOfls.
n Heaci Available for typical suction
Fig. 4 Calculation of system Net Positive Suctio

17A 536
 ln an existing system, the
NPSH Available can be determined
by a gage reading on the pump The collapse, or ‘implosion” is so rapid that
suction. The following formula it may be heard as
applies: a rumbling noise, as it you were pumping
grave. The torces
during the colapse are generally high enough
fo cause minute
NPSHA V, pockets of fatigue failure on the impeler
=
—
± Gr + hv vane surfaces. This
Where Gr action may be progressive, and under severe
Gage reading at the pump suctior conditions can
i expressed cause serious pitting damage fo the impeler.
in feet (plus if aboye atmospheric,
minus it below
atmospheric) corrected fo the pump The accompanying noise is the easiest way
centerline. to recognize cavita
h Velocity head in the suction fian. Besides impeler damage, cavitation
pipe at the gage connec— normaily results in
tion, expressed in feet. reduced capacity due to the vapór presen
t in the pump. Aso,
the head may be reduced and unstable and
Cavitation is a term used to describ the power consump
e the phenomenon which tion may be erratic. Vibration and mechanical
occurs in a pump when there damage such as
5 insufficient NPSH Available. bearing failure can aso occur as a resu(t
The pressure of the iquid is reduce of operating in cavita
d to a value equal fo or below tion.
ts vapor pressure and small vapor
bubbles or pockets begin fo
form. As these vapor bubbles move The only way fo prevent the undesirable
along the impeler vanes to a effects of cavitation 5
higher pressure area, they rapidly to insure that the NPSH Available in the
colapse. system is greater than
the NPSH Required by the pump.

iA-6 Pump Characteristic Curves

The performance of a centrifugal pump
can be shown graphically 6 and 7. The head curve for a mixed flow
on a characteristic curve. A typical char pump is steeper than
actenstic curve shows for a radial fow pump. The shut-off
the total dynamic head, brake horsepower, head la usually 150% to
efficiency, and net 200% of the design head. The brake
positive suction head al plotted over horsepower remains fairly
the capacity range of constant over the flow range. For a
the pump. typical axial flow pump, the
head and brake horsepower both incre
ase drastically near shut
Fgures 5, 6, & 7 are non-dimensional curves off as shown in Fig. 7.
which indicate the
general shape of the characteristic
curves for the various types The distinction between the aboye three
of pumps. They show the head, brake classes is not absolute,
horsepower, and efficiency and there are many pumps with char
plotted as a per cent of their values acteristics falling sorne
at the design or best effi where between the three. For instanc
ciency point of the pump. e, the Francis vane impeler
would have a ciiaracteristic between
the radial and mixed flow
Fig. 5 shows that the head curve for classes. Most turbine pumps are also
a radial fow pump a rea in fhis same range de
ti/ely fiat and thaI the head decr pending upan their specific speeds.
eases gradually as the flow
increases. Note that the brake horsep Fig. 8 shows a typical pump curve
ower increases gradually as furnished by a manufac
ayer the flow range wirh the maximum turer. It is a composite curve which
normally at the point of telis at a glance what the
maximum flow. pump wil do at a gven speed with
various impeler diamelers
Mixed fow centr;fugai pumps and ax:al from maximum to minimum. Constant
flow or propeller pumps horsepower, efficiency, and
have considerably dfferent character NPSHR linos are superimposed over the variou
istics as shown in Figs. s head curves.
It is made up from individual test curves
at various diameters.

1 60
z
o
3- 1 40 z
z 140
(O a
120 >-
ca
120
z (.)
u o
o ca
100
1- loo o
LU

1— 101
o 80
u 80 80 y—
a cf,
60 1 Ui
u 60
O ° 60 °
Ii u
— 40 o o
z 40 40
Ui _.

20 z z
u u-
o 20 20
Ui
3-o o o
Ui Li
oc- 00
o 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
POR CENT OF DESIGN FLOW

Fig. 5 Radial Flow Pump

537
17A
 .

PER CENT OF HEAD AT DESTGN POINT

)
PER CENT OF HEAD AT DESIGN POINT
a) a) 0 t) () t) tZ ( C.
o a) O )
8 O O O O O O a) a)
O O O O O O

-u
m
:xj -u
o m
:p. o
(O m
J O z
‘1 —1
o o
11
m
cj
w o
a)
O o.
o
o
-u o ‘1
-O r
O
•0
8

po
O

O
O rs) a)
O (5) (5) (5)
0 O rs) a) a) O
8o o t 0
o o o
O O O O O (5) . a)
PER CENT OF B.H P AT DESPGN PONT O O O O
PER CENT OF B.H.P. AT QESiGN POINT
O (5) a) a)
O O 0 0
8 O po a) a) -
O O O O O
PER CENT OF BEST EFFICIENCY O
PER CENT OF BEST EFFCIENCY
 _____
____

;r:.: CENTRIFUGAt PUMP HAR.AaERISTcs RPM 1750 as 683

EE.V
SIZt 2X3-13 5TEE
.:::
— IMP.OWG4Q 00-5
PArnRN 53973 5397
• a;:: :E :::
EYRAR 766 SON

‘;:Éi !HI
GOL

°H:
20—

o -

00 50 00 5O 300 350 400 450

GALLONS Pu MINUTI

Fig. 8 Composite Performance Curve

jj_7 Mfiniy Lws

The affinity aws express the mathematical relationship betwee
n EXAMPLE
Ihe several variables involved in purnp performance. They apply
To illustrate the use of these laws, refer to Fig. 8. It shows
fo aH types of centrifugal and axial flow pumps. They are the
as performance of a particular pump at 1750 rpm with
foUows: various
impeller diameters. This performance data has been determined
1. With impeller diameter, D, held constant: by actual tesIs by the manufacturer. Now assume that you have
a 1 3” maximum diameter impeller, but you want to belt dríve
= Where O Capacity, GPM
A —

the pump at 2000 rpm.

02 2
N H Total Head, Feet
BHP = Brake Horsepower The affinity laws usted under 1 aboye will be used lo determ
ine
’..N
2
H
) N Pump Speed, RPM the new performance, with N 1 1750 rpm and N2 = 2000 rpm.
The first step is lo read the capacity, head, and horsepower
1
BHP 3
,‘Ni’. at
c 8H
\
2
) .N
several points on the 13” dia. curve in Fig. 10, For examp
le,
P one point may be near the best efficiency point where
the ca
2. With speed, N, held constant: pacity is 300 gpm, the head is 160 ft, and the bhp is approx
.
20 hp.
A. -- = -

02 2
D
300 1750
6 —

02 = 343 gpm
.D
2
H
)

C 160 /1750\2
BH
\
2
) DP H
=
2 209ft.
When the performance 20
, & BHPI known at sorne partic 1750
‘
3
N
ular Speed (N.j Dr BHP
2 ‘20Ó0) 2
BHP = 30 hp
diameter (D:), the formulas can be used to =
estimate the performance
) Dr diameter (D
2
CN (02, H
, & BHP
2 ) atsome otherspeed
2
). The efficiency remains nearly constant for
2
‘peed changes and
for sma)l changes in impeller diameter.

539
17A
 —

the speed required

ncy point on the new 2000 rpm In other words assume you want fo determine
This will then be the best efficie to make a rating of 343 gpm ata head of 209 ft. You would begin
ing the same calculations for several other the aftinity laws to convert
curve. By perform by selecti ng a trial speed and applyi ng
a new curve can be drawn which
points on Ihe 1750 rpm curve, the desired rating to the corresp onding rating at 1750 rpm. When
the pumps perform ance at 2000 rpm, Fig. 9. rpm in this case, the cor
will approximate you arrive at the correct speed, 2000
to solve this problem in reverse. the 13” diameter curve.
Trial and error would be required responding 1750 rpm rating will fali on

APPROXIMATE
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
260 OF
H-O 2000 RPM
CENTRIFUGAL PLJMP

FIGURE 3196 SIzE 203-13

AVES. RPM. 2000 DATE
220 13’ OlA IMP.

200 100 1
H-O

180 90
m 1-

[:1 :
l2S E6o
loo

. 80

60
40

30

40 20 ‘‘ LJ44_-

: ___
10 750 RPM

j
20 20 B.I-I.P

o o Dv :i320 II4011i: 4102 560

80 60 240

GALLONS RES MINUTE

Fig. 9

17A-8 System Curves Consider the application of a pump sized

for 100 gpm at 250’
ugal pump
For a specified impeller diameter and speed, a centrif curve as shown in Fig.
The point where TDH, with a relatively fIat performance
has a fixed and predictable perform ance curve.
will shut off at 254’ TDH. At the maxmum
Ihe character 11. Note that the pump
operate s on its curve is depend ent upon deliver ’ng fluid, as
( pump system in which the pump is operating, commonly discharge tank pressure, the pump wilI stop
of the than the pump TDH.
system head the system head is greater
called the “System Head Curve”. By plotting the
static system head
5
curve and pump curve together, we can feO: A second consideration associated with
Fig. 11 al the
consider
1. Where the pump will operate on its curve. motor overload en pump runout. Again, will
under discussiOn
2. What changes will occur if the system head
curve or minimum system head of 243’. The pump menlo wifl
ower require
the pump perform ance curve chango s. deliver 130 gpm against 243’ head. Horsep gpm. A
12.0 BHP at 130
increase from 8.9 BHP at 100 gpm to
service.
STATJC SYSTEM HEAD 10 HP motor could be overloaded on this
linos are over largo increaseS
fl
Consider the system shown in Fig. 10. Smce the NPSH problems may also arise when Of trw
the friction head is small compared TDH the NPSH R
sized and relatively short, occur. At the rating of 100 gpm at 250’ loWe’
head will be is 13’. At the
to the static head. For this exampíe, the systern pump is only 10’ while the system NPSHA cavitatbdl’
considered as entirely static, with the friction neglected. 13.5’ NPSH and
system head of 243’ the pump requires
Assume the fluid being handled has 1.0 Sp. Gr. NPSHA
is 13’. will probably occur.
requirement islOO gpm. Since the system head is made with a characte(b5l
The flow
not A better selection would be a pump tM
up entirely of elevation and pressure differences, it does teristic will limlt
shown n Fig. 12. The steeper charac TDH.
with ílow. 110 gpm at 243’
vary to between 90 GPM at 257’ TDH and mean
in capaci ty at low head condition wjll ma
The normal system head is 250’ TDH (19’ elevation differe
nce small increase gpm, me
is 110
plus 231’ pressure difference). Since the discharge veesel
pres motor overload. Since the maximum flow
will not cavitate.
sure may vary *3 psi, the system head wilI vary betwee
n 243’ mum NPSHR will be 12’ and the pump
and 257’.

17A 540
 OHP TOH Fi.

—L

NPSH
(Ji
T1

B4rP TDH FT.

a

(L O 1fl O (ir
O O O O O

-‘3

m
Q Ü1
O ri
c
JJ
m
ci

-4 O

o
-U--

+
O

2
r’ II
O
O O

NPSH
DYNAMIC SYSTEM HEAD
es with
In frictional systems where resistance to flow increas
system head charac teristic becom es curved . The mag
flow, the
nitude of the systern head át each flow is the summation of the
systern static head plus the total friction losses at that particular
flow rata. A typical example of this type of system is shown in
Fig. 13.

130’

1500’ — 6” Wrought Pipe

SYSTEM HEAD
— CURVE — —
— — -

fr. 160 —

U2
w
u — FRICT ONAL E3JSTANCE

EEEEEz:
140 ;;;

120
STATIC HEAD DFFERENC2

100

EEEE
1
fr.
80

2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1
CAPACITY GPM x 1000

Fig. 13

Unlike the static systern, the friction systern is always self

correcting to sorne degree. Consider the aboye system with a
flow requirernent of 6000 gprn at 150’ TDH. Also assume that the
discharge tank level may drop 10’. The new systern head curve
wilf be parallel to the original one, but 10’ lower as shown in
Fig. 14. Flow under this reduced head will be 6600 gpm at 144’ 1-

rather than the normal 6000 gpm at 150’. This increased flow o
rate wilI tend to ralee the discharge tank level back to normal.
4

(1
The frictional resistance of pipes and fittings will florease as 4
they wear, resulting in greater curvatura of the system head z
o
curve. A slight drop in the pump head curve may also result from 4
increasing purnp wear and recirculation. These changas wiil 1-
o
have lees effect on the flow in a dynamic system (steep curve)
fr

than in a static system (fiat curva).

CAPACITY GPM X 1000

Fig 14

542
 PARALLEL OPERATON
Special care must be taken in selec
It is sometimes desirable fo ting pumps for parallel
use two or more pumps in parallel operation. Consideration must be give
rather than a single larger n to single pump operation
pump. This is particularly advan in the system as well as parallel
tageaus when the system operation. Consider the system
flow requirements vary greatly. One shown in Fig. 15. The NPSH avail
pump can be shut down when able is plotted along with
the flow requirement drops, allow the system head. Since entrance
ng the remaining pump or pum and Nne Iosses increase with
ps fo operate closer fo their peak increases in flow, the NPSHA
efficiency. It also provides decreases with flow increases.
an opportunity for repairs or main
tenance work on one unit The flow required 5 16,000 gpm.
without shutting down the entire We want fo use two pumps in
system. paraHel, but each must be capable of
single operation.

80’

1000’—29” Wrought Ppe

40

175 1
I1J 30
z
150
20
C)

1
1-
o
1—

CAPACITY GPM x 1000

Fig. 15

The total system head

at 16,000 gpm is 140’. Each pum
be sized for 8000 p must The head-capacity pump curve
gpm at 140’ TDH. NPSH for each for parallel operation is plotted
be less than pump must by adding the capacities of each
28’ for parallel operation. Consider pump for several different
P’Jmps each wifh applying two heads and plotting the new capacity
characteristics as shown in Fig. at each head. The shut-off
lO Study 16. ln order head br the two pumps in parallel is
both parallel and single the same as for single opera
Capacity curv pump OperatiOn, the head
es for both single and parallel tion. The NPSH curve is plotted in the
operation must be same manner as shown in
Otted With the Fig. 16. For example, the NPSHR for
system head curve. one pump at 8000 gpm is
14’. Therefore, in parallel operation
16,000 gpm can be pumped
with 14’ NPSHR by each pump.
‘1

543
The curve show thai each pump will deliver 8000 gpm at 140’
TDH when operating in paraflel. Brake horsepower for each unit
wiIl be 340 HP. NPSHR is 14’. NPSHA is 28’.

With only one pump operating, the flow wiII be 11,000 gpm at
108’ TDH. BHP will be 355 HP. NPSHR is 26’ and NPSHA is 30’.
A 400 HP motor would be required.

This example shows that it a 350 HP motor had been selected

based on parallel operation only, the motor would have been
overloaded in single pump operation. The single pump operation
is also critical in terms of NPSH. For example, if the system
NPSHA had been in the neighborhood of 20’, parallel pump
operation would have been fine, but single pump operation
would result in cavitation.

O 2 8 8Ot2l4 6 8 OJ 02

Fig. 16

17A-9 Basic Formulae and Symhos

FORMULAS SYMBOLS
GPM = gallons per minute
500 x Lb.
GPM Lb. pounds
= Hr. x Sp. Gr.
Hr. = hour
Sp. Gr. = specilic gravity
2.31 x psi
H= H = head in feet
Sp.Gr.
psi = pounds per square inch
In. Hg. = inches of mercury
1.134x1n.Hg.
H= h, = velocity head in feet
Sp. Gr.
y = velocity in feet per second
g = 32.16 ft/sec
2 (acceleration of gravity)
2
V
= = .0155 V
2
A = area in square inches
— GPM x 0.321 — GPM x 0.409 1.0. = inside diameter in inches
y BHP = brake horsepower
—— A — 2
(ID.)
Eff. = pump effíciency expressed as a decimal
GPM xHxSp.Gr. = GPM x psi = specific speed
BHP N = speed in revolutions per minute
3960 x Ef f. 1715 x Eff.
y = peripheral velocity of an ¡mpeller in feet per second
— GPM x H x Sp. Gr. O = impeller in inches
Eff
3960xRHP

—
N

-
1
H

H =
2g

NxD
v---

DEG. C = (DEG. F — 32) X 5/9

DEG. F = (Deg. C x 9/5) + 32

17A 544
 Section liB
PumpApplicationData
]7B-1 Corrosion & Materials of Gonstructi
Corrosion is the destructive attack of a metal by chemical
Dr the complete destruction of the mechanical properties of the
electro-chemical reaction with ts environment. It is important
steel for the depth of the attack. Solution annealing or the use
to understand the various types of corrosion and factors affect
of extra 10w carbon stainless steeis will eliminate intergranular
ng corrosion rate to properly select materials.
corrosion.
Types of Corrosiori (4) Pitting Corrosion is a localized rather than uniform type of
(1) Galvanic corrosion is the electro-chemical action produced attack. It is caused by a breakdown of the protective film and
when one metal is in electrical contact with another more noble results in rapid pit formation at random iocations on the surface.
metal, with both being immersed in the same corroding medium
(5) Crevice or Concentration CeII Corrosion occurs in joints or
called the electrolyte. A galvanic ccli is formed and current
smali surface imperfections. Portions of the hquid become
flows between the two materials. The least noble material
trapped and a difference in potential is established due to the
called the anode will corrode while ihe more noble cathode will
oxygen concentration difference in these celis. The resulting
be protected. It is important that the smaller wearing parts o a
corrosion may progress rapidly leaving the surrounding area
pump be of a more noble material than the larger more massive
unaffected.
parts, as in an ron pump with bronze or stainless steel trim.
(6) Stress Corrosion is the failure of a material due to a com
Following is a galvanic series listing the more common metais
bination of stress and a corrosive environment, whereas the
and alloys:
material would not be affected by the environment aione.
Corroded Erid (Anodic, or Nickel base alloy (active) (7) Erosion-Corrosion is the corrosion resuiting when a metals
least noble) Brasses protective film is destroyed by high velocity fluids. It is dis
Magnesium Copper tinguished from abrasion which is destruction by fluids contain
Magnesium Alloys Bronzes ng abrasive solid particies.
Zinc Copper-Nickel Alloy
Aluminum 2S Monel pH Values
Cadmium Silver Solder The pH of a liquid is an indication of its corrosive qualities,
Aluminum 17ST Nickel (Passive) either acidic or alkaline. It is a measure of the hydrogen or
Steel or ron Nickel Base Alloy (Passive) hydroxide ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter. pH
Cast lron Stainless Steel, 400 Series value is expressed as the logarithm to the base 10 of the re
Stainless Steel, 400 Series (Passive) ciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration. The scale of pH
(Active) Stainless Steel, Type 304 values is from zero to 14, with 7 as a neutral point. From 6to zero
Stainless Steel, Type 304 (Passive) denotes increasing hydrogen ion concentration and thus in
(Active) Stainless Steel, Type 316 creasing acidity; and from 8 to 14 denotes increasing hydroxide
Stainless Steel, Type 316 (Passive) ion concentration and thus increasing alkalinity.
(Active) Silver
Lead-tin Solders The table below outlines materials of construction usually
Graphite recommended for pumps handling liquids of known pH value.
Lead Goid
rin
Nickel (Active)
Platinum
Protected End (Cathodic, or
L oH Value
10 to 14
Material of Construction
Corrosion Resistant Alloys
most noble)
8 to 10 Ah Iron
(2) Uniform Corrosion is the overall attack 6 to 8 Bronze fitted or Standard fitted
on a metal by a
CO(rOding liquid resulting in a relativeiy uniform metal 4 fo 6 AlI Bronze
loss over
the exposed surface. This is the most common O to 4 Corrosion Resistant Alloy Steels
type of corrosion
Od it can be minimized by the selecti
on of a material which
Offers resistance to
the corroding liquid. The pH value should only be used as a guide with weak aqueous
solutions. For more corrosive solutiona, temperature and chem
() Ifltergranular corrosion is the precipitation of chromium ical composition should be carefuily evaluated in the selection
Carbdes at the grain boundaries of
stainless steels. It results in of materials of construction.

545 17B
 17-2 Materials Selection Chart
This chart is intended as a guide in the selection of economical
C.l.— Cast Iron, ASTM A48.
materials. It must be kept in mmd that corrosion rates may vary
D.l.— Ductile Iron, ASTM A536.
widely with temperature, concentration, and the presence of trace
Steel Carbon Steel, ASTM A216-WCA or WCB.
—

elements or abrasive solids. Blank spaces ndicate a Iack of accurate Brz. — Anti-Acid Bronze, Similar te ASTM B143A2.
corroson information for those specific conditions.
316SS Stainless Steel, ASTM A744 Gr. CF-8M, AISI 316.
—

In general, the chart is limited to those metais regularly furnished by GA-20 Carpenter Stainless No. 20, ASTM A744 Gr. CN-7M.
—

Goulds. Goulds also furnishes pumps and paris in non-metallic CD4MCu Stainless Steel, ACI CD-4MCu.
—

materials. Refer te Section 3 (Non-Metallic Mon Monel Grade E, ASTM A744 Gr. M-35.
Chemical! Process) or
—
—

the local Goulds Sales Office for additional information. Following is Ni— Nickel, ASTM A744 Gr. CZ-100.
a list of the metals with their appropriate designations. H-B — Hastelloy Alloy-B, ASTM A494
H-C — Hastelloy Alloy-C, ASTM A494.
Ti— Titanium Unalloyed, ASTM B367 Gr. C-1.
Zi— Zirconium

Code
A—Fully Satisfactory. C—Limited Use.
B—Useful Resistance. X—Unsuitable.

Steel
Ci.

. Corrosive
Acetaldehyde, 70’ E.
Aceuc Acid, 70’ F.
DI.
8
X
Brz.
A
A
A
A
GA-20
A
A
CD4MCu
A
A
Mon
A
8
NI
A
8
H-8 H-C
A
TI
A A
A A A A
Acetic Acid, < 50%, Te Beiling X B A A B 8 8 C A A A
‘ Acetic Acid, > 50%, Te Boiling X X B A C
! o o x A A
Acetene, Te Beiling A A A A A A A A A A A
Aluminum Chleride, < 10%, 70’ E. X 8 C B c 8 e A 8 A
AIuminum chlonde, > 10%, 70’ E. X X C B c C x A 8 A
Aluminum Chleride, < 10%, Te Beiling X X X C x x x A X A
Aluminun, Chieride, > 10%, Te Soiling X X X X x x x A x X A
Aluminum Sulphate, 70’ E. X B A A A 8 8 8 8 A A
Aluminurn Sulphate, < 10%, Te BoIng X 8 8 A 8 x x A A A A
Aluminum Sulphate, > 10%, To Beiling X C C B e
,

x x 8 8 c B
Ammonium chtohde, 70’ E,
‘

Arnrnonium Chloride, < 10%, Te Boiling

X J X J 8 B 8 B 8 A A A
‘ X X 8 8 c 8 8
Ammonwm Chieride, > 10%, Te Boiling
A A A
X X X C x e o
Ammonum Fluesílicate, 70’ E. c c c
X X C B C x x
Ammonium Sulphate, < 40%, Te BeiJing e x x
X X 1 8 B e 8 8 O A A
1
• Arsenic Acid, lo 225’ F. C 8 C x x
Sarium Chloride, 70’ F. < 30% X 8 C O C O 8 8’ B 8 8
Bar;um Chioride, < 5%, To Boiling X O C 8 0 8 8 B O A A
Barium Chloride, > 5%, Te Boihng i x o x c x c c c e c c
Barium Hydrexide, 70’ E. B X A A A B A B B A A
Banum Nitrate, Te Sofling O X 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Barium Sulphide, 70’ E. C X 8 8 8 X X A A
Benzeic Acid
Beric Acid, To Beijing
: X
X
C
e
B
8
8;
8
B
8
O
O
B
C
Al
A
A
A
A
B
A
8
Beron Trichloride, 70’ E. Dry B B 8 8 B 8 B B 8
( ‘)I Boron Triflueride, 70’ E. 10%, Dry 8 B 8 A O A A A
Brine (acid), 70’ F. x x x x x B B
Bromne (dry), 70’ F. x x x x x X X
. C 8 B X
Bromine (wet), 70’ F. x x x x x x__ c O X
Calcium Bisulphite, 70’ E. x x O 8 O x A
x B A
Calcium Bisulphite, Te Hot x x c B c x A
x C A
Calciuni Chlonde, 70’ E. 8 c 8 8 B 8 B A
A A A
catcium Chloride, < 5%, Te Boiling c O B B 8 A A
A A A A
Calcium Chioride, > 5%, Te Beiling x c c B O O B
c c A A
Calcium Hydroxlde, 70’ F. 8 8 8 8 8 A
8 O A
Calcium Hydroxide, < 30%, Te Boitng c o 8 O 8 8 A
B A
Calcium Hydroxide, > 30%, Te Bo1ing x x o c O A
o c 8
Calcium Hypochiorite, < 2%, 70’ F. x x x c x A A
x x A
Calcium Hypechiorite, > 2%, 70’ F. x x x o x A 8
x x B
Carbelic Acid, 70’ F. (phenol) e O A A A A A
A A A A
Carben Bisulphide, 70’ F. O O A A A A
6 B
Carbonic Acid, 70’ F. 8 c A A A A A
c 8 A A
Carbon Tetrachleride, Dry lo BeiJing B 8 A A A A A A A
O 8
Chloric Acid, 70’ F. x x x 8 c x x x o
Chierinated Water, 70’ E. O e 8 O B A A
A
Chlereacetic Acid, 70’ E. x x x A 8
Chloresulphenic Acid, 70’ F. x x x O x x x A A 8 x
Chremic Acid, < 30% x x O A A
8 o x x B
citric Acd x c A A A
A A o c A A
Cepper Nitrate, te 175’ E. x x 8 8 8
6 x x x A
Copper Sulphate, Te Boiling x O c A
8 c x x A
Cresylic Acid e O 8 8 O c e B O xl
cuprc Chieride x c 8
x x x c x
Cyanohydrin, 70’ F, c 8 1,,,
8 O

546
 Steel
Corrosjve c.I.
8.!. Brz. 316SS GA-20 CD4MCu
Dichloroelhane Mon Ni H-B H-C Ti ZI
Diethyiene Glycol, 70’ F. c a 8 8 8 C a a a A
Dnitrochlorobenzene, 70’ F. A 8 A A A 8 8
(dry) 8 8 8 A
c 8 A A A A
Ethanolamine, 70’ F. A A A A A A
Ethers, 70’ E. B x B a a c X
8 8 a A A A
Ethyl Alcohol, To Boiling A S 8 B
A A A B A A
EthyI Ceilulose, 70’ E. A A A A
A 8 B
A A A A
Ethyl Chloride, 70’ E. B 8 B 8
c 8 B a A A
Etnyl Mercaptan, 70’ E. 8 A a 8 B
c x a 8 8 A A
Ethyl Sulphale, 70’ E, A B
c 8 a a
ErNylene Chlorohydrin, 70’ 8 A 8 8
E.
Ethylene Dichioride, 70’ E. C 8 B a 8 8 8 a a A
Ethylene Glycol, 70’ E. C 8 8 8 8 A
8 8 8 C
8 a 8 a A A
Ethylene Oxide, 70’ E. 8 8 8 A
C x 8 A A A
8 8 8 8
Perno Chionide, < 5%, 70’ F. A A A A
Pernio Chlonde, > 5%, 70’ F. x X X X X A
Pernio Nltrate, 70’ F. X X X X X A 8
X X X 8
Fernic Sulphate, 70’ F, 1< X B A 8 B X
x x B
! Fenraus Sulphate, 70’ E, X X C 8 C C C 8
x O O 8 B 8
j Formaldehyde, To Boiling
Fcrmic Acid, lo 212’ E.
8 8 A A
0
A
C
8
C B 8 A A
X B a B A
Freon,70’F. 0 X A 8 A
C C A A
A A A A C A
Hydroohlonic Acid, < 1%, 70’ E. A A A A
x A A A
Hydrochlonic Acid, 1—20%, 70 E. x c a c
x a 8 B A
Hydrochlonc Acid, > 20%, 70’ F. x x x x 8 A
x x x c a
x x x x A

. Hydnochlonic Acid, < ½%, 175’ F.

l-lyarochlonc Acid, ½—2%, 1 75’ E.
Hydrocyanic Acid, 70’ E.
Hydrogen Peroxide, < 30% < 150’ E,
x
x
x
C
x
x
X
o
x
C
c

B
c
x
C
x
x
x
C
X
X
X
C
C
a
B
C
8
A
a
C
X
X
x
B
A
A
Hydrotluonic Acid, < 20%, 70’ E. X B 8 8
x 8 8 a a
Hydnofluoric Acid, > 20%, 50’ F. a x a c A A
x c C C a
Hydrot(uonic Acid, To Boiling o x c x x x
x o C C 8
x x x• x X X
Hydnolluorslicic Acid, 70’ F.
Ix C 8 0
c x C X X
Lacto Acid, < 50%, 70’ E.
X
8
8 A A A
Lactic Acid,> 50%, 70’ E. X C B
X 8 8 8 a A A
Lactio Ac:d, < 5%, To Boilíng 8 C C a
X X C 8 1 8 A A
L:me Slurnes, 70’ F. C X X 8
8 8 B a 8 A A
A a B 8
Magnesim Chlonde, 70’ E. 8 8 a
C C 8 A
Magnesium Chioride, < 5%, To Soiling 8 C C A
X C C 8 A A A
Magnesium Chionide, > 5%, To 8oilng C C C
Magnesium Hydroxide, 70’ F.
X
a
C 1 X C X C C
A
a
A
a a
A A
Magnesum Sulphate A 8 8 A 8
C
8 A 8 B
Maleic Acid 0 8 A 8
A
8 B
Mercaptans
O c a 1 8 8 C C
C
8
C 8 8
A X A A 8 A
Mercurio Chionde, < 2%, 70’ E. A X X
X X X X
Mercurous Nitrate, 70’ E, X X C
O X 8 8 A A
Methyl Alcohol, 70’ F. 8 8 C
A A A A c
A A A A
Naphthalene Sulphonic Acd, 70’ E. A A A
X C 8 8
Napthalenic Acid, To Hot 8 C C 8
C C 8 8
Nckel Chlonide, 70’ E.
X X C
8 B ¡ C C B 8
Niokel Sulphate 8 C C X
X C 8
‘
A 8 8
8 8

.
Nlnio Acid C
Nitrobenzerte, 70’ E. x x 8 8 B x
C
x
B A
A C A A A a a
Nitroetharte, 70’ E. B a 8
A A A A B A
Nitropropane, 70’ E. A A A A A
A A A A A A
Nitrous Acid, 70’ E. A A A A
x x x A A A
Nitrous Oxide, 70’ E. c x x x
C C C C C
Oleic Acid X X C
O C B 8 8.
Oleum, 70’ F. C O C
a x 8 a C C C
Oxalic Acid a x x a
, X C C 8 a a
Palmitjc Acid
C C C 8 B X A
a a 8 A
PhenoL(see carbolio acid) a a 8
Phosgene, 70’ F.
Phosphonc Acid, < 10%, 70’ F. C C 8 8 8 C
x C A 8 8
Phosphonic Acid, > 10—70%, 70’ E. A A C CIA
x O A A A A A
Phosphonc Acid, < 20%, 175’ F. A C C 8 O
x C a B 8
a a
Phosphorio Acid, > 20%, 175’ F. O C A
< 85% x O C 8 A C 8
Phosphoric Acid, > 10%, Bou, C C C a
< 85% x C x C C C
Phthajio Acid, 70’ F. C C O C
O a 8 C C C C
Phthaljo Anrtydride, 70’ E. A 8 a
Pieno Acid, 70’ F. a C A A A A
8
A
a 8 A A
x x A A
Potassium Carbonate C 8 O C x
a 8 A A a
Potassuum Chiorate A
Potassuum Chlonide, 70’ F.
a O A A A
8
C
8 8 a A A
O C 8 A
Potassium Cyanide, 70’ F. C a A 8 a A
B 8 a a A A
Potassium Dichromate x B a a C
8 C 8 a
POtassium Fennicyanide a A A A 8
C 8 a A A
Potassium Ferrocyanide, 70’ F. 8 8 a 8 B
x 8 8 a A A
Potassium Hydroxide, a a 8 a B
70’ F. C 8 a a 8
C 8 A a A A 8 C a A

547
17B
 Steel
ci.
Corrosive DI. Brz.316SS GA-20 CD4MCu Mon NI H-B H-C Ti J Zi
Potassiun, Hypochiorite X C C 8 c x x B A
Potassium adido, 70’ F. C O B B 8 8 B 8 8 A A
Potassium Permanganato O B 8 8 B C B 8
Potassium Phosphate C O B 8 8 8 8
Sea Water, 70’ F. 0 8 B A B A A A A A - A
Sodium BsuIphate, 70’ F. X C C O C C C 8 8 B A
Sodium Oromide, 70’ F. 8 C 8 8 8 8 B 8 8
Sodium Carbonate 8 8 8 A O B B 8 8 A A
Sod,um Chiando, 70’ F. C B 8 8 8 A A B 8 A A
Sodium Cyanide B X O B 8 X X B
Sodium Dichrornate O X B O B 8
Sodium Ethylate B A A A A A A
Sodium Fluoride C C B B 8 B B C C B B
Sodium Hydroxide, 70’ F. B 8 8 A O A A A A A A
Sodium Hypochiorite X X C C C X X O A O
Sodium Lactate, 70’ F. B C C O C C O C
Stannic Chtonide, < 5%, 70’ F. X C X C X C C B O A A
Stannic Chiando, > 5%, 70’ F. X X X X X X X B C 8 8
Sulphite Liquors, To 175’ F. X C B B B C C 8 A
Sulphur (moflen) 8 X A A A C C C A A
Sutphur Dioxide (spray), 70’ F. C 0 8 B B C C 8 C
Sulphuric Acid, < 2%, 70 F. X C O A 8 0 C A A 8 A
Sulphunic Acid, 2-40%, 70’ F. X C 0 8 C O 0 A A X A
Sulphuric Acid 40% < 90% 70’ F. X X X B X X X A A X C
Sulphuric Acid, 93—98%, 70’ F. B X 8 B B X X 8 8 X C
Sulphuric Acid, < 10%, 175’F. X C X 8 X X X A C X 8
Sulphuric Acid, 10—60% & > 80%, 175’ F. X X X B X X X O C X C
Sulphuric Acid, 60-80%, 175’ F. X X X X X X B
X C X C
Sulphuric Acid, < %%, Ooiting X X C O C X X 0 0 X 1 8
Sulphunic Acid, ,4-4O%, Ooiling X X X C X X X B C X 8
Sulphuric Acid, 40—65% & > 85%, Bou X X X X X
1 X X X X X
Sulphuric Acid, 65—85%, Boiling X X 1 X X X X X X X X X
Sulphuroua Acid, 70’ F. X C C 8 C X X 8 8 A 8
Titanium Tetrachlonide, 70’ F. C C 8 C C C
Tirchlorethylene, To Ooiling B C O B B 8 8 0 8 A A
Urea, 70’ F. C C 0 8 8 C C C C 1
Vinyl Acetato 8 0 8 B O B 1
Vinyl ChIando O C 8 8 8 C i C C 8 A
Water, To Soiling B A A A A A A A A A A
Zinc Chioride C C O A B 0 5 8 A A
; Zinc Cyanide, 70’ F. X 8 8 0 B 8 0 8 8 8 8
Zinc Sulphate X C A A A C C C C A

J7B-3 Piping Design

C >he design of a piping system can have an important effect Qn
the successful operation of a centnifugal pump. Such tems as
Higher velocities will increase the fniction ¡oss and can result Ifl
troublesome air or vapor separation. This is further complicated
sump design, suction piping design. suction and discharge pipe when elbows or tees are located adj acent to the pump suCtIOfl
sze, and pipe supports must aH be carefully considered. nozzle, in that uneven flow patterns or vapor separation keops
Selec.tion of the discharge pipe size is primaruy a matter of the (quid from evenly filling the umpeller. This upsets hydraullC
economics. The cost of the various pipo sizes must bo compared balance leading fo vibration, possible cavitation, and exceSSlVe
to the pump size and power cost required to overcome the shaft deflection. Shaft breakage or premature bearing failufe
resulting friction head. may result.

The suction piping size and design is far more important. Many Qn pump installations nvolving suction itt air pockets in me
centnifugal pump troubles are caused by poor suction coriditions. suction lino can be a source of trouble. The suction pipe sh0U
be exactly horizontal, or with a uniform slope upward frøm ti,
The suction pipe should never be smaller than the suction sump to the pump as shown in Fig. 1. There should be no
connection of the pump, and in most cases should be at least spots where air can collect and cause the pump t ¡050
one size larger. Suction pipes should be as short and as straight prime. Eccentnic rather than concentric reduCerS shQUld aIW3Y
as possible. Suction pipe velocities should be in the 5 to 8 feet be used,
per second range unless suction conditions are unusually good.

17B 548
 ELBO

(la) CORRECT
FOOT VALVE
(IF USED)

LONG RADIUS
ELBOW

SUCTION PIPE SLOPES GATE

UPWARDS FROM SOURCE VAL VE
OF SUPPLY

(ib) CORRECT

FOOT VALVE (IF USED)

STRANER

AIR POCKET BECAUSE ECCENTRIC REDUCER

IS NOT USED AND BECAUSE SUCTION
PIFE DOES NOT SLOPE GRADUALLY
UPWARD FROM SUPPLY

CHECK
GATE VALVE SHOULD NOT BE BETWEEN VALVE
CHECK VALVE ANO PUMP

(ic) WRONG

Fig. 1 Air Pockets in Suction Piping

549 17B
It an elbow is required at the suction of a double suction pump,
it should be in a vertical position if at ah possible. Where it is
necessary for sorne reason fo use a horizontal elbow, it should
be a long radius elbow and there should be a minimum of two
diarnefers of straight pipe between the elbow and the purnp as
shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 shows the efiect of an elbow directly en
the suction. The hiquid wilh flow toward the outside of the elbow
and resuht in an uneven flow distribution into the two inhets of
the double suction impeller. Noise and excessive axial thrust
wilh result.

ECCENTRIC
REDUCER-WITH
TOP HORIZONTAL

ELBOW MUST BE
VERTICAL WHEN
NEXT TO PUMP

(2a) PERMISSIBLE (2b) WRQNG

Fig. 2 Elbows At Pump Suction

LI
Fig. 3 Effect of Elbow Directly on Suction

of the SUPP
I
t
There are several importani considerahons in the design of a The free discharge of hiquid aboye the surfaCe a ‘
entra1n
suction supply tank or surnp. It is imperative fhat the arnount of tank at or near the pump suction can cause taflk.
the
turbulence and entrained air be kept to a minimum. Entrained enter the pump. AH unes should be submerged in ‘
SflOWfl ¡t F4
air wihl cause reduced capacity and efficiency as wehl as vibra baffles should be used in extreme cases as
tion, noise, shaft breakage, Ioss of prime, and lar accelerated
corrosion.

17B 550
 ______

Fig. 4 Keepirlg Air Out of Pump

Improper submergence of
the pump suction Une can cause
vortex which is a swirling funnel a
of air from the surface direc
into the pump suction pipe. tly
ln addition to submergence,
location of the pipe in the sum the
p and the actual dimensions
the sump are also important of
in preventing vortexing
excess turbulence. and/or

Fig. 5 can be used as a guid

e ter minimum submergence
sump dimensions ter flows up to and
approximately 3000 gpm. Baff
can be used to help prevent les
vortexing in cases where it
pactical or impossible to main is im
tain the required submergence.
Fig. 6 shows three such baffling
arrangements.

16 r
—..‘____:•_
z
14
tH E-EE/ ..

12
/*

110

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

FEET PER SEC. = QUAN. (G.P.M.) x .321 G.P.M. xAO85

AHEA 2(inches) D2

Fig. 5 Minimum Suction Pipe Submerge

nCe and Sump Dirriensions

551
 ___

FLAT BAFFLE

-.--

WAÍ

SIDE VIEW SUCTION

TOP VIEW

(6b) (6c)
(6a)

Fig. 6 BaffIe Arrangements for Vortex Prevention

Large units (over 3000 gpm) taking their suction suppíy from multiple pump pit. Note that the pipe should always be Iocated
sumps require special attention. The larger the unit, the more near the back waIl and should not be subjected to rapid changes
important the sump design becomes. in direction of the flow pattern. The velocity of the water in the
area of the suction pipes should be kept below one foof per
Fig. 7 illustrates several preferred piping arrangements within a second to avoid air beng drawn into the pump.

í. ALT

.4—-

j /. 2 s UP

•.*— y. - 1 1 ps OR LESS F A = LESS TAN

, S=1¼T020
8D

.
-

O .4
-4

i ADD WALL THICK

NESS TO Q DIST.
ROUNO GR OGIVE
WALL ENOS. GAP
.4

AT REAR OF WALt.
APPX. 0/3

O
-4

3
e

>
•
9116 0

, Mili x45
PRElERED Q 75
c
=

Fig. 7 Piping Arrangements Within Mulliple Pump Pits

17B 552
 A beN should be used on the
end of the suction pipe fo limít Ihe considered. The amount of submerge
entrance velocdy to 3.5 feet nce required depends upan
per second. Also, a reducer at the the size and capacity of the individual
pump suction flange fo smooth pumps as well as on the
ly accelerate and stabilize the
flow nto the pump is desirable. sump design. Past experience is the best
guide for determining
the submergence. The pump manufac
The submergence of the turer should be consulted
suction pipe must also be carefully (or recommendations in the absence
of other reijable dafa.

;7B4 Suffii Box Seahng

The stuffing box of a pump provid
es an area in which to seal stuffing box (Fig. 3.) A bypass une from
against eakage out of the pump the pump discharge to
along the shaft. Packing and the lantern ring connection is norma
mechanical seals are the two devi lly used providing the
ces used to accomplish this pumped liquid is clean.

1
seal.
When pumping slurries or abrasive
iquids, it is necessary to
Packing inject a olean ubricating iquid from
an external source ínto
A typical packed stuffing box arrangem the lantern ring (Fig. 4.) A flow of from
ent is shown in Fig. 1. .2 to .5 gpm is desirable
it consists of: A) Five rings of packing, and a valve and flowmeter should be
B) A antern nng used for used for accurate control.
the injection of a Iubricating and/or flushin The seat water pressure should be
g liquid, and C) A from 10 fo 15 psi aboye the
gland to hoid the packing and maintain stuffing box pressure, and anything
the desired compression aboye this wilI only add to
for a proper seal. packing wear. The lantern ring is norma
lly located in the center
of the stuffing box. However, for extrem
ely thick siurries ike
The function of packing is fo control paper stock, it is recommended that
leakage and not to elimi the Iantern ring be located
nate it completely. The packing must at the stuffing box throat to prevent
be lubricated, and a flow stock from contaminating
of from 40 to 60 drops per minute out the packing.
of the stuffing box must be
maintained for proper lubrication.
The gland shown in Figs. 1-4 is a quen
ch type gland. Water,
The method of lubricating the packing oil, or other fluids can be injected nto
depends on the nature the gland to remove heat
of the liquid being pumped as well from the shaft, thus imiting heat trans
as on the pressure in the fer to the bearing frame.
stulfing box. When the pump stuffin This permits the operating temperatu
g box pressure is aboye re of the pump to be higher
atmospheric pressure and the liquid than the limits of the bearing and lubri
is clean and nonabrasive, cant design. The same
the pumped iquid itself will lubricate quench gland can be used to prevent
the packing (Fig. 2.) When the escape of a toxic c
the stuff:ng box pressure is below volatile liquid into the air around the
atmospheric pressure, a pump. This is called a
antern ring is employed and lubrica smothering gland, with an external liquid
tion is njected into the simply flushing away
the undesirable Ieakage to a sewer
or waste receiver.

Lantern Sealing Liquid Packing Gland

Ring Connection (Quench Type)
Stuffing
\
Box Atmospheric
Bush ing Fluid Pressure

Aboye
Atmospheric,.j1
Pressure

Sfuffing
lI
throat Leakage
Mechanical
Packing

1 Typical Stuffing Box Arrangemerit

(Description of Paris) Fig. 2 Typical Stuffing 8ox Arrangement
When Stuffirrg Box
Pressure is Aboye Atmospheric Pres
sure

553 17B
The Economical The large, straight-thru flow path of the
HYDRATUBE eliminates flow restrictions and
Hydratube Is clogging. The HYDRATUBE head is very eco
Ideal For High nomical because the process fluid only comes in
Viscosities And contact with the tubular diaphragm and check
valves. The design eliminates the need for costly
High Density high-alloy head materials.
Siurries Our economical tubular diaphragm in elastomer
materials can handle a broad range of corrosive
or erosive liquids.

Our Teflon PFA HYDRATUBE is available for

applications where solvents, amines or other
liquids are incompatible with elastomers.
The primary diaphragm of the HYDRATUBE®
head is normally made of elastomers, but PTFL
also available. It can provide an extra measure of
protection for pumping sulphuric acid and other
hard-to-handle fluids.

The PULSA Series

Has A Head For
Problem Solving

Hydratube FLOWS TO 787 GPH, PRESSURES ro 600 PS

SUCTION
Let The Ñpuiar The HYDRAC0NE iquid encl offers hydrauiic
diaphragm pumping precision ata very afford
I’Iydracone Handie able price for fiow rates up to 32.6 gai/hr and
Lower FIow’Rate pressures to 1200 psi. The PULSA 680, 340 and
Rl modeis are ah available with the HYDRACONE
Pumping Tasks This self-priming head features a conicai elas
tomer diaphragm and is particuiariy suited for
high-hift conditions, high viscosities and iow den
sity siurries. Sorne of its many apphications
inciude addition of corrosion inhibitors to water
suppiies, metering pesticides to irrigation water
and injection of plating soiutions for metal and
giass finishing. The HYDRACONE diaphragm
is availabie in a choice of high performance
eiastomers.

High-Precision Valves Reduce Down Time

PULSA Series vaives are designed for precise
dependabie pumping and for fast, easy service. -

• Bali type vaives are manufactured to the high

est degree of sphericity for precise seating and
metering accuracy.
• The baH chamber has a wide-ciearance fiow
path with controfled rise and four-point guiding
to assure good vaive action and vaive seat hife.
• Equafly precise disc vaives are offered for high
fiow apphications where the mass of a iarge bali
causes noise and reduced operating rfe.
• Vaives are compression seaied with a con
tained O-ring. Removai of two bolts is aH that is
required for service.
• in most instances, they can be removed and
serviced without dismanthng the piping.
• A high ciearance, resihent seat vaive is avaiiabie
for siurry application.

FLOWS ro 32.6 GPH, PRESSURES TO 1200 PSi

Hydracone

SUCTION
/ POMPE DOSEUSE: DOSING PUMP: BOMBA DOSIFICADORA:
UN PEU BASIC UN POCO
DE THEORIE T[IEORY DE TEORIA

PROPRIÉTES DUNE POMPE DOSEUSE CHARAOTERISTICS OF THE DOSINO PUMP CARACTERISTICAS DE UNA BOMBA DOSIFICADORA

Détinition Definition Definición

Les pompeS doseuses appartiennent A la Dosing pumps belong to the family of Las bombas dosificadoras pertenecen a la
famille des pompes volumétriques alternati reciprocatingvolumetricpumps. Differingfrom familia de las bombas volumétricas alternati
ves. A la différence des pompes de type centrifugal pumps, which generate speed, vas. A diferencia de las bombas de tipo
centrifuge, qui engendrent une vitesse, les dosing pumps generate volume. centrifugo, que generan una velocidad, las
pompes doseuses engendrent une cylindrée. bombas dosif icadoras generan una cilindrada.

Cycle de fonctionnement Operating cycle Ciclo de funcionamiento

La caractéristique principale de la pompe The principal characteristic of a dosing pump La principal caracteristica de la bomba dosif i
doseuse est d’avoir, par construction, une is that it has, by it’s construction, a variable cadora es que viene fabricada con una
cylindrée réglable. Toutes les pompes doseu sweptvolume. Ah OOSAPRO MILTON ROY dosing cilindrada regulable. Todas las bombas dosi
sas DOSAPRO MILTON ROY sont réglables en pumps are adjustable, while operating or at ficadoras DOSAPRO MILTON ROY den
marche ou A l’arrét, entre O et la valeur maxi rest, between 0% and 100% of the output regurseenrnarcha,pparaga, entre O y el
mum du débit u sur la plaque de marked on the pump nameplate. Oalor máximo del caudal leido en la placa de
caractéristiques. Being a reciprocating pump, the dosing pump características.
En tant que pompa alternative, a pompe shows two of it’s particularities : it generates a Corno bomba alternativa, la bomba dosifica
doseuse présente deux de ses particularités: pulsed flow and this practically independant dora presenta dos de sus particularidades
elle génére un débit pulsé et celui-ci dépend of the discharge pressure. These properties genera un caudal pulsatorio y éste depende
peu de la contrepression su refoulement. Len are illustrated in diagrams 1A,1B and 10. poco de la contrepresión a la impulsión. El
semble de ces propriétés est Ilustré sur les conjunto de estas propiedades está indicado
schérnas lA, iB, 1C. en los esquemas lA, iB, 10.

Propriétés Dosing pump Cara cte rísi i cas

d’une pompe doseuse characteristics de una bomba dosificadora
• Débit pulsé • Pulsed flow • Caudal pulsatorio
Une pompe doseuse est une pompe volu A dosing pump isa reciprocating pump with Una bomba dosificadora es una bomba
métrique alternative A cylindrée réglable. adjustable swept volume. volumetrica alternativa de cilindrada regu
Le cycle de fonctionnement d’une pompe The operating cycle of a simplex pump is lable. El ciclo de funcionamiento de una
simplex est illustré ci-dessous illustrated below: bomba simplex está indicado más abajo

.
PHASE REFOULEMENI
Fig. lA Refoulement Cylindrée DISCI-IARGE PHASE
Discharge Swept volume FASE IMPIJLSION
Débit instantané Impulsión Cilindrada
Instantaneous flow
Caudal instantáneo

Oebit horaire
Hourly tlowrate
Caudal horario
‘,V///Áz½W//L Temps
Time
Tiempo
Aspiration ‘ ¡
Suction \ / 1
Aspiración
1
s j
Cycle complet
Complete cycle
-_ Ciclo completo
PHASE ASPIRATION
SUCTION PHASE Stroke length
DEBIT HORAIRE Cylindrée x Nombre de cycles dana Iheure FASE ASPIRACION
=
Corsa
FLOW RAYE = Swept volume x Number of cycles per hour
CAUDAL HORARIO = Cilindrada x Número de ciclos por hora

DOSAPRO
MILTON
a S=dir=r5 Conp=-’.y
ROY 2.06
POMPE DOSEUSE: DOSING PUMP: BOMBA DOSIFICADORA:
UN PEU BASIC UN POCO
DETHEORIE THEORY DE TEORIA

PROPRIÉTÉS D’UNE POMPE DOSEUSE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DOSING PUMP CARACTERISTICAS DE UNA BOMBA DOSIFICADORA

Propriétés d’une Characteristics of Características de una

pompe doseuse (suite) the dosing pump (cont.) bomba dosilicadora (continuación)

• Débit Iinéaire • Flow • Caudal lineal

Le débit est une foncton linéaire de la The flow is proportional to the sweptvolume El caudal es una función lineal de la ciIn
cylindrée, donc de la course. and therefore the stroke length. drada, y por consiguiente de la carrera.
Le débit est également une fonction linéaire The flow is also proportional to the stroke Igualmente, el caudal es una función lineal
de la cadence, donc de la vltesse du moteur speed and therefore that of the motor. de la cadencia, y por consiguiente de la
d’entrainement. velocidad del motor de accionamiento.

DébitO
Flow O

Q max.

O max.
2 Reglage de course en %
Stroke setting in %
Fig. lB Regulación de carrera en %
Débit fluí
Zero 110w
Caudal nulo 0% 50% 100%

• Débit précis • Flow precision • Caudal preciso

Le débit est peu sensible aux variations de The flow is not affected by variations in El caudal es insensible a las variaciones de
la pression de refoutement. discharge pressure. la presión de impulsión.
La précision d’une pompe doseuse indus The accuracy otan industrial dosing pump, La precisión de una bomba dosificadora
trielle, installée dans les régles de rart, est correctly selected and installed, is generally industrial, instalada según las normas, ge
généralement meilleure que ± 0,5 % beber than ± 0,5 %. neralmente es mejor que 0,5

Debit O Pompo doseuse

Flow Q Dosing pump
Caudal O Bomba dosificadora

Pompo centrituge
Fig. 10 Centritugal pump ._—

Bomba centrífuga Pression P

Preasure P
Presión P

DOSAPRO
2.07 MILTON
cpay
A Sund5rd
ROY
 PrincipauX éléments Principal elements
d’une pompe doseuse Principales elementos
of a dosing pump de una bomba riosificadora
Les 3 principaux éléments d’une pompe
The 3 principal components of a dosing
doseuse sont pump Los 3 principales elementos de una
are bomba
Le dispositif d’entrainement
- dosificadora son
-The drive mechanism
L’ensemble mécanique El dispositivo de accionamiento

1
- -

-The mechanical assembly

Le doseur
- - El conjunto mecánico
-The hquid end
-El dosificador

D
Le dispositif d’entrainement The drive mechanism
Pompe doseuse El dispositivo accionamiento
• Electro-magnetic
électromagnétique • Bomba dosificadora
dosing pump electromagnética
Le dispostif d’entrainement d’une pompe
The drive mechariism otan electro-magne
doseuse électromagnétique est un élect tic El dispositivo de accionamiento de
ro dosing pump san electro-magnet pow una
aimant alimenté au travers d’un ered bomba dosificadora electromagnética
e by its own control electronics. The elect es
électronique de commande. L’éle ro un electro-imán alimentado por medio
ctro magnet and its control electronic de
aimant et son électronique de comman s are una electrónica de mando. El electro-im
de integral to the pump. án
sont intégrés á la pompe. y su electrónica de mando están integrado
s
a la bomba.

Pompe doseuse
• Electro-mechanical • Bomba dosificadora
é le ctroméca ni que
Cest généralement un moteur élect
dosing pump electromecánica
rique The drive mechanism of ari elect
qui constitue le dispositif d’entraTn ro Generalmente es un motor electrico el
ement mechanical dosing pump is generally que
dune pompe doseuse électromécaniq an compone el dispositivo de accionamiento
ue. electric motor. Occasionally, in the case de
Plus rarement, dans le cas de mon of una bomba dosificadora electromecánic
tages so called multiplex assemblies, one dosi a.
,--.. appelés multiplex, la pompe doseuse ng Más raramente, en el caso de mon
est pump is driven by another to which tajes
( entra7née par l’intermédiaire d’une autre
mechanically linked. Finally,
it is llamados multiplex, se acciona la bom
ba
pompe doseuse á laquelle elle est méca gas or dosificadora a través de otra bom
ni combustion engines are sometimes used ba
quement accouplée. Enfin Ion trouve . dosificadora a la que está mecánicam
parfois When the speed of the drive mechanism ente
des entrainements par moteur á expl is acoplada. Finalmente, a veces se encu
osion variable, the electro-mechanical dosing en
ou par moteur á gaz. Lorsque le disp pump tran accionamientos por motorde expl
ositif offers the possibility of variable stroke osión
d’entra?nement est á vitesse variable, speed. o por motor de gas. Cuando el dispositivo
la
pompe doseuse électromécanique motriz es de velocidad variable, la
offre bomba
alors la possibilité duna cadence dositicadora electromecánica ofrece,
variable. enton
ces, la posibilidad de una cadencia variabl
e.

DOSAPRO
MILTON ROY
A Sr,dlrar,j Conpany
2.08
 POMPE DOSEUSE: DOSING PU MP: BOMBA DOSIFICADORA:
UN PEU BASIC UN POCO
DE THEORIE THEORY DETEORIA

LE DOSEUR A PISTON THE PLUNGER LIQUID END EL DOSIFICADOR DE PISTON

Le doseur The liquid end El dosificador

Cest la partie ‘noble de la pompe doseuse, This is the “heart” of the dosing pump, that Es la parte ‘noble” de la bomba dosificadora,
celle en contact direct ayee le fluide véhiculé. which is in contact with the pumped fluid. la que está en contacto directo con el fluido
Les matériaux des composants du doseur The component materials must be carefully transportado. Deben ser cuidadosamente
doivenl étre soigneusemeni sélectionnés en selected according lo the chemical aggressivity seleccionados los materiales de los
fonction de l’agressivité chimique du fluide. of the fluid. componentes del dosificador, en función de la
Qn distingue trois grandes tamules de doseur: There are three main families of liquid ends: agresividad quimica del fluído.
- Le doseur á pislon The plunger liquid end
-

Se distinguen tres grandes familias de

- Le doseur á membrane á commande The mechanically driven diaphragm
-
dosificador:
mécanique liquid end - El dosificador de pistón,
- Le doseur A membrane A commande The hydraulically driven diaphragm
-

El dosificador de membrana de
hydraulique.
-

liquid end mando mecánico

Les clapets d’aspiration et de refoulement de The suction and discharge check valves are El dosificador de membrana de
la pompe doseuse font partie intégrale de integral paris of the hquid end assembly on a mando hidráulico
l’ensemble doseur. dosing pump. Las válvulas de aspiración y de impulsión de
la bomba dosificadora forman parte integral
del conjunto dosificador.

• Le doseur á piston • The plunger liquid end • El dosificador de pistón

Le doseur A piston, solution traditionnelie, The plunger liquid end, the traditional El dosificador de pistón. solución tradicional,
présente un excellent rendement en haute solution, is excellenl at high pressures. It ofrece un excelente rendimiento en alta
pression. also has numerous drawbacks presión. Tiene también varios
II a aussi de nombreux inconvénients: It is impossible for it tobe totally Ieakproof
-
inconvenientes
- lmpossibilité d’obtenir une étanchéité and is thus a high pollutiori risk (for the Imposibilidad de obtener una estanqueidad
parfaite d’oü risques importants de pollution
-

envrronment and the dosed product). perfecta, y por consiguiente riesgtos

(environnement et produit dosé). Maintenance is difficult (wear of packing
-

importantes de polución (entornoy producto

- Entretien difficile (usure au niveau des seals: cleaning is uncertain; bacteriological dosificado).
garnitures; nettoyage aiéatoire: risques risks for food applications).

. bactériologiques par exemple pour l’agro

alimentaire).
- Impropre aux liquides chargés,
- Not appiicable with charged liquids, which
creale rapid wear (piston and packings).
The plunger liquid end is the best
- Mantenimiento dificil (desgaste a nivel de
empequetaduras: limpieza aleatoria;
riesgos bacteriológicos, por ejemplo para
agro-alimentaria).
générateurs d’usure rapide (piston et compromise for certain industrial Impropio para líquidos cargados,
garniture).
-

applications, for example at high pressures generadores de desgaste rápido (pistón y

Le doseurá piston est le meilleurcompromis and temperatures. empaquetadura).
pour certarnes applications industrielles
El dosificador de pistón es el mejoradaptado
dans les cas de hautes pressions el de
Raccord fileté para ciertas aplicaciones industriales en
hautes lempératures par exemple. Threaded end fitting los casos de altas presiones y de altas
Racor roscado temperaturas, por ejemplo.

Bite Guide-biiííe
Bali Bail-guide Piston
Bola Guía-bola Piunger
Pstón
Fig. 7
Siége
Doseur A piston Seat
Plunger liquid end Asiento
Dosificador de pistón

Corps de doseur
Liquid end body
Cuerpo de dosificador

Garnture
Piston packing
Empaquetadura

DOSAPRO
 • Le doseur á membrane • The cliaphragm liquid end • El dosificador de membrana
Le doseur á membrane est totalement The diaphragm liquid end is completely El dosificador de membrana es totalmente
)ra, étanche. leakproof. estanco.
ido
nte DOSEUR Á MEMBRANE MECHANICALLY DRIVEN DOSIFICADOR DE MEMBRANA
los Á COMMANDE MÉCANIQUE DIAPHRAGM LIQUID END DE MANDO MECÁNICO
ola Une pompe á membrane á commande A mechanically driven diaphragm liquid end En la Figura 8 está esquematizada una
mécanique est schématisée en figure 8. La is illustrated in Fig.8. The diaphragm is fixed bomba de membrana de mando mecánico.
de membrane est directement et directly and mechanically to the mouving La membrana va directa y mecánicamente
mécaniquement fixée á l’attelage mobile de coupling or crosshead. lt’s centre is fijada al cuadro móvil de la mecánica, su
la mécanique, son centre se déplace de la displaced by the pump stroke and a seal is centro se desplaza con la carrera de la
course de la pompe et l’étanchéité est obtained around the edges. bomba y la estanqueidad se obtiene en la
obtenue en périphérie. The diaphragm works under unequal periferia.
La membrane travaille en déséquilibre de pressures : the pumped fluid pressure on La membrana trabaja en desequilibrio de
pression pression du fluide véhiculé cóté the process side and ambient atmospheric presión : presión del fluido transportado
de process et pression atmosphérique de rair pressure on the other. This characteristic is lado proceso y presión atmosférica del aire
ral ambiant sur sa face opposée. Cette the scource of it’s other name: the dry ambiente en su cara opuesta. Esta
caractéristique est á origine d’une autre diaphragm. característica está en origen de otra
appellation : membrane séche. The use of mechanicallydriven diaphragms aplicación : membrana seca.
L’utilisation des membranes á commande is limited to 10w discharge pressure La utilización de membranas de mando
mécanique est limitée aux faibles pressions applications. mecánico está limitada a bajas presiones
ial,
de refoulement. de impulsión.
Uta
os
Les pompes doseuses DOSAPRO The DOSAPRO MILTON ROY “D”, “D Las bombas dosificadoras DOSAPRO
ad
MILTON ROY des séries “D”, “D pulse, Pulse, F, ‘E” and “LMI” rangesofdosing MILTON ROY de las series “D”, “D pulse”,
os
‘F°, “LMI” sont équipées de doseurs á pumps are fitted with mechanically driven ‘EF”, “LMI” están provistas de
Dto
membrane á commande mécanique. diaphragm liquid ends. dosificadores de membrana de mando
mecánico.
de
a;
Membrane
tra Diaphragm
Membrana
t Coulisseau
Croashead
do Corredera
Fig. 8
en
as Doseur á membrane á commande mécanique
Mechanically driven diaphragm liquid end
Dosificador de membrana de mando mecánico

Produit pompé
Pumped liquid
Producto bombeado
t
Carter á presaion atmosphérique
Cas:ng at atmospheric pressure
Carter a presión atmosférica

DOSAPRO
MILTON ROY
A Sondstrd Conpry 2.16
b

POMPE DOSEUSE: DOSING PUMP: BOMBA DOSIFICAD DRA:

UN PEU BASIC UN POCO
DE THEORIE THEORY DE TEORIA

LE DOSEUR A MEMBRANE THE DIAPHRAGM LIQUID END EL DOSIFICADOR DE MEMBRANA

Le doseur á membrane (suite) The diaphragm liquid end (conf.) • EIdosificadordemembrana(Cflt.)

DOSEUR Á MEMBRANE HYDRAULICALLY DRIVEN DOSIFICADOR DE MEMBRANA

Á COMMANDE HYDRAULIQUE DIAPHRAGM LIQUID END DE MANDO HIDRÁULICO
Les dosages á pressions élevées, les Dosing al high pressures, high flowrates or Las dosificaciones de preonesevadas,
applications A grands débils ou celles the need tora high pressure with continuous las aplicaciones de gras caudales o las
nécessitant une trAs grande pression dans injection of micra flowrates alI require the que necesitan una presión muy grande en la
l’injection continue d’un micro-débil, use of hydraulically driven diaphragm liquid inyección continua de un microcaudal,
requiérent l’utilisation de doseurs A ends. requieren la utilizaciuón de dosificadores de
membrane A commande hydraulique. ln this type of liquid end the diaphragm acts membrana de mando hidráulico.
Danscetypededoseur, lamembraneestun as a dividerbetween the pump’s hydraulic Oil En este tipo de dosificador, la membrana es
séparateur entre l’huile hydraulique de and the process fluid. Therefore it is not un separador entre el aceite hidraulico de
subject to pressure and it’s lífespan is very No está
commande et le fluide du process. Elle n’est
donc pas soumise A pression et sa durée de long. Theflow is generated bythe diaphragm ida a presión y su duración es muy
vie est trAs grande. Le débil est engendré which itself is hydraulically linked loa piston. grande. El caudal está engendrado por la
par la membrane dAs Iors quelle est Fig.9 showsthe principal of the hydraulically membrana desde el momento en que está
hydrauliquement couplée au pistan. driven diaphragm pump. Other items hidráulicamente accionada por el pistón.
La figure 9 reprend le schéma de principe necessary br a corred operation not shown La figura 9 vuelve a considerar el esquema
d’une pompe A membrane A commande are : satety valve on the hydraulic oil circuit, de principio de una bomba de membrana de
hydraulique. Ny sant pas figurAs les air purge to avoid the build-up of gas al the mando hidráulica. No figuran los dispositivos
dispositifs nécessaires á un bon highest paint in the liquid end, hydraulic oil necesarios para un buen funcionamiento.
fonctionnement que sant la soupape de replacement circuit. This replacement circuit que son : la válvula de seguridad en el
sécurité sur le circuit d’huile hydraulique, la can be by simple equilibrium (systematic circuito de aceite hidráulico, la purga de aire
purge dair évitant laccumulation de gaz au opening of a by-pass Qn pumps with an que evita la acumulación de gas en el punto
point haut du doseur, le dispositif de hydraulic lost motion aperation) or by a superior del dosificador, el dispositivo de
réalimentation en huile hydraulique. Cetie “compensator. These systems alI avoid the realimentación de aceite hidráulico. Esta
réalimentation peut s’effectuer par simple need for a pressure cantourplate in the liquid reahimentación puede realizarse por simple
équilibrage (ouverture systématique du by end. equilibrado (apertura sistemática del by-pass
pass sur les pompes A division de débit), par en las bombas de división de caudal) por
soupape réagissant au vide (pompe A DOSAPRO MILTON ROY MAXROY’, válvula con reacción en vacío (bomba de
membrane pourmicro-débits) aupar «pilote ‘mROY, “MILROYAL” and ‘MAXROYAL” membrana para micro-caudales) o por «piloto
de compensation» évitant l’utilisation de ranges of dosing pumps are ah fitted with de compensión» que evita la utilización de
plaque d’appui dans le doseur. hydraulically driven diaphragm liquid ends. placa de apoyo en el dosificador.

Les pompes doseuses DOSAPRO MILTON Las bombas dosificadoras DOSAPRO

ROY des séries MAXROY’, ‘mROY, MILTON ROY de las series ‘MAXROY”,
“MILROYAL’ et’MAXROYAL”ámembrane ‘mROY, ‘MILROYAL” y MAXROYAL’ de
sant équipées de doseurs A membrane A membrana están equipadas con dosificadores
commande hydraulique. de membrana de mando hidráulico.

4 Membrane
Diaphragm
Membrana Piston
Plunger
Pistón
Fig. 9
Couhisseau
Doseur A membrane A commande hydraulique Crosshead
Hydraulically driven diaphragm liquid end Corredera
Dosificador de membrana de mando hidráulico

Carter á pression atmospherique

Casing at atmospheric pressure
Fluide process Carter a presión atmosferica
Process fluide
Fluido proceso
Liquide hydraulique
Hydraulio hiquid
1 Liquido hidraulico

DOSAPRO
2.17 MILTON ROY
A Sundstrrn,d Ca’,pany