Projects' reports by Tomaselli Alexandra
Das Projekt „Intersectionality of Gender and Ethnicity in Socioeconomic Participation in Südtirol... more Das Projekt „Intersectionality of Gender and Ethnicity in Socioeconomic Participation in Südtirol/Alto Adige and Catalonia in Post-Pandemic Times – InGEPaST“ untersuchte die Intersektionalität von Geschlecht und Ethnizität bei der sozioökonomischen Teilhabe in den Gebieten Südtirol und Katalonien. Diese Gebiete haben ähnliche Autonomiesysteme und einige große gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen. Ziel war es, innovative Lösungen zur Verbesserung des Zugangs zu Arbeit, Bildung und öffentlichen und sozialen Dienstleistungen für Frauen und LGBTQIA+ (Lesben, Schwule, Bisexuelle, Transsexuelle/Gender, Queer, Intersexuelle, Asexuelle, „Gender Diverse“ und „Questioning“) anzubieten. Dieser Bericht veröffentlicht die Ergebnisse zur Situation in Südtirol.
Das Projekt „ Intersektionalität von Gender und Ethnizität in der sozioökonomischen Partizipation in Südtirol und Katalonien in Zeiten nach der Pandemie “ wird von der Autonomen Provinz Bozen-Südtirol – Abteilung für Innovation, Forschung, Universität und Museen finanziert.
L’obiettivo del progetto “Intersezionalità di Genere ed Etnicità nella Partecipazione Socioeconom... more L’obiettivo del progetto “Intersezionalità di Genere ed Etnicità nella Partecipazione Socioeconomica in Südtirol/Alto Adige e Catalogna in tempi post-pandemici - InGEPaST” è stato quello di esplorare l’intersezione di genere ed etnicità nella partecipazione socioeconomica in due realtà come l’Alto Adige e la Catalogna, che condividono simili sistemi di autonomia e alcune grandi sfide della società, al fine di offrire soluzioni innovative per potenziare l’accesso al lavoro, all’educazione e ai servizi pubblici e sociali di donne e persone LGBTQIA+ (lesbiche, gay, bisessuali, trans-sessuali/gender, queer, intersessuali, asessuali, “gender diverse” e “questioning”) in uno scenario post-pandemico. Nell’ambito di questo progetto, il presente rapporto si propone di rendere pubblici i risultati sulla realtà altoatesina.
Il progetto “Intersezionalità di Genere ed Etnicità nella Partecipazione Socioeconomica in Südtirol /Alto Adige e Catalogna in tempi post-pandemici (InGEPaST)” è finanziato dalla Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Alto Adige – Ripartizione Innovazione, Ricerca, Università e Musei.
This report describes the process of the policies’ analysis of the InGEPaST project and the resul... more This report describes the process of the policies’ analysis of the InGEPaST project and the results of two datasets: primary data stemming from empirical research carried out with policy-experts in South Tyrol and Catalonia between January and March 2023 (second part of WP2); secondary data that include those South Tyrolean and Catalan laws, policies and action plans that deal with or otherwise affect the socioeconomic participation of women and LGBTIAQ+ individuals at local level (WP3).
The project “The Intersection of Gender and Ethnicity in Socioeconomic Participation in South Tyrol and Catalonia in Post-Pandemic Times (InGEPaST)” is funded by the Autonomous Province of Bolzano-South Tyrol – Innovation, Research, University and Museums Department (Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Alto Adige – Ripartizione Innovazione, Ricerca, Università e Musei).
Este informe tiene el objetivo de hacer públicos los resultados del proyecto «Interseccionalidad ... more Este informe tiene el objetivo de hacer públicos los resultados del proyecto «Interseccionalidad de Género y Etnicidad en la Participación Socioeconómica en Südtirol/Alto Adige y Cataluña en tiempos posteriores a la pandemia – InGEPaST» sobre la realidad catalana.
El proyecto «Interseccionalidad de Género y Etnicidad en la Participación Socioeconómica en Südtirol/Alto Adige y Cataluña en tiempos posteriores a la pandemia – InGEPaST» está financiado por la División de Innovación, Investigación, Universidad y Museos de la Provincia Autónoma de Bolzano-Alto Adige.
Aquest informe té l'objectiu de fer públics els resultats sobre la realitat catalana del projecte... more Aquest informe té l'objectiu de fer públics els resultats sobre la realitat catalana del projecte « Interseccionalitat de Gènere i Etnicitat en la Participació Socioeconòmica al Südtirol /Tirol del Sud i Catalunya en temps postpandèmia (InGEPaST)» .
El projecte “Interseccionalitat de Gènere i Etnicitat en la Participació Socioeconòmica en Südtirol /Tirol del Sud i Catalunya en temps post-pandèmics (InGEPaST)” és finançat per la Província Autònoma de Bozen-Tirol del Sud – Divisió de repartiment d’innovació, Recerca, Universitat i Museus.
“The Intersection of Gender and Ethnicity in Socio-Economic Participation in South Tyrol and Catalonia in Post-Pandemic Times”, 2023
This report has a fourfold aim:
– first, it describes the process of the empirical research (WP2... more This report has a fourfold aim:
– first, it describes the process of the empirical research (WP2) that was carried out with CSOs in South Tyrol and Catalonia between April 2022 (month 4) and March 2023 (month 15) of the InGEPaST project;
– second, it presents a synthetic and preliminary thematic analysis of the primary data stemming from such empirical research;
– third, it provides the data analysis and results that are necessary to reply to the first of the abovementioned sub-research question by identifying which are the main social drivers and external factors that influence the intersection of gender and ethnicity in the socioeconomic participation of women and LGBTIAQ+ individuals in South Tyrol and Catalonia and how do they correlate, operate and differentiate;
– fourth, it supplies the data results that will serve to elaborate the InGEPaST project scientific articles that will be prepared following this deliverable (milestone M.4.4: submission of 2 scientific articles to peer-reviewed journals due for month 24).
The Deliverable D.1.2 contains the project's fine-tuned methodology, that is, the project RQs, th... more The Deliverable D.1.2 contains the project's fine-tuned methodology, that is, the project RQs, the methodological approach and its foundational elements, the project design, the research techniques and sampling strategy, and ethical issues.
The project “The Intersection of Gender and Ethnicity in Socioeconomic Participation in South Tyrol and Catalonia in Post-Pandemic Times (InGEPaST)” is funded by the Autonomous Province of Bolzano-South Tyrol – Innovation, Research, University and Museums Department (Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Alto Adige – Ripartizione Innovazione, Ricerca, Università e Musei).
OBCT/CCI, Eurac Research, FMST, 2021
Alexandra Tomaselli, Alice Engl & Helena Lupinc. “Inquadramento della situazione socio-giuridica,... more Alexandra Tomaselli, Alice Engl & Helena Lupinc. “Inquadramento della situazione socio-giuridica, culturale ed economica delle comunità italiane in Slovenia, Croazia e Bosnia Erzegovina e nuove prospettive”, in Le comunità italiane nei Balcani: storia recente e nuove traiettorie, OBCT/CCI, Eurac Research, FMST, pp.80-123.
La seconda parte del lavoro di ricerca del progetto “Le comunità italiane nei Balcani: storia recente e nuove traiettorie” propone un’analisi dell’odierno quadro socio-giuridico, culturale ed economico nonché dell’attuale ruolo di quelle che sono diventate le minoranze o comunità nazionali italiane (CNI) in tre paesi, ossia Slovenia, Croazia e Bosnia Erzegovina. Contestualmente, si esplora la potenzialità delle politiche estere dell’Italia in qualità di “nazione-madre” (kin state) per tali CNI nonché di attore politico di strategica rilevanza in quest’area. A tal fine, il capitolo riporta i risultati della ricerca illustrando la metodologia adottata (sezione 2), la legislazione in vigore nei tre paesi oggetto di studio (sezione 3), la cooperazione transfrontaliera attuata finora (sezione 4) e i risultati della parte empirica della ricerca (sezione 5) chiudendo il capitolo con alcune riflessioni conclusive (sezione 6) e fornendo delle raccomandazioni per il Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale allo scopo di potenziare la politica transfrontaliera ed internazionale dell’Italia nonché sostenere e migliorare la situazione socio-giuridica, culturale ed economica delle minoranze o comunità nazionali italiane insediate nei tre paesi oggetto di studio (sezione 7).
Books by Tomaselli Alexandra
Routledge, 2019
This book delves into the reasons behind and the consequences of the implementation gap regarding... more This book delves into the reasons behind and the consequences of the implementation gap regarding the right to prior consultation and the Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) of Indigenous Peoples in Latin America.
In recent years, the economic and political projects of Latin American States have become increasingly dependent on the extractive industries. This has resulted in conflicts when governments and international firms have made considerable investments in those lands that have been traditionally inhabited and used by Indigenous Peoples, who seek to defend their rights against exploitative practices. After decades of intense mobilisation, important gains have been made at international level regarding the opportunity for Indigenous Peoples to have a say on these matters. Notwithstanding this, the right to prior consultation and the FPIC of Indigenous Peoples on the ground are far from being fully applied and guaranteed. And, even when prior consultation processes are carried out, the outcomes remain uncertain.
This volume rigorously investigates the causes of this implementation gap and its consequences for the protection of Indigenous Peoples’ rights, lands, identities and ways of life in the Latin American region.
Eurac Books, 2017
Indigenous peoples (whose number amounts to approximately 400 million people on a global scale) m... more Indigenous peoples (whose number amounts to approximately 400 million people on a global scale) may refer to different collectivities who live in a variety of demographic, territorial, social and political contexts. These peoples include, e.g., those who live in voluntary isolation as well as in urban settings. In the last decades, they and their rights have been widely recognized. This has prompted a bulk of indigenous studies from different disciplines and perspectives (e.g., anthropology, sociology, law, and philosophy). Such intertwined and multidisciplinary approach allow us to gain knowledge of those historical, political, economic and social specificities and dynamics that characterize these peoples across the world. The essays of this volume adhere to such approach and deal with some of the greatest challenges that indigenous peoples face with regard to their political and socio-economic participation. This lead us to a better understanding of the different paths of their vindications, the different degrees of the recognition of their rights, and the crucial problems they have to handle every day. This ultimately points at that ‘significant gap’ between the (supra/inter)national legal framework and its implementation at the national level, particularly with reference to the issues of natural resources, gender, education and intellectual property.
Cuando hablamos de pueblos indígenas nos referimos a diferentes colectividades (aproximadamente 400 millones de personas a nivel global), desde las pequeñas poblaciones en aislamiento voluntario (PAV) hasta las comunidades integradas en contextos urbanos, caracterizadas por situaciones variadas en términos demográficos, territoriales, sociales y políticos. A estos pueblos y comunidades de personas en las últimas décadas se les han reconocido derechos específicos cuya relevancia asumida ha determinado el florecimiento de estudios desde diferentes perspectivas (sociológica, jurídica, filosófica y antropológica). Estos nuevos aspectos, entrelazándose, permiten llegar a tener un conocimiento de las especificidades históricas y de las dinámicas políticas, económicas y sociales que caracterizan la actualidad del fenómeno indígena en cada nación. Los ensayos recogidos en el presente volumen tratan acerca de algunos de los mayores desafíos de los pueblos indígenas con respecto a su participación política y socio-económica y nos ayudan a comprender los diferentes caminos de reivindicación, los respectivos grados de reconocimiento y los problemas concretos de actuación. Las dificultades que experimentan estas poblaciones evidencian la existencia de una ‘brecha significativa’ entre el marco normativo (supra)nacional y su implementación en los diferentes contextos nacionales, con particular referencia a los ámbitos de los recursos naturales, del género, de la educación y de la propiedad intelectual.
UN bodies have increasingly emphasized the need to improve the political participation of indigen... more UN bodies have increasingly emphasized the need to improve the political participation of indigenous peoples. This book proposes a composite right to political participation of indigenous peoples, identifies its recognition in international law, and explores its application in two – apparently divergent but substantially more similar than expected – case studies in Latin America: Bolivia and Chile. The core sources of international law, including the decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, serve as the main sources for the recognition of this right. This analysis ultimately integrates the non-(strictly)-legally binding outcomes of international organizations, the writings of publicists, and the scholarly literature of other disciplines (political science, sociology, and anthropology).
For the two case studies, it covers a period of approximately ten years (2005-2015), and assesses the national legislation and their implementation, as well as the domestic jurisprudence.
Este número de los Cuadernos Deusto de Derechos Humanos es el resultado de la tercera edición de ... more Este número de los Cuadernos Deusto de Derechos Humanos es el resultado de la tercera edición de la jornada de investigadores en asuntos indígenas de la «Red EMPI – Encuentros Multidisciplinares sobre Pueblos Indígenas», realizada en Sevilla en los días 5-6 de junio de 2012.
Queremos dar espacio a dos cuestiones complejas y poco conocidas: primero, el tema de la justicia de los pueblos indígenas, en términos tanto del pluralismo jurídico como de cómo los medios de la justicia «formal» pueden (o no) dar espacio a las demandas de los pueblos indígenas; y segundo, el tema de las formas de participación de los pueblos indígenas más allá de las formas políticas, como puede ser a través de un proceso de consulta, sino también de medios de gestión territorial a través de los cuales los pueblos indígenas se vuelven verdaderos actores de su propio desarrollo.
Edited special issues of Peer-Reviewed Journals by Tomaselli Alexandra
International Indigenous Policy Journal (IIPJ), Volume 5, Issue 4, 2014, Dec 2014
Iberoamericana. Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Vol. XLIII, 1-2, 2013, 2013
This issue entitled “The ‘new’ role of indigenous peoples in South American societies and their p... more This issue entitled “The ‘new’ role of indigenous peoples in South American societies and their political influence. Progress and Challenges” takes its name from the homonymous panel which we had the honor to coordinate at the Sixth Conference NOLAN (Nordic Latin American Research Network) “Latin America in Movement: Power, Spaces and Subjectivities” in Stockholm on 26-28 April 2012.
Indigenous Policy Journal - Vol 24, No 4 (2014) Spring 2014 (Special Issue), 2014
Scientific articles & book chapters by Tomaselli Alexandra
Changing Borders and Challenging Belonging Policy Change and Private Experience by Georg Grote and Andrea Carlà (eds) , 2024
This chapter challenges belonging and borders from a decolonial perspective by focusing on the im... more This chapter challenges belonging and borders from a decolonial perspective by focusing on the impact of the creation of states on the Indigenous
Sámi people in the three Nordic States (Norway, Sweden and Finland)
and the Russian Federation. In this frame, it aligns with the arguments
of this volume’s editors that not only borders and identities are socially
constructed concepts but also human societies are much more complex
than the idea, or the ideal, of a nation-state, being rather characterized by
diversity and multiple identities. This, however, does not mean that borders, in the legal and political sense, have not affected or do not impact
peoples’ daily lives. This is particularly evident in the case of Indigenous
Peoples, such as the Sámi, who live across national frontiers, and, as the
volume editors argue, enter those power dynamics and processes of inclusion and exclusion that are present in all types of borders.
The intersection of gender and ethnicity or race lies at the root of structural discrimination an... more The intersection of gender and ethnicity or race lies at the root of structural discrimination and racist practices for accessing the labor market and in the workplace. This discrimination is particularly evident for women and LGBTQIA+ individuals who either belong to ethnic minorities or are migrants. However, numerous other social drivers (e.g., age, class, origins) and external factors (e.g., prejudices, gender-based violence) further hinder their participation in the work domain and their attainment of fair labor conditions. This article explores how gender, ethnicity, and race intersect and operate with other conditions and factors to perpetuate the precarity and exploitation of women and LGBTQIA+ individuals who find themselves at the nexus of varied intersectional axes. The discussion centers around two neoliberal substate units in the Global North (South Tyrol, in Italy, and Catalonia, Spain) that register low unemployment rates and high rates of migration and that are home to historical, linguistic, and ethnic minorities. This empirical article provides for an informed debate on the lived experience of precarity and exploitation of women and LGBTQIA+ workers, and an analysis of how neoliberal substate units' labor and gender policies could be reformed.
Donath, P.B., Heger, A., Malkmus, M., Bayrak, O. (eds.) Der Schutz des Individuums durch das Recht. Springer, 2023
In light of what Professor Rainer Hofmann has taught to the academic and the international commun... more In light of what Professor Rainer Hofmann has taught to the academic and the international communities on the (effective) political participation of (national) minorities, this chapter aims to offer a concise overview on how human rights law protects and tries to guarantee the political participation of Indigenous women. After briefly introducing what Indigenous political participation implies under international law, this chapter will look at women rights’ standards and to the latest developments vis-à-vis Indigenous women (and girls’) rights regarding their participation in the political sphere. It will then offer some concluding remarks.
I popoli indigeni e i loro diritti in America Latina. Dinamiche continentali, scenari nazionali, 2023
In Cile vivono almeno dieci popoli indigeni i quali, dopo aver subito una considerevole spoliazio... more In Cile vivono almeno dieci popoli indigeni i quali, dopo aver subito una considerevole spoliazione delle loro terre nel corso dei secoli, sono stati riconosciuti in base alla cd. Legge Indigena (Ley Indígena) n. 19.253 del 1993 (e successive modifiche) come le seguenti «etnie» (etnias): Aimara, Chango, Colla, Diaguita, Kawashkar o Alacalufe, Likan Antai o Atacameños, Mapuche, Quechua, Rapa Nui e Yámana o Yagán. L’ultimo censimento del 2017 ha registrato un sensibile aumento di coloro che si auto-identificano come indigeni, passando dall’11,11% del 2012 al 12,8% della popolazione totale cilena.
Nonostante ciò, né la Legge Indigena e altre leggi in materia, né la tutela offerta dagli strumenti internazionali ratificati dal Cile vengono applicati in modo soddisfacente generando molta frustrazione nonché ingiustizie che hanno dato origine a ricorsi presso le Corti d’Appello e la Corte Suprema cilene. Inoltre, il Cile è uno dei pochissimi paesi latinoamericani che non ha ancora riconosciuto costituzionalmente i propri popoli indigeni, nonostante i diversi tentativi sin dal ritorno della democrazia e l’ondata delle riforme latinoamericane degli anni Novanta. Molte erano, quindi, le aspettative verso la riforma della Costituzione a cura dell’Assemblea Costituente eletta dai cileni e che riservava 17 seggi (su 155) ai rappresentanti indigeni. Il progetto di Costituzione, che conteneva alcune disposizioni in materia di diritti dei popoli indigeni, è stato però bocciato al referendum del 4 settembre 2022.
In tale contesto, il presente saggio intende fornire una panoramica del rapporto fra i popoli indigeni e le istituzioni del Cile di ieri e di oggi, analizzando la storia della sottrazione delle loro terre e l’attuale spettro dei diritti loro riconosciuti dalla legislazione nazionale – dall’identità culturale alla terra – nonché i fattori che impediscono la loro efficace implementazione, dando anche uno sguardo alle recenti sentenze delle corti cilene e all’ennesimo mancato riconoscimento costituzionale dei loro diritti.
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Projects' reports by Tomaselli Alexandra
Das Projekt „ Intersektionalität von Gender und Ethnizität in der sozioökonomischen Partizipation in Südtirol und Katalonien in Zeiten nach der Pandemie “ wird von der Autonomen Provinz Bozen-Südtirol – Abteilung für Innovation, Forschung, Universität und Museen finanziert.
Il progetto “Intersezionalità di Genere ed Etnicità nella Partecipazione Socioeconomica in Südtirol /Alto Adige e Catalogna in tempi post-pandemici (InGEPaST)” è finanziato dalla Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Alto Adige – Ripartizione Innovazione, Ricerca, Università e Musei.
The project “The Intersection of Gender and Ethnicity in Socioeconomic Participation in South Tyrol and Catalonia in Post-Pandemic Times (InGEPaST)” is funded by the Autonomous Province of Bolzano-South Tyrol – Innovation, Research, University and Museums Department (Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Alto Adige – Ripartizione Innovazione, Ricerca, Università e Musei).
El proyecto «Interseccionalidad de Género y Etnicidad en la Participación Socioeconómica en Südtirol/Alto Adige y Cataluña en tiempos posteriores a la pandemia – InGEPaST» está financiado por la División de Innovación, Investigación, Universidad y Museos de la Provincia Autónoma de Bolzano-Alto Adige.
El projecte “Interseccionalitat de Gènere i Etnicitat en la Participació Socioeconòmica en Südtirol /Tirol del Sud i Catalunya en temps post-pandèmics (InGEPaST)” és finançat per la Província Autònoma de Bozen-Tirol del Sud – Divisió de repartiment d’innovació, Recerca, Universitat i Museus.
– first, it describes the process of the empirical research (WP2) that was carried out with CSOs in South Tyrol and Catalonia between April 2022 (month 4) and March 2023 (month 15) of the InGEPaST project;
– second, it presents a synthetic and preliminary thematic analysis of the primary data stemming from such empirical research;
– third, it provides the data analysis and results that are necessary to reply to the first of the abovementioned sub-research question by identifying which are the main social drivers and external factors that influence the intersection of gender and ethnicity in the socioeconomic participation of women and LGBTIAQ+ individuals in South Tyrol and Catalonia and how do they correlate, operate and differentiate;
– fourth, it supplies the data results that will serve to elaborate the InGEPaST project scientific articles that will be prepared following this deliverable (milestone M.4.4: submission of 2 scientific articles to peer-reviewed journals due for month 24).
The project “The Intersection of Gender and Ethnicity in Socioeconomic Participation in South Tyrol and Catalonia in Post-Pandemic Times (InGEPaST)” is funded by the Autonomous Province of Bolzano-South Tyrol – Innovation, Research, University and Museums Department (Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Alto Adige – Ripartizione Innovazione, Ricerca, Università e Musei).
La seconda parte del lavoro di ricerca del progetto “Le comunità italiane nei Balcani: storia recente e nuove traiettorie” propone un’analisi dell’odierno quadro socio-giuridico, culturale ed economico nonché dell’attuale ruolo di quelle che sono diventate le minoranze o comunità nazionali italiane (CNI) in tre paesi, ossia Slovenia, Croazia e Bosnia Erzegovina. Contestualmente, si esplora la potenzialità delle politiche estere dell’Italia in qualità di “nazione-madre” (kin state) per tali CNI nonché di attore politico di strategica rilevanza in quest’area. A tal fine, il capitolo riporta i risultati della ricerca illustrando la metodologia adottata (sezione 2), la legislazione in vigore nei tre paesi oggetto di studio (sezione 3), la cooperazione transfrontaliera attuata finora (sezione 4) e i risultati della parte empirica della ricerca (sezione 5) chiudendo il capitolo con alcune riflessioni conclusive (sezione 6) e fornendo delle raccomandazioni per il Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale allo scopo di potenziare la politica transfrontaliera ed internazionale dell’Italia nonché sostenere e migliorare la situazione socio-giuridica, culturale ed economica delle minoranze o comunità nazionali italiane insediate nei tre paesi oggetto di studio (sezione 7).
Books by Tomaselli Alexandra
In recent years, the economic and political projects of Latin American States have become increasingly dependent on the extractive industries. This has resulted in conflicts when governments and international firms have made considerable investments in those lands that have been traditionally inhabited and used by Indigenous Peoples, who seek to defend their rights against exploitative practices. After decades of intense mobilisation, important gains have been made at international level regarding the opportunity for Indigenous Peoples to have a say on these matters. Notwithstanding this, the right to prior consultation and the FPIC of Indigenous Peoples on the ground are far from being fully applied and guaranteed. And, even when prior consultation processes are carried out, the outcomes remain uncertain.
This volume rigorously investigates the causes of this implementation gap and its consequences for the protection of Indigenous Peoples’ rights, lands, identities and ways of life in the Latin American region.
Cuando hablamos de pueblos indígenas nos referimos a diferentes colectividades (aproximadamente 400 millones de personas a nivel global), desde las pequeñas poblaciones en aislamiento voluntario (PAV) hasta las comunidades integradas en contextos urbanos, caracterizadas por situaciones variadas en términos demográficos, territoriales, sociales y políticos. A estos pueblos y comunidades de personas en las últimas décadas se les han reconocido derechos específicos cuya relevancia asumida ha determinado el florecimiento de estudios desde diferentes perspectivas (sociológica, jurídica, filosófica y antropológica). Estos nuevos aspectos, entrelazándose, permiten llegar a tener un conocimiento de las especificidades históricas y de las dinámicas políticas, económicas y sociales que caracterizan la actualidad del fenómeno indígena en cada nación. Los ensayos recogidos en el presente volumen tratan acerca de algunos de los mayores desafíos de los pueblos indígenas con respecto a su participación política y socio-económica y nos ayudan a comprender los diferentes caminos de reivindicación, los respectivos grados de reconocimiento y los problemas concretos de actuación. Las dificultades que experimentan estas poblaciones evidencian la existencia de una ‘brecha significativa’ entre el marco normativo (supra)nacional y su implementación en los diferentes contextos nacionales, con particular referencia a los ámbitos de los recursos naturales, del género, de la educación y de la propiedad intelectual.
For the two case studies, it covers a period of approximately ten years (2005-2015), and assesses the national legislation and their implementation, as well as the domestic jurisprudence.
Queremos dar espacio a dos cuestiones complejas y poco conocidas: primero, el tema de la justicia de los pueblos indígenas, en términos tanto del pluralismo jurídico como de cómo los medios de la justicia «formal» pueden (o no) dar espacio a las demandas de los pueblos indígenas; y segundo, el tema de las formas de participación de los pueblos indígenas más allá de las formas políticas, como puede ser a través de un proceso de consulta, sino también de medios de gestión territorial a través de los cuales los pueblos indígenas se vuelven verdaderos actores de su propio desarrollo.
Edited special issues of Peer-Reviewed Journals by Tomaselli Alexandra
Scientific articles & book chapters by Tomaselli Alexandra
Sámi people in the three Nordic States (Norway, Sweden and Finland)
and the Russian Federation. In this frame, it aligns with the arguments
of this volume’s editors that not only borders and identities are socially
constructed concepts but also human societies are much more complex
than the idea, or the ideal, of a nation-state, being rather characterized by
diversity and multiple identities. This, however, does not mean that borders, in the legal and political sense, have not affected or do not impact
peoples’ daily lives. This is particularly evident in the case of Indigenous
Peoples, such as the Sámi, who live across national frontiers, and, as the
volume editors argue, enter those power dynamics and processes of inclusion and exclusion that are present in all types of borders.
Nonostante ciò, né la Legge Indigena e altre leggi in materia, né la tutela offerta dagli strumenti internazionali ratificati dal Cile vengono applicati in modo soddisfacente generando molta frustrazione nonché ingiustizie che hanno dato origine a ricorsi presso le Corti d’Appello e la Corte Suprema cilene. Inoltre, il Cile è uno dei pochissimi paesi latinoamericani che non ha ancora riconosciuto costituzionalmente i propri popoli indigeni, nonostante i diversi tentativi sin dal ritorno della democrazia e l’ondata delle riforme latinoamericane degli anni Novanta. Molte erano, quindi, le aspettative verso la riforma della Costituzione a cura dell’Assemblea Costituente eletta dai cileni e che riservava 17 seggi (su 155) ai rappresentanti indigeni. Il progetto di Costituzione, che conteneva alcune disposizioni in materia di diritti dei popoli indigeni, è stato però bocciato al referendum del 4 settembre 2022.
In tale contesto, il presente saggio intende fornire una panoramica del rapporto fra i popoli indigeni e le istituzioni del Cile di ieri e di oggi, analizzando la storia della sottrazione delle loro terre e l’attuale spettro dei diritti loro riconosciuti dalla legislazione nazionale – dall’identità culturale alla terra – nonché i fattori che impediscono la loro efficace implementazione, dando anche uno sguardo alle recenti sentenze delle corti cilene e all’ennesimo mancato riconoscimento costituzionale dei loro diritti.
Das Projekt „ Intersektionalität von Gender und Ethnizität in der sozioökonomischen Partizipation in Südtirol und Katalonien in Zeiten nach der Pandemie “ wird von der Autonomen Provinz Bozen-Südtirol – Abteilung für Innovation, Forschung, Universität und Museen finanziert.
Il progetto “Intersezionalità di Genere ed Etnicità nella Partecipazione Socioeconomica in Südtirol /Alto Adige e Catalogna in tempi post-pandemici (InGEPaST)” è finanziato dalla Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Alto Adige – Ripartizione Innovazione, Ricerca, Università e Musei.
The project “The Intersection of Gender and Ethnicity in Socioeconomic Participation in South Tyrol and Catalonia in Post-Pandemic Times (InGEPaST)” is funded by the Autonomous Province of Bolzano-South Tyrol – Innovation, Research, University and Museums Department (Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Alto Adige – Ripartizione Innovazione, Ricerca, Università e Musei).
El proyecto «Interseccionalidad de Género y Etnicidad en la Participación Socioeconómica en Südtirol/Alto Adige y Cataluña en tiempos posteriores a la pandemia – InGEPaST» está financiado por la División de Innovación, Investigación, Universidad y Museos de la Provincia Autónoma de Bolzano-Alto Adige.
El projecte “Interseccionalitat de Gènere i Etnicitat en la Participació Socioeconòmica en Südtirol /Tirol del Sud i Catalunya en temps post-pandèmics (InGEPaST)” és finançat per la Província Autònoma de Bozen-Tirol del Sud – Divisió de repartiment d’innovació, Recerca, Universitat i Museus.
– first, it describes the process of the empirical research (WP2) that was carried out with CSOs in South Tyrol and Catalonia between April 2022 (month 4) and March 2023 (month 15) of the InGEPaST project;
– second, it presents a synthetic and preliminary thematic analysis of the primary data stemming from such empirical research;
– third, it provides the data analysis and results that are necessary to reply to the first of the abovementioned sub-research question by identifying which are the main social drivers and external factors that influence the intersection of gender and ethnicity in the socioeconomic participation of women and LGBTIAQ+ individuals in South Tyrol and Catalonia and how do they correlate, operate and differentiate;
– fourth, it supplies the data results that will serve to elaborate the InGEPaST project scientific articles that will be prepared following this deliverable (milestone M.4.4: submission of 2 scientific articles to peer-reviewed journals due for month 24).
The project “The Intersection of Gender and Ethnicity in Socioeconomic Participation in South Tyrol and Catalonia in Post-Pandemic Times (InGEPaST)” is funded by the Autonomous Province of Bolzano-South Tyrol – Innovation, Research, University and Museums Department (Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano-Alto Adige – Ripartizione Innovazione, Ricerca, Università e Musei).
La seconda parte del lavoro di ricerca del progetto “Le comunità italiane nei Balcani: storia recente e nuove traiettorie” propone un’analisi dell’odierno quadro socio-giuridico, culturale ed economico nonché dell’attuale ruolo di quelle che sono diventate le minoranze o comunità nazionali italiane (CNI) in tre paesi, ossia Slovenia, Croazia e Bosnia Erzegovina. Contestualmente, si esplora la potenzialità delle politiche estere dell’Italia in qualità di “nazione-madre” (kin state) per tali CNI nonché di attore politico di strategica rilevanza in quest’area. A tal fine, il capitolo riporta i risultati della ricerca illustrando la metodologia adottata (sezione 2), la legislazione in vigore nei tre paesi oggetto di studio (sezione 3), la cooperazione transfrontaliera attuata finora (sezione 4) e i risultati della parte empirica della ricerca (sezione 5) chiudendo il capitolo con alcune riflessioni conclusive (sezione 6) e fornendo delle raccomandazioni per il Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale allo scopo di potenziare la politica transfrontaliera ed internazionale dell’Italia nonché sostenere e migliorare la situazione socio-giuridica, culturale ed economica delle minoranze o comunità nazionali italiane insediate nei tre paesi oggetto di studio (sezione 7).
In recent years, the economic and political projects of Latin American States have become increasingly dependent on the extractive industries. This has resulted in conflicts when governments and international firms have made considerable investments in those lands that have been traditionally inhabited and used by Indigenous Peoples, who seek to defend their rights against exploitative practices. After decades of intense mobilisation, important gains have been made at international level regarding the opportunity for Indigenous Peoples to have a say on these matters. Notwithstanding this, the right to prior consultation and the FPIC of Indigenous Peoples on the ground are far from being fully applied and guaranteed. And, even when prior consultation processes are carried out, the outcomes remain uncertain.
This volume rigorously investigates the causes of this implementation gap and its consequences for the protection of Indigenous Peoples’ rights, lands, identities and ways of life in the Latin American region.
Cuando hablamos de pueblos indígenas nos referimos a diferentes colectividades (aproximadamente 400 millones de personas a nivel global), desde las pequeñas poblaciones en aislamiento voluntario (PAV) hasta las comunidades integradas en contextos urbanos, caracterizadas por situaciones variadas en términos demográficos, territoriales, sociales y políticos. A estos pueblos y comunidades de personas en las últimas décadas se les han reconocido derechos específicos cuya relevancia asumida ha determinado el florecimiento de estudios desde diferentes perspectivas (sociológica, jurídica, filosófica y antropológica). Estos nuevos aspectos, entrelazándose, permiten llegar a tener un conocimiento de las especificidades históricas y de las dinámicas políticas, económicas y sociales que caracterizan la actualidad del fenómeno indígena en cada nación. Los ensayos recogidos en el presente volumen tratan acerca de algunos de los mayores desafíos de los pueblos indígenas con respecto a su participación política y socio-económica y nos ayudan a comprender los diferentes caminos de reivindicación, los respectivos grados de reconocimiento y los problemas concretos de actuación. Las dificultades que experimentan estas poblaciones evidencian la existencia de una ‘brecha significativa’ entre el marco normativo (supra)nacional y su implementación en los diferentes contextos nacionales, con particular referencia a los ámbitos de los recursos naturales, del género, de la educación y de la propiedad intelectual.
For the two case studies, it covers a period of approximately ten years (2005-2015), and assesses the national legislation and their implementation, as well as the domestic jurisprudence.
Queremos dar espacio a dos cuestiones complejas y poco conocidas: primero, el tema de la justicia de los pueblos indígenas, en términos tanto del pluralismo jurídico como de cómo los medios de la justicia «formal» pueden (o no) dar espacio a las demandas de los pueblos indígenas; y segundo, el tema de las formas de participación de los pueblos indígenas más allá de las formas políticas, como puede ser a través de un proceso de consulta, sino también de medios de gestión territorial a través de los cuales los pueblos indígenas se vuelven verdaderos actores de su propio desarrollo.
Sámi people in the three Nordic States (Norway, Sweden and Finland)
and the Russian Federation. In this frame, it aligns with the arguments
of this volume’s editors that not only borders and identities are socially
constructed concepts but also human societies are much more complex
than the idea, or the ideal, of a nation-state, being rather characterized by
diversity and multiple identities. This, however, does not mean that borders, in the legal and political sense, have not affected or do not impact
peoples’ daily lives. This is particularly evident in the case of Indigenous
Peoples, such as the Sámi, who live across national frontiers, and, as the
volume editors argue, enter those power dynamics and processes of inclusion and exclusion that are present in all types of borders.
Nonostante ciò, né la Legge Indigena e altre leggi in materia, né la tutela offerta dagli strumenti internazionali ratificati dal Cile vengono applicati in modo soddisfacente generando molta frustrazione nonché ingiustizie che hanno dato origine a ricorsi presso le Corti d’Appello e la Corte Suprema cilene. Inoltre, il Cile è uno dei pochissimi paesi latinoamericani che non ha ancora riconosciuto costituzionalmente i propri popoli indigeni, nonostante i diversi tentativi sin dal ritorno della democrazia e l’ondata delle riforme latinoamericane degli anni Novanta. Molte erano, quindi, le aspettative verso la riforma della Costituzione a cura dell’Assemblea Costituente eletta dai cileni e che riservava 17 seggi (su 155) ai rappresentanti indigeni. Il progetto di Costituzione, che conteneva alcune disposizioni in materia di diritti dei popoli indigeni, è stato però bocciato al referendum del 4 settembre 2022.
In tale contesto, il presente saggio intende fornire una panoramica del rapporto fra i popoli indigeni e le istituzioni del Cile di ieri e di oggi, analizzando la storia della sottrazione delle loro terre e l’attuale spettro dei diritti loro riconosciuti dalla legislazione nazionale – dall’identità culturale alla terra – nonché i fattori che impediscono la loro efficace implementazione, dando anche uno sguardo alle recenti sentenze delle corti cilene e all’ennesimo mancato riconoscimento costituzionale dei loro diritti.
In this frame, this chapter aims to explore both how the Commission and the Court have analysed the alleged violations of Indigenous rights and how they have developed their legal reasonings in two recent and pivotal cases, namely the Case of the Kichwa Indigenous People of Sarayaku v. Ecuador (Inter-American Court of Human Rights 2012) and the Case of the Kaliña and Lokono Peoples v. Suriname (Inter-American Court of Human Rights 2015).
Autonomy (Autonomía Indígena Originaria Campesina) in Bolivia”, Online Compendium Autonomy
Arrangements in the World, October 2020, at www.world-autonomies.info.
Según el censo de Chile de 2012, más que el 10% de la población total de Chile se auto-identifica con uno de los nueve pueblos indígenas que están reconocidos en Chile por la Ley sobre Protección, Fomento y Desarrollo de los Indígenas, ley N° 19,253 de 1993, mejor conocida como “Ley Indígena”. Entre las “etnias” indígenas esta ley reconoce a (en orden alfabético) los Atacameños, Aymara, Collas, Diaguitas, Kawashkar o Alacalufe, Mapuches, Quechuas, Rapa Nui o Pascuenses, Yámana o Yagán (artículo 1, párrafo 2).
Es un hecho ampliamente conocido que Chile es un país con una industria extractiva muy avanzada, especialmente en el norte donde hay diversas minas de cobre y de oro. La zona norteña de Chile es desértica y además es particularmente vulnerable antes la amenaza del cambio climático, como se vio en el caso de las fuertes lluvias que golpearon y dañaron las zonas de Antofagasta, Atacama y Coquimbo en marzo de 2015.
Quizás se conoce menos que la legislación sobre el agua y la minería en Chile es muy peculiar. En particular, el artículo 19.24, último párrafo, de la Constitución chilena regula los “derechos” de los particulares (incluidos los individuos, las empresas, etc.) sobre los cursos de agua. Este artículo establece que se pueda conferir un derecho de propiedad permanente de los cauces a los particulares si dichos derechos son reconocidos o constituidos de conformidad a la ley. En otras palabras, la Constitución chilena equipara el derecho de usar un manantial a un derecho real de natura perpetua. Se trata de una herencia de la dictadura de Pinochet para sobreproteger el uso comercial del agua dulce. Esto ha llevado a un registro masivo de “derechos de aprovechamiento de aguas” a lo largo de los años, y por lo tanto a la privatización de los cursos de agua por parte de empresas privadas, muchas mineras. Existe una protección especial de las aguas para las comunidades Aimaras y Atacameñas en la Ley Indígena (artículo 64), pero sin perjuicio de los derechos de aguas que terceros hayan inscrito de conformidad a la ley. Además, no incluye a otros pueblos indígenas del norte (Collas y Daguitas) pesantemente afectados por la industria minera. Finalmente, la legislación chilena sobre la minería facilita la masiva explotación de las materias primas a través también de una incipiente inversión extranjera.
En este contexto, los pueblos indígenas del norte de Chile resultan ser actores muy vulnerables, sobre todo frente a unos antagonistas poderosos como las empresas mineras.
Sin embargo, en los últimos años, gracias también a la ratificación del Convenio 169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo por parte de Chile en 2008, entrado en vigor en septiembre de 2009, los pueblos indígenas del norte de Chile han litigado sus derechos frente a cortes nacionales o se han empoderado de otros instrumentos legales desarrollando así unas brillantes estrategias jurídicas para limitar los impactos sobre sus vidas y sus derechos por parte de la incipiente industria extractiva.
Por lo tanto, esta comunicación ofrece un análisis socio-jurídica de los impactos del extractivismo sobre cuatro de los pueblos indígenas en el norte de Chile y como estos pueblos (Aimara, Atacameños, Collas y Diaguitas) han buscado reaccionar y salvaguardar a sus derechos, inclusive los al agua, no obstante una legislación nacional muy favorable a la industria extractiva.
Indigenous rights; to find a common ground and understanding regarding the
division between collective and individual rights; and to envisage and foster the fair application of other fundamental Indigenous rights such as those of self-determination, participation, consultation, and free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC). The literature on these rights has recently expanded to deal with, for example, the transformative role of fpic;1 how the right to political participation of Indigenous Peoples is and needs to be composite and holistic; and how (prior) consultation is performed, administered, and institutionalised, as well as how, in many cases, its application ultimately fails, including the reasons and the drivers behind this, and how it is used by States to discard their responsibilities or employed by Indigenous Peoples to advance their rights’ agenda in different parts of the world.
However, for a long time, a gap has existed in the literature regarding how to
avoid those aspects of Indigenous Peoples’ rights—whose aim is to guarantee
that this (still vulnerable) sector of society is finally recognised, respected, and
has a say in their matters—that might eventually cause intersectional discrimination
in relation to the exercise of their rights, thereby undermining the overall
goal and effectiveness of those same rights. The book under review, "Reconciling Indigenous Peoples’ Individual and Collective Rights. Participation, Prior Consultation and Self-Determination in Latin America" (Routledge, Abington, New York: 2019) authored by Jessika Eichler, addresses these gaps and engages in an in-depth analysis of the individual and collective dimensions of the rights of Indigenous Peoples and of three subgroups within them (i.e., women, children, and elders) by pointing to those dynamics that might provoke intersectional discrimination and hinder the application of Indigenous rights with a focus on self-determination, participation, consultation, and FPIC.
However, in the 21st century, called by some the ‘Age of Autonomy’ (Skurbaty 2005, xliii‐xliv), what will indigenous autonomy look like? Is there a right to it for indigenous peoples? Are there indigenous forms of (legally recognized) “autonomy”? How do indigenous peoples envisage their exercise of (the right to) autonomy?