راهنما:آیپیای/آلمانی معیار: تفاوت میان نسخهها
ظاهر
محتوای حذفشده محتوای افزودهشده
برچسبها: خنثیسازی برگرداندهشده |
ابرابزار برچسب: برگرداندهشده |
||
خط ۱: | خط ۱: | ||
{{IPA key|H:IPA-DE|H:IPAG|sort=German}} |
{{IPA key|H:IPA-DE|H:IPAG|sort=German}} |
||
جداول زیر نشان دهنده نحوه نمایش |
جداول زیر نشان دهنده نحوه نمایش تلفظهای معیار به [[زبان آلمانی]] معیار در مقالات ویکیپدیا با [[الفبای آوانگاری بینالمللی]] هستند. برای راهنمای افزودن کاراکترهای آی پی ای به مقالات ویکیپدیا [[الگو:آوا]] {{پیوند بخش|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}} را ببینید. |
||
{| style="background:none" |
{| style="background:none" |
||
خط ۱۲: | خط ۱۲: | ||
! Examples !! English approximation |
! Examples !! English approximation |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|b}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''b'''ei;<ref name="fortislenis">In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents {{آوا|/b, d, ɡ, dʒ, ʒ/}} are voiceless {{آوا|[b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊]}} and are distinguished from {{آوا|/p, t, k, tʃ, ʃ/}} only by articulatory strength ({{آوا|/v/}} is really voiced, and {{آوا|/s/}} is the only alveolar fricative). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless {{آوا|[b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊]}} as well as {{آوا|[v̥]}} occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for {{آوا|/b, d, ɡ/}}, often also word-initially. See [[fortis and lenis]].</ref> a'''b'''}} ({{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|CH|Swiss Standard German}})<ref name="devoicing"/> |
| {{Lang|de|'''b'''ei;<ref name="fortislenis">In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents {{آوا|/b, d, ɡ, dʒ, ʒ/}} are voiceless {{آوا|[b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊]}} and are distinguished from {{آوا|/p, t, k, tʃ, ʃ/}} only by articulatory strength ({{آوا|/v/}} is really voiced, and {{آوا|/s/}} is the only alveolar fricative). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless {{آوا|[b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊]}} as well as {{آوا|[v̥]}} occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for {{آوا|/b, d, ɡ/}}, often also word-initially. See [[fortis and lenis]].</ref> a'''b'''}} ({{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|CH|Swiss Standard German}})<ref name="devoicing"/> |
||
| '''b'''all |
| '''b'''all |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|x}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|na'''ch'''}}<ref name="dorsalfricatives" |
| {{Lang|de|na'''ch'''}}<ref name="dorsalfricatives"/> |
||
| ''Scottish'' lo'''ch''' |
| ''Scottish'' lo'''ch''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ç}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|i'''ch''', dur'''ch''';<ref name="dorsalfricatives">{{IPAblink|ç}} and {{IPAblink|x}} belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed {{آوا|/x/}}. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and {{آوا|/a, |
| {{Lang|de|i'''ch''', dur'''ch''';<ref name="dorsalfricatives">{{IPAblink|ç}} and {{IPAblink|x}} belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed {{آوا|/x/}}. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and {{آوا|/a, a:/}} and it may instead be uvular {{IPAblink|χ}}, depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with {{Angbr IPA|x}}.</ref> '''Ch'''ina, Leipzi'''g'''}} ({{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}}) |
||
| '''h'''ue |
| '''h'''ue |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|d}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''d'''ann; Klei'''d'''}} ({{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|CH|Swiss Standard German}})<ref name="devoicing"/> |
| {{Lang|de|'''d'''ann; Klei'''d'''}} ({{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|CH|Swiss Standard German}})<ref name="devoicing"/> |
||
| '''d'''one |
| '''d'''one |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|f}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''f'''ür, '''v'''on, '''Ph'''änomen}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''f'''ür, '''v'''on, '''Ph'''änomen}} |
||
| '''f'''uss |
| '''f'''uss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ɡ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''g'''ut; Ta'''g''', Leipzi'''g'''}} ({{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|CH|Swiss Standard German}})<ref name="devoicing"/> |
| {{Lang|de|'''g'''ut; Ta'''g''', Leipzi'''g'''}} ({{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|CH|Swiss Standard German}})<ref name="devoicing"/> |
||
| '''g'''uest |
| '''g'''uest |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|h}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''h'''at}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''h'''at}} |
||
| '''h'''ut |
| '''h'''ut |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|j}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''J'''ahr, '''Y'''o-'''Y'''o}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''J'''ahr, '''Y'''o-'''Y'''o}} |
||
| '''y'''ard |
| '''y'''ard |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|k}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''k'''ann, '''c'''remen, se'''ch'''s; Ta'''g'''}} ({{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}});<ref name="devoicing">In German Standard German, voiced stops {{آوا|/b, d, ɡ/}} are devoiced to {{آوا|[p, t, k]}} at the end of a syllable.</ref> {{Lang|de|'''Ch'''ina}} ({{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|CH|Swiss Standard German}}) |
| {{Lang|de|'''k'''ann, '''c'''remen, se'''ch'''s; Ta'''g'''}} ({{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}});<ref name="devoicing">In German Standard German, voiced stops {{آوا|/b, d, ɡ/}} are devoiced to {{آوا|[p, t, k]}} at the end of a syllable.</ref> {{Lang|de|'''Ch'''ina}} ({{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|CH|Swiss Standard German}}) |
||
| '''c'''old |
| '''c'''old |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|l}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''L'''eben}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''L'''eben}} |
||
| '''l'''ast |
| '''l'''ast |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|l̩}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Mant'''el'''}} |
| {{Lang|de|Mant'''el'''}} |
||
| bott'''le''' |
| bott'''le''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|m}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''M'''ann}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''M'''ann}} |
||
| '''m'''ust |
| '''m'''ust |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|m̩}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|groß'''em'''}} |
| {{Lang|de|groß'''em'''}} |
||
| rhyth'''m''' |
| rhyth'''m''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|n}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''N'''ame}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''N'''ame}} |
||
| '''n'''ot |
| '''n'''ot |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|n̩}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|beid'''en'''}} |
| {{Lang|de|beid'''en'''}} |
||
| sudd'''en''' |
| sudd'''en''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ŋ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|la'''ng'''}} |
| {{Lang|de|la'''ng'''}} |
||
| lo'''ng''' |
| lo'''ng''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|p}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''P'''erson, a'''b'''}} ({{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}})<ref name="devoicing" |
| {{Lang|de|'''P'''erson, a'''b'''}} ({{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}})<ref name="devoicing"/> |
||
| '''p'''uck |
| '''p'''uck |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|pf}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''Pf'''effer}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''Pf'''effer}} |
||
| cu'''pf'''ul |
| cu'''pf'''ul |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ʁ}}}} |
||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|r}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''r'''eden}}<ref name="r-allophones">Pronunciation of {{آوا|/r/}} in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only {{آوا|[r]}}, that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, [[بایرن]] and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant {{آوا|[ʁ]}}. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the {{آوا|/r/}} in the [[هجا]] is vocalized to {{آوا|[ɐ̯]}} after long vowels or after all vowels, and {{آوا|/ər/}} is pronounced as {{آوا|[ɐ]}}. Also, in [[southern Germany]] and Austria, {{آوا|/ɐ/}} is alternatively realized as {{IPAblink|a}}.</ref> |
| {{Lang|de|'''r'''eden}}<ref name="r-allophones">Pronunciation of {{آوا|/r/}} in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only {{آوا|[r]}}, that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, [[بایرن]] and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant {{آوا|[ʁ]}}. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the {{آوا|/r/}} in the [[هجا]] is vocalized to {{آوا|[ɐ̯]}} after long vowels or after all vowels, and {{آوا|/ər/}} is pronounced as {{آوا|[ɐ]}}. Also, in [[southern Germany]] and Austria, {{آوا|/ɐ/}} is alternatively realized as {{IPAblink|a}}.</ref> |
||
| {{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}}: ''French'' '''r'''ouge |
| {{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}}: ''French'' '''r'''ouge{{سخ}}{{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: ''[[انگلیسی اسکاتلندی]]'' '''r'''ed |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|z}}}} |
||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|s}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''S'''ie, die'''s'''e}}<ref name="fortislenis" |
| {{Lang|de|'''S'''ie, die'''s'''e}}<ref name="fortislenis"/> |
||
| {{کوتهنوشت|DE|Standard German}}: '''z'''ebra |
| {{کوتهنوشت|DE|Standard German}}: '''z'''ebra{{سخ}}{{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: '''s'''oup |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|s}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|la'''ss'''en, gro'''ß''', Hau'''s'''}} |
| {{Lang|de|la'''ss'''en, gro'''ß''', Hau'''s'''}} |
||
| fa'''s'''t |
| fa'''s'''t |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ʃ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''sch'''on, '''S'''tadt, '''s'''pitz, '''Ch'''ampagner, '''Sk'''i}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''sch'''on, '''S'''tadt, '''s'''pitz, '''Ch'''ampagner, '''Sk'''i}} |
||
| '''sh'''all |
| '''sh'''all |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|t}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''T'''ag, Sta'''dt'''; Klei'''d'''}} ({{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}})<ref name="devoicing" |
| {{Lang|de|'''T'''ag, Sta'''dt'''; Klei'''d'''}} ({{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}})<ref name="devoicing"/> |
||
| '''t'''all |
| '''t'''all |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|tʃ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Ma'''tsch''', '''C'''ello}} |
| {{Lang|de|Ma'''tsch''', '''C'''ello}} |
||
| ma'''tch''' |
| ma'''tch''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|v}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''w'''as, '''V'''ase}}<ref name="fortislenis"/> |
| {{Lang|de|'''w'''as, '''V'''ase}}<ref name="fortislenis"/> |
||
| '''v'''anish |
| '''v'''anish |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ts}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''Z'''eit, Pla'''tz''', Po'''ts'''dam, '''C'''elle}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''Z'''eit, Pla'''tz''', Po'''ts'''dam, '''C'''elle}} |
||
| ca'''ts''' |
| ca'''ts''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ʔ}}}} |
||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:gray" | |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:gray" | |
||
| {{Lang|de|beamtet}} {{آوا|[bəˈʔamtət]}}<ref>The glottal stop occurs in [[آلمانی معیار آلمان]]. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. [[آلمانی اتریشی]] or [[آلمانی معیار سوئیس]] does not have glottal stops ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Krech et al.|2009|pp=236, 262}}).</ref> |
| {{Lang|de|beamtet}} {{آوا|[bəˈʔamtət]}}<ref>The glottal stop occurs in [[آلمانی معیار آلمان]]. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. [[آلمانی اتریشی]] or [[آلمانی معیار سوئیس]] does not have glottal stops ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Krech et al.|2009|pp=236, 262}}).</ref> |
||
خط ۱۲۵: | خط ۱۲۵: | ||
! colspan="5" | Non-native consonants |
! colspan="5" | Non-native consonants |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|dʒ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''Dsch'''ungel, Pi'''dg'''in}}<ref name="fortislenis" |
| {{Lang|de|'''Dsch'''ungel, Pi'''dg'''in}}<ref name="fortislenis"/><ref name="postalveolarlenis">Many speakers lack the lenis {{آوا|/ʒ/}} and replace it with its fortis counterpart {{آوا|/ʃ/}} ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Hall|2003|p=42}}). The same applies to the corresponding lenis {{آوا|/dʒ/}}, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart {{آوا|/tʃ/}}. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.</ref> |
||
| '''j'''ungle |
| '''j'''ungle |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ʒ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''G'''enie, Entoura'''g'''e}}<ref name="fortislenis" |
| {{Lang|de|'''G'''enie, Entoura'''g'''e}}<ref name="fortislenis"/><ref name="postalveolarlenis"/> |
||
| plea'''s'''ure |
| plea'''s'''ure |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ɹ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Sp'''r'''ay}}<ref>Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers.</ref> |
| {{Lang|de|Sp'''r'''ay}}<ref>Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers.</ref> |
||
| '''r'''ice |
| '''r'''ice |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ð}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Mo'''th'''erboard}}<ref name="th">{{آوا|/ð/}} and {{آوا|/θ/}}, occurring in English loans, may be substituted with any of {{آوا|/d, z, v/}} and {{آوا|/t, s, f/}}, respectively.</ref> |
| {{Lang|de|Mo'''th'''erboard}}<ref name="th">{{آوا|/ð/}} and {{آوا|/θ/}}, occurring in English loans, may be substituted with any of {{آوا|/d, z, v/}} and {{آوا|/t, s, f/}}, respectively.</ref> |
||
| '''th'''is |
| '''th'''is |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|θ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''Th'''atcherismus}}<ref name="th"/> |
| {{Lang|de|'''Th'''atcherismus}}<ref name="th"/> |
||
| '''th'''ink |
| '''th'''ink |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|w}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''W'''eb, '''W'''hiskey, Sq'''u'''ash}}<ref>Often replaced with {{آوا|/v/}}.</ref> |
| {{Lang|de|'''W'''eb, '''W'''hiskey, Sq'''u'''ash}}<ref>Often replaced with {{آوا|/v/}}.</ref> |
||
| '''w'''eb |
| '''w'''eb |
||
خط ۱۵۱: | خط ۱۵۱: | ||
! colspan="5" | [[تکیه (زبانشناسی)]] |
! colspan="5" | [[تکیه (زبانشناسی)]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ˈ}}}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{Lang|de|'''Bahn'''hof'''stra'''ße}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{Lang|de|'''Bahn'''hof'''stra'''ße}}{{سخ}}{{آوا|[ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə]}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | battleship {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|t|əl|ˌ|ʃ|ɪ|p}} |
| rowspan="2" | battleship {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|t|əl|ˌ|ʃ|ɪ|p}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ˌ}}}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="5" | [[هجابندی]] |
! colspan="5" | [[هجابندی]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|.}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Ephr'''ai'''m}} |
| {{Lang|de|Ephr'''ai'''m}}{{سخ}}{{آوا|[ˈeːfra.ɪm]}} |
||
| flower {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|l|aʊ|.|ər}} ''(contrasting with'' flour {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|l|aʊr}}'')'' |
| flower {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|l|aʊ|.|ər}} ''(contrasting with'' flour {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|l|aʊr}}'')'' |
||
|} |
|} |
||
خط ۱۷۲: | خط ۱۷۲: | ||
! colspan="5" | [[واکه ساده]]s |
! colspan="5" | [[واکه ساده]]s |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ä|a}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''a'''lles, K'''a'''lender}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''a'''lles, K'''a'''lender}} |
||
| p'''a'''sta |
| p'''a'''sta |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ä|a:}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''a'''ber, s'''ah''', St'''aa'''t}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''a'''ber, s'''ah''', St'''aa'''t}} |
||
| f'''a'''ther |
| f'''a'''ther |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ɛ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''E'''nde, h'''ä'''tte}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''E'''nde, h'''ä'''tte}} |
||
| b'''e'''t |
| b'''e'''t |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ɛ:}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|sp'''ä'''t, w'''äh'''len}}<ref>In [[northern Germany]], {{آوا|/ |
| {{Lang|de|sp'''ä'''t, w'''äh'''len}}<ref>In [[northern Germany]], {{آوا|/ɛ:/}} often merges with {{آوا|/e:/}} into {{IPAblink|e:}}.</ref> |
||
| ''[[انگلیسی فصیح]]'' h'''air''' |
| ''[[انگلیسی فصیح]]'' h'''air''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|e:}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''e'''ben, g'''eh'''en, M'''ee'''r}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''e'''ben, g'''eh'''en, M'''ee'''r}} |
||
| m'''a'''te |
| m'''a'''te |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ɪ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''i'''st}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''i'''st}} |
||
| s'''i'''t |
| s'''i'''t |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|i:}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|l'''ie'''be, Berl'''i'''n, '''ih'''m}} |
| {{Lang|de|l'''ie'''be, Berl'''i'''n, '''ih'''m}} |
||
| s'''ee'''d |
| s'''ee'''d |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ɔ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|k'''o'''mmen}} |
| {{Lang|de|k'''o'''mmen}} |
||
| '''o'''ff |
| '''o'''ff |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|o:}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''o'''der, h'''oh'''e, B'''oo'''t}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''o'''der, h'''oh'''e, B'''oo'''t}} |
||
| st'''o'''ry |
| st'''o'''ry |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|œ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''ö'''ffnen}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''ö'''ffnen}} |
||
| ''somewhat like'' h'''ur'''t; ''[[انگلیسی فصیح]]'' '''ugh''' |
| ''somewhat like'' h'''ur'''t; ''[[انگلیسی فصیح]]'' '''ugh''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ø:}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''Ö'''sterreich, M'''öh'''re, adi'''eu'''}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''Ö'''sterreich, M'''öh'''re, adi'''eu'''}} |
||
| ''somewhat like'' h'''ear'''d |
| ''somewhat like'' h'''ear'''d |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ʊ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''u'''nd}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''u'''nd}} |
||
| p'''u'''ll |
| p'''u'''ll |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|u:}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|H'''u'''t, K'''uh'''}} |
| {{Lang|de|H'''u'''t, K'''uh'''}} |
||
| t'''oo'''l |
| t'''oo'''l |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ʏ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|m'''ü'''ssen, '''Y'''psilon}} |
| {{Lang|de|m'''ü'''ssen, '''Y'''psilon}} |
||
| ''somewhat like'' c'''u'''te |
| ''somewhat like'' c'''u'''te |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|y:}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''ü'''ber, M'''üh'''e, ps'''y'''chisch}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''ü'''ber, M'''üh'''e, ps'''y'''chisch}} |
||
| ''somewhat like'' f'''ew''' |
| ''somewhat like'' f'''ew''' |
||
خط ۲۳۴: | خط ۲۳۴: | ||
! colspan="5" | [[واکه مرکب]]s |
! colspan="5" | [[واکه مرکب]]s |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|aɪ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''ei'''n, K'''ai'''ser, H'''ay'''dn, Verl'''eih''', Sp'''ey'''er}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''ei'''n, K'''ai'''ser, H'''ay'''dn, Verl'''eih''', Sp'''ey'''er}} |
||
| h'''igh''' |
| h'''igh''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|aʊ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''au'''f}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''au'''f}} |
||
| v'''ow''' |
| v'''ow''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|ɔʏ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''Eu'''ro, H'''äu'''ser}} |
| {{Lang|de|'''Eu'''ro, H'''äu'''ser}} |
||
| ch'''oi'''ce |
| ch'''oi'''ce |
||
خط ۲۴۸: | خط ۲۴۸: | ||
! colspan="5" | [[کاهش واکهای]] |
! colspan="5" | [[کاهش واکهای]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ɐ}}}} |
||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|ər}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|imm'''er'''}}<ref name="r-allophones" |
| {{Lang|de|imm'''er'''}}<ref name="r-allophones"/> |
||
| {{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}: fr'''u'''stration |
| {{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}: fr'''u'''stration{{سخ}}{{کوتهنوشت|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: ''Scottish'' lett'''er'''<ref name="schwas">As several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid {{IPAblink|ə}} and open {{IPAblink|ɐ}} schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as ''bal'''a'''nce'', ''cann'''o'''n'' and ''chairm'''a'''n'' and the latter variably in ''sof'''a''''', ''Chin'''a''''' (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in '''''a'''go'' and '''''a'''gain'', but one needs to remember that Standard German {{IPAblink|ɐ}} has no such free variation and is always open, just as {{IPAblink|ə}} is always mid. In some English dialects, an unstressed {{آوا|/ʌ/}} in words such as ''fr'''u'''stration'' and ''j'''u'''sticiable'' is a perfect replacement for Standard German {{IPAblink|ɐ}}. Also, especially in [[southern Germany]] and Austria, {{آوا|/ɐ/}} often merges with {{آوا|/a/}} into {{IPAblink|a}}.</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ə}}}} |
||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ɛ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Nam'''e'''}} |
| {{Lang|de|Nam'''e'''}} |
||
| {{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}}: bal'''a'''nce ''(but not'' sof'''a''''')''<ref name="schwas"/> |
| {{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}}: bal'''a'''nce ''(but not'' sof'''a''''')''<ref name="schwas"/>{{سخ}}{{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: ''[[انگلیسی عمومی آمریکایی]]'' acc'''e'''nt |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="5" | [[نیمواکه]]s |
! colspan="5" | [[نیمواکه]]s |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|ɐ̯}}}} |
||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|r}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Uh'''r'''}}<ref name="r-allophones" |
| {{Lang|de|Uh'''r'''}}<ref name="r-allophones"/> |
||
| {{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}: sof'''a''' |
| {{کوتهنوشت|DE|German Standard German}}, {{کوتهنوشت|AT|Austrian Standard German}}: sof'''a'''{{سخ}}{{کوتهنوشت|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: ''Scottish'' fa'''r''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|i|i̯}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Stud'''i'''e, Ital'''i'''en}} |
| {{Lang|de|Stud'''i'''e, Ital'''i'''en}} |
||
| '''y'''ard |
| '''y'''ard |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|o|o̯}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|P'''o'''inte}}<ref name="semivowels">{{آوا|/o̯, u̯, y̑/}} only occur in certain unadapted or partly unadapted loanwords.</ref> |
| {{Lang|de|P'''o'''inte}}<ref name="semivowels">{{آوا|/o̯, u̯, y̑/}} only occur in certain unadapted or partly unadapted loanwords.</ref> |
||
| q'''u'''ite |
| q'''u'''ite |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|u|u̯}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Ling'''u'''ist, G'''ou'''ache}}<ref name="semivowels"/> |
| {{Lang|de|Ling'''u'''ist, G'''ou'''ache}}<ref name="semivowels"/> |
||
| '''w'''ould |
| '''w'''ould |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|y|y̑}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Et'''u'''i}}<ref name="semivowels"/> |
| {{Lang|de|Et'''u'''i}}<ref name="semivowels"/> |
||
| ''somewhat like'' eval'''u'''ation |
| ''somewhat like'' eval'''u'''ation |
||
خط ۲۸۳: | خط ۲۸۳: | ||
! colspan="5" | Shortened vowels |
! colspan="5" | Shortened vowels |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|e}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''E'''l'''e'''ment}}<ref name="shorttense">{{آوا|[e, i, o, ø, u, y]}}, the short versions of the long vowels {{آوا|[eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː]}}, are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in {{Lang|de|jedoch}} {{آوا|[jeˈdɔx]}}, {{Lang|de|soeben}} {{آوا|[zoˈʔeːbn̩]}}, {{Lang|de|vielleicht}} {{آوا|[fiˈlaɪçt]}} etc. In casual speech short {{آوا|[e, i, o, ø, u, y]}} preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a {{آوا|[ʔ]}}) may be replaced with {{آوا|[ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ]}}, e.g. {{آوا|[jɛˈdɔx]}}, {{آوا|[fɪˈlaɪçt]}} ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Mangold|2005|p=65}}).</ref> |
| {{Lang|de|'''E'''l'''e'''ment}}<ref name="shorttense">{{آوا|[e, i, o, ø, u, y]}}, the short versions of the long vowels {{آوا|[eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː]}}, are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in {{Lang|de|jedoch}} {{آوا|[jeˈdɔx]}}, {{Lang|de|soeben}} {{آوا|[zoˈʔeːbn̩]}}, {{Lang|de|vielleicht}} {{آوا|[fiˈlaɪçt]}} etc. In casual speech short {{آوا|[e, i, o, ø, u, y]}} preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e. , not a {{آوا|[ʔ]}}) may be replaced with {{آوا|[ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ]}}, e.g. {{آوا|[jɛˈdɔx]}}, {{آوا|[fɪˈlaɪçt]}} ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Mangold|2005|p=65}}).</ref> |
||
| ''roughly like'' dr'''e'''ss |
| ''roughly like'' dr'''e'''ss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|i}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''I'''talien}}<ref name="shorttense"/> |
| {{Lang|de|'''I'''talien}}<ref name="shorttense"/> |
||
| s'''ea'''t |
| s'''ea'''t |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|o}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''o'''riginell}}<ref name="shorttense"/> |
| {{Lang|de|'''o'''riginell}}<ref name="shorttense"/> |
||
| st'''o'''ry, ''but short'' |
| st'''o'''ry, ''but short'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ø}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''Ö'''konomie}}<ref name="shorttense"/> |
| {{Lang|de|'''Ö'''konomie}}<ref name="shorttense"/> |
||
| ''roughly like'' h'''ur'''t |
| ''roughly like'' h'''ur'''t |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|u}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''U'''niversität, S'''ou'''venir}}<ref name="shorttense"/> |
| {{Lang|de|'''U'''niversität, S'''ou'''venir}}<ref name="shorttense"/> |
||
| tr'''u'''th |
| tr'''u'''th |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|y}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Ps'''y'''chologie}}<ref name="shorttense"/> |
| {{Lang|de|Ps'''y'''chologie}}<ref name="shorttense"/> |
||
| ''like'' m'''ee'''t, ''but with the lips rounded'' |
| ''like'' m'''ee'''t, ''but with the lips rounded'' |
||
خط ۳۰۹: | خط ۳۰۹: | ||
! colspan="5" | Non-native vowels |
! colspan="5" | Non-native vowels |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|ã:}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Gourm'''and''', Engagem'''ent''', Restaur'''ant''', Ch'''an'''ce}}<ref name="nasalV">The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long {{آوا|[ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː]}} when stressed and short {{آوا|[ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃]}} when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with {{آوا|[aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ]}} irrespective of length, and the {{آوا|[ŋ]}} in these sequences may optionally be [[همگونی (واجشناسی)]] to the [[جایگاه تولید]] of a following consonant, e.g. {{Lang|de|Ensemble}} {{آوا|[aŋˈsaŋbl̩]}} or {{آوا|[anˈsambl̩]}} for {{آوا|[ãˈsãːbl̩]}} ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Mangold|2005|p=65}}).</ref> |
| {{Lang|de|Gourm'''and''', Engagem'''ent''', Restaur'''ant''', Ch'''an'''ce}}<ref name="nasalV">The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long {{آوا|[ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː]}} when stressed and short {{آوا|[ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃]}} when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with {{آوا|[aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ]}} irrespective of length, and the {{آوا|[ŋ]}} in these sequences may optionally be [[همگونی (واجشناسی)]] to the [[جایگاه تولید]] of a following consonant, e.g. {{Lang|de|Ensemble}} {{آوا|[aŋˈsaŋbl̩]}} or {{آوا|[anˈsambl̩]}} for {{آوا|[ãˈsãːbl̩]}} ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Mangold|2005|p=65}}).</ref> |
||
| ''French'' Prov'''en'''ce |
| ''French'' Prov'''en'''ce |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|ɛ̃:}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Po'''in'''te}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
| {{Lang|de|Po'''in'''te}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
||
| ''French'' qu'''in'''ze |
| ''French'' qu'''in'''ze |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|ɛɪ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|M'''ai'''l}}<ref name="middiphthongs">The diphthongs {{آوا|/ɛɪ, ɔʊ/}} occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as ''okay''. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to {{آوا|[eː, oː]}} (or {{آوا|[e, o]}} in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word ''okay'' can be pronounced as either {{آوا|[ɔʊˈkɛɪ]}} or {{آوا|[oˈkeː]}}.</ref> |
| {{Lang|de|M'''ai'''l}}<ref name="middiphthongs">The diphthongs {{آوا|/ɛɪ, ɔʊ/}} occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as ''okay''. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to {{آوا|[eː, oː]}} (or {{آوا|[e, o]}} in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word ''okay'' can be pronounced as either {{آوا|[ɔʊˈkɛɪ]}} or {{آوا|[oˈkeː]}}.</ref> |
||
| f'''a'''ce |
| f'''a'''ce |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|õ:}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Garç'''on'''}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
| {{Lang|de|Garç'''on'''}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
||
| ''French'' Le M'''on'''de |
| ''French'' Le M'''on'''de |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|ɔ:}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|st'''al'''ken, Motherb'''oa'''rd}}<ref>The long vowel {{آوا|/ |
| {{Lang|de|st'''al'''ken, Motherb'''oa'''rd}}<ref>The long vowel {{آوا|/ɔ:/}} occurs only in English loanwords, and is often replaced with the native short {{آوا|/ɔ/}} or long {{آوا|/o:/}}, according to the speaker and where it occurs in a word.</ref> |
||
| d'''o'''g |
| d'''o'''g |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|ɔʊ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|C'''o'''de}}<ref name="middiphthongs"/> |
| {{Lang|de|C'''o'''de}}<ref name="middiphthongs"/> |
||
| ''American'' g'''oa'''t |
| ''American'' g'''oa'''t |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|œ̃:}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|Parf'''um'''}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
| {{Lang|de|Parf'''um'''}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
||
| ''French'' empr'''un'''te |
| ''French'' empr'''un'''te |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|œ:ɐ̯}}}} |
||
| style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{آوا|ø:r}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|s'''ur'''fen, Gouvern'''eur'''}}<ref>{{آوا|[œːɐ̯]}} or {{آوا|[øːr]}} is the German rendering of the English {{Smallcaps2|NURSE}} vowel {{IPAc-en| |
| {{Lang|de|s'''ur'''fen, Gouvern'''eur'''}}<ref>{{آوا|[œːɐ̯]}} or {{آوا|[øːr]}} is the German rendering of the English {{Smallcaps2|NURSE}} vowel {{IPAc-en|ɜ:r}} and the French stressed {{آوا|fr|œʁ|}} ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Krech et al.|2009|pp=64, 142}}).</ref> |
||
| ''roughly like [[انگلیسی فصیح]]'' b'''ir'''d |
| ''roughly like [[انگلیسی فصیح]]'' b'''ir'''d |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! colspan="5" | Shortened vowels (Non native vowels) |
! colspan="5" | Shortened vowels (Non native vowels) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ã}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''en'''gagieren}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
| {{Lang|de|'''en'''gagieren}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
||
| ''French'' ch'''an'''son |
| ''French'' ch'''an'''son |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|'''im'''pair}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
| {{Lang|de|'''im'''pair}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
||
| ''French'' v'''ing'''t-et-un |
| ''French'' v'''ing'''t-et-un |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|õ}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|f'''on'''cé}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
| {{Lang|de|f'''on'''cé}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
||
| ''French'' M'''on'''t Blanc |
| ''French'' M'''on'''t Blanc |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | |
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{درشت|{{IPA link|œ̃}}}} |
||
| {{Lang|de|L'''un'''dist}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
| {{Lang|de|L'''un'''dist}}<ref name="nasalV"/> |
||
| ''French'' vingt-et-'''un''' |
| ''French'' vingt-et-'''un''' |
||
خط ۳۶۲: | خط ۳۶۲: | ||
|} |
|} |
||
==جستارهای وابسته== |
== جستارهای وابسته == |
||
* {{پیوند رده با شمار|Pages with German IPA|pages}} |
* {{پیوند رده با شمار|Pages with German IPA|pages}} |
||
* {{پیوند رده با شمار|Pages with Austrian German IPA|pages}} |
* {{پیوند رده با شمار|Pages with Austrian German IPA|pages}} |
||
خط ۴۰۷: | خط ۴۰۷: | ||
|publisher=Duden |
|publisher=Duden |
||
|edition=6th |
|edition=6th |
||
|ISBN=978- |
|ISBN=978-3-411-04066-7 |
||
}} |
}} |
||
{{پایان منابع}} |
{{پایان منابع}} |
نسخهٔ ۴ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۴، ساعت ۱۹:۱۶
This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of آلمانی معیار on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of آلمانی معیار in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing اجماع on the talk page first. |
جداول زیر نشان دهنده نحوه نمایش تلفظهای معیار به زبان آلمانی معیار در مقالات ویکیپدیا با الفبای آوانگاری بینالمللی هستند. برای راهنمای افزودن کاراکترهای آی پی ای به مقالات ویکیپدیا الگو:آوا Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters را ببینید.
|
|
جستارهای وابسته
- رده:Pages with German IPA (۰)
- رده:Pages with Austrian German IPA (۰)
- رده:Pages with Swiss Standard German IPA (۰)
ارجاعات
- ↑ ۱٫۰ ۱٫۱ ۱٫۲ ۱٫۳ ۱٫۴ In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced, and /s/ is the only alveolar fricative). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.
- ↑ ۲٫۰ ۲٫۱ ۲٫۲ ۲٫۳ ۲٫۴ ۲٫۵ In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.
- ↑ ۳٫۰ ۳٫۱ [ç] and [x] belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed /x/. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and /a, a:/ and it may instead be uvular [χ], depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with ⟨x⟩.
- ↑ ۴٫۰ ۴٫۱ ۴٫۲ Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, بایرن and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the هجا is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]. Also, in southern Germany and Austria, /ɐ/ is alternatively realized as [a].
- ↑ The glottal stop occurs in آلمانی معیار آلمان. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. آلمانی اتریشی or آلمانی معیار سوئیس does not have glottal stops ((Krech et al. 2009، صص. 236, 262)).
- ↑ ۶٫۰ ۶٫۱ Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ ((Hall 2003، ص. 42)). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.
- ↑ Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers.
- ↑ ۸٫۰ ۸٫۱ /ð/ and /θ/, occurring in English loans, may be substituted with any of /d, z, v/ and /t, s, f/, respectively.
- ↑ Often replaced with /v/.
- ↑ In northern Germany, /ɛ:/ often merges with /e:/ into Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "e:" not found in list.
- ↑ ۱۱٫۰ ۱۱٫۱ As several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid [ə] and open [ɐ] schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as balance, cannon and chairman and the latter variably in sofa, China (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in ago and again, but one needs to remember that Standard German [ɐ] has no such free variation and is always open, just as [ə] is always mid. In some English dialects, an unstressed /ʌ/ in words such as frustration and justiciable is a perfect replacement for Standard German [ɐ]. Also, especially in southern Germany and Austria, /ɐ/ often merges with /a/ into [a].
- ↑ ۱۲٫۰ ۱۲٫۱ ۱۲٫۲ /o̯, u̯, y̑/ only occur in certain unadapted or partly unadapted loanwords.
- ↑ ۱۳٫۰ ۱۳٫۱ ۱۳٫۲ ۱۳٫۳ ۱۳٫۴ ۱۳٫۵ [e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e. , not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] ((Mangold 2005، ص. 65)).
- ↑ ۱۴٫۰ ۱۴٫۱ ۱۴٫۲ ۱۴٫۳ ۱۴٫۴ ۱۴٫۵ ۱۴٫۶ ۱۴٫۷ The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be همگونی (واجشناسی) to the جایگاه تولید of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] ((Mangold 2005، ص. 65)).
- ↑ ۱۵٫۰ ۱۵٫۱ The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː].
- ↑ The long vowel /ɔ:/ occurs only in English loanwords, and is often replaced with the native short /ɔ/ or long /o:/, according to the speaker and where it occurs in a word.
- ↑ [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /[invalid input: 'ɜ:r']/ and the French stressed [œʁ] ((Krech et al. 2009، صص. 64, 142)).
مراجع کلی و مورد ارجاع
- Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Duden, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7