راهنما:آی‌پی‌ای/آلمانی معیار: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

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نسخهٔ ‏۴ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۴، ساعت ۱۹:۱۶

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of آلمانی معیار on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of آلمانی معیار in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing اجماع on the talk page first.

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همخوانs
DEU	AUT	CH	Examples	English approximation
b			bei;^[۱] ab (AT, CH)^[۲]	ball
x			nach^[۳]	Scottish loch
ç			ich, durch;^[۳] China, Leipzig (DE)	hue
d			dann; Kleid (AT, CH)^[۲]	done
f			für, von, Phänomen	fuss
ɡ			gut; Tag, Leipzig (AT, CH)^[۲]	guest
h			hat	hut
j			Jahr, Yo-Yo	yard
k			kann, cremen, sechs; Tag (DE);^[۲] China (AT, CH)	cold
l			Leben	last
l̩			Mantel	bottle
m			Mann	must
m̩			großem	rhythm
n			Name	not
n̩			beiden	sudden
ŋ			lang	long
p			Person, ab (DE)^[۲]	puck
pf			Pfeffer	cupful
ʁ	r		reden^[۴]	DE: French rouge AT, CH: انگلیسی اسکاتلندی red
z	s		Sie, diese^[۱]	DE: zebra AT, CH: soup
s			lassen, groß, Haus	fast
ʃ			schon, Stadt, spitz, Champagner, Ski	shall
t			Tag, Stadt; Kleid (DE)^[۲]	tall
tʃ			Matsch, Cello	match
v			was, Vase^[۱]	vanish
ts			Zeit, Platz, Potsdam, Celle	cats
ʔ			beamtet [bəˈʔamtət]^[۵]	uh-oh!
Non-native consonants
dʒ			Dschungel, Pidgin^[۱]^[۶]	jungle
ʒ			Genie, Entourage^[۱]^[۶]	pleasure
ɹ			Spray^[۷]	rice
ð			Motherboard^[۸]	this
θ			Thatcherismus^[۸]	think
w			Web, Whiskey, Squash^[۹]	web
تکیه (زبان‌شناسی)
ˈ			Bahnhofstraße [ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə]	battleship ‎/ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/‎
ˌ			Bahnhofstraße [ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə]	battleship ‎/ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/‎
هجابندی
.			Ephraim [ˈeːfra.ɪm]	flower ‎/ˈflaʊ.ər/‎ (contrasting with flour ‎/ˈflaʊər/‎)

واکهs
DEU	AUT	CH	Examples	English approximation
واکه سادهs
a			alles, Kalender	pasta
a:			aber, sah, Staat	father
ɛ			Ende, hätte	bet
Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ɛ:" not found in list			spät, wählen^[۱۰]	انگلیسی فصیح hair
Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "e:" not found in list			eben, gehen, Meer	mate
ɪ			ist	sit
Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "i:" not found in list			liebe, Berlin, ihm	seed
ɔ			kommen	off
Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "o:" not found in list			oder, hohe, Boot	story
œ			öffnen	somewhat like hurt; انگلیسی فصیح ugh
Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ø:" not found in list			Österreich, Möhre, adieu	somewhat like heard
ʊ			und	pull
Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "u:" not found in list			Hut, Kuh	tool
ʏ			müssen, Ypsilon	somewhat like cute
Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "y:" not found in list			über, Mühe, psychisch	somewhat like few
واکه مرکبs
aɪ			ein, Kaiser, Haydn, Verleih, Speyer	high
aʊ			auf	vow
ɔʏ			Euro, Häuser	choice
کاهش واکه‌ای
ɐ		ər	immer^[۴]	DE, AT: frustration CH: Scottish letter^[۱۱]
ə	ɛ		Name	DE: balance (but not sofa)^[۱۱] AT, CH: انگلیسی عمومی آمریکایی accent
نیم‌واکهs
ɐ̯		r	Uhr^[۴]	DE, AT: sofa CH: Scottish far
i̯			Studie, Italien	yard
o̯			Pointe^[۱۲]	quite
u̯			Linguist, Gouache^[۱۲]	would
y̑			Etui^[۱۲]	somewhat like evaluation
Shortened vowels
e			Element^[۱۳]	roughly like dress
i			Italien^[۱۳]	seat
o			originell^[۱۳]	story, but short
ø			Ökonomie^[۱۳]	roughly like hurt
u			Universität, Souvenir^[۱۳]	truth
y			Psychologie^[۱۳]	like meet, but with the lips rounded
Non-native vowels
ã:			Gourmand, Engagement, Restaurant, Chance^[۱۴]	French Provence
ɛ̃:			Pointe^[۱۴]	French quinze
ɛɪ			Mail^[۱۵]	face
õ:			Garçon^[۱۴]	French Le Monde
ɔ:			stalken, Motherboard^[۱۶]	dog
ɔʊ			Code^[۱۵]	American goat
œ̃:			Parfum^[۱۴]	French emprunte
œ:ɐ̯		ø:r	surfen, Gouverneur^[۱۷]	roughly like انگلیسی فصیح bird
Shortened vowels (Non native vowels)
ã			engagieren^[۱۴]	French chanson
ɛ̃			impair^[۱۴]	French vingt-et-un
õ			foncé^[۱۴]	French Mont Blanc
œ̃			Lundist^[۱۴]	French vingt-et-un

جستارهای وابسته

ارجاعات

↑ ^۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ ^۱٫۲ ^۱٫۳ ^۱٫۴ In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced, and /s/ is the only alveolar fricative). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.
↑ ^۲٫۰ ^۲٫۱ ^۲٫۲ ^۲٫۳ ^۲٫۴ ^۲٫۵ In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.
↑ ^۳٫۰ ^۳٫۱ [ç] and [x] belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed /x/. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and /a, a:/ and it may instead be uvular [χ], depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with ⟨x⟩.
↑ ^۴٫۰ ^۴٫۱ ^۴٫۲ Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, بایرن and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the هجا is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]. Also, in southern Germany and Austria, /ɐ/ is alternatively realized as [a].
↑ The glottal stop occurs in آلمانی معیار آلمان. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. آلمانی اتریشی or آلمانی معیار سوئیس does not have glottal stops ((Krech et al. 2009، صص. 236, 262)).
↑ ^۶٫۰ ^۶٫۱ Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ ((Hall 2003، ص. 42)). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.
↑ Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers.
↑ ^۸٫۰ ^۸٫۱ /ð/ and /θ/, occurring in English loans, may be substituted with any of /d, z, v/ and /t, s, f/, respectively.
↑ Often replaced with /v/.
↑ In northern Germany, /ɛ:/ often merges with /e:/ into Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "e:" not found in list.
↑ ^۱۱٫۰ ^۱۱٫۱ As several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid [ə] and open [ɐ] schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as balance, cannon and chairman and the latter variably in sofa, China (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in ago and again, but one needs to remember that Standard German [ɐ] has no such free variation and is always open, just as [ə] is always mid. In some English dialects, an unstressed /ʌ/ in words such as frustration and justiciable is a perfect replacement for Standard German [ɐ]. Also, especially in southern Germany and Austria, /ɐ/ often merges with /a/ into [a].
↑ ^۱۲٫۰ ^۱۲٫۱ ^۱۲٫۲ /o̯, u̯, y̑/ only occur in certain unadapted or partly unadapted loanwords.
↑ ^۱۳٫۰ ^۱۳٫۱ ^۱۳٫۲ ^۱۳٫۳ ^۱۳٫۴ ^۱۳٫۵ [e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e. , not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] ((Mangold 2005، ص. 65)).
↑ ^۱۴٫۰ ^۱۴٫۱ ^۱۴٫۲ ^۱۴٫۳ ^۱۴٫۴ ^۱۴٫۵ ^۱۴٫۶ ^۱۴٫۷ The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be همگونی (واج‌شناسی) to the جایگاه تولید of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] ((Mangold 2005، ص. 65)).
↑ ^۱۵٫۰ ^۱۵٫۱ The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː].
↑ The long vowel /ɔ:/ occurs only in English loanwords, and is often replaced with the native short /ɔ/ or long /o:/, according to the speaker and where it occurs in a word.
↑ [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel ‎/[invalid input: 'ɜ:r']/‎ and the French stressed [œʁ] ((Krech et al. 2009، صص. 64, 142)).

مراجع کلی و مورد ارجاع

Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Duden, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7

[fortislenis-1] ۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ ^۱٫۲ ^۱٫۳ ^۱٫۴ In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced, and /s/ is the only alveolar fricative). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.

[devoicing-2] ۲٫۰ ^۲٫۱ ^۲٫۲ ^۲٫۳ ^۲٫۴ ^۲٫۵ In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.

[dorsalfricatives-3] ۳٫۰ ^۳٫۱ [ç] and [x] belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed /x/. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and /a, a:/ and it may instead be uvular [χ], depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with ⟨x⟩.

[r-allophones-4] ۴٫۰ ^۴٫۱ ^۴٫۲ Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, بایرن and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the هجا is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]. Also, in southern Germany and Austria, /ɐ/ is alternatively realized as [a].

[5] The glottal stop occurs in آلمانی معیار آلمان. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. آلمانی اتریشی or آلمانی معیار سوئیس does not have glottal stops ((Krech et al. 2009، صص. 236, 262)).

[postalveolarlenis-6] ۶٫۰ ^۶٫۱ Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ ((Hall 2003، ص. 42)). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.

[7] Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers.

[th-8] ۸٫۰ ^۸٫۱ /ð/ and /θ/, occurring in English loans, may be substituted with any of /d, z, v/ and /t, s, f/, respectively.

[9] Often replaced with /v/.

[10] In northern Germany, /ɛ:/ often merges with /e:/ into Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "e:" not found in list.

[schwas-11] ۱۱٫۰ ^۱۱٫۱ As several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid [ə] and open [ɐ] schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as balance, cannon and chairman and the latter variably in sofa, China (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in ago and again, but one needs to remember that Standard German [ɐ] has no such free variation and is always open, just as [ə] is always mid. In some English dialects, an unstressed /ʌ/ in words such as frustration and justiciable is a perfect replacement for Standard German [ɐ]. Also, especially in southern Germany and Austria, /ɐ/ often merges with /a/ into [a].

[semivowels-12] ۱۲٫۰ ^۱۲٫۱ ^۱۲٫۲ /o̯, u̯, y̑/ only occur in certain unadapted or partly unadapted loanwords.

[shorttense-13] ۱۳٫۰ ^۱۳٫۱ ^۱۳٫۲ ^۱۳٫۳ ^۱۳٫۴ ^۱۳٫۵ [e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e. , not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] ((Mangold 2005، ص. 65)).

[nasalV-14] ۱۴٫۰ ^۱۴٫۱ ^۱۴٫۲ ^۱۴٫۳ ^۱۴٫۴ ^۱۴٫۵ ^۱۴٫۶ ^۱۴٫۷ The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be همگونی (واج‌شناسی) to the جایگاه تولید of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] ((Mangold 2005، ص. 65)).

[middiphthongs-15] ۱۵٫۰ ^۱۵٫۱ The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː].

[16] The long vowel /ɔ:/ occurs only in English loanwords, and is often replaced with the native short /ɔ/ or long /o:/, according to the speaker and where it occurs in a word.

[17] [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel ‎/[invalid input: 'ɜ:r']/‎ and the French stressed [œʁ] ((Krech et al. 2009، صص. 64, 142)).

[۱]

[۲]

[۳]

[۴]

[۵]

[۶]

[۷]

[۸]

[۹]

[۱۰]

[۱۱]

[۱۲]

[۱۳]

[۱۴]

[۱۵]

[۱۶]

[۱۷]

ن ب و راهنماهای الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی
آفریکانس آلبانیایی امهری عربی استاندارد نوین مصری حجازی تونسی آرامی ارمنی آسامی آستوری بومی استرالیایی آذربایجانی باسک بلاروسی بنگالی بربر برتون بلغاری برمه‌ای کاتالان فرانکی مرکزی کولوینیایی لوکزامبورگی چینی ماندارین کانتونی هاکین تایوانی کورسیکایی چکی دانمارکی دری دوتراکی هلندی انگلیسی گویش‌ها انگلیسی باستان امیلیانو-رومانیولو اسپرانتو استونیایی اکسترمادوران فیجیایی فنلاندی آرپیتان فرانسوی فریسی ساترلند غربی گالیسی گاگائوز گرجی ژرمن استاندارد آلمانی یونانی گوارانی گجراتی کریول آییسینی هاوایی عبری هندی مجاری ایسلندی اندونزیایی اینوکتیتوت اینوپیات ایرلندی ایتالیایی استاندارد گویش‌ها ژاپنی لادینو کانارا کشمیری قزاقی خمر کلینگان کره‌ای کوری‌وینی کردی لائو لاتین لاتویایی لازی لیگوری لیتوانیایی لومبارد مقدونی مالاگاسی مالایی مالایالام مالتی منچو مانکس مائوری مارشالی مایایی مگرلی مغولی میراندی ناهواتل ناواهو ناپولی تایلندی شمالی نروژی اکسیتان اوریه اورومو آسی پارسی پیدمونتی لهستانی پرتغالی پنجابی کچوا رومانیایی رومانش روسی سانسکریت کلاسیک ساردنیایی گیلیک اسکاتلندی صربی‌کرواتی شان سیسیلی اسلواکی اسلوونی اسپانیایی سوانی سواحیلی سوازی سوئدی تاگالوگ تای لو تاجیکی تامیلی تاتاری تایلندی تبتی تیگرینیایی ترکی ترکمنی اوکراینی اردو ازبکی ونتی ویتنامی والون واندامنی ولزی خوسایی ییدیشیی زولویی
مقایسه	معاهدات الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی برای انگلیسی بازآوایی تلفظ ویکی‌پدیا دیگر بازآوایی‌های تلفظ انگلیسی
راهنماهای مقدماتی	نمادها برای گویشوران انگلیسی راهنمای سبک:تلفظ