Economics, History, and Political Science

The article examines the effect of the feminization of labour on profit rates and capacity utilization by employing an indirect and two-stage least squares models for 21 OECD countries during the 1970–2008 period. Findings show that higher women's labour force participation rates and gender wage gap lead to higher profit rates.

The nature of the internationalisation-growth-inequality nexus is very complex; and therefore, not surprisingly, there is no consensus on whether increasing openness to trade leads to higher inequality or notin fact, there is even no full understanding on the impact of the openness on the economic growth. In the case of Turkey it is observed that there is relatively little empirical work that addresses the issue of inequality. Considering this fact, the study aims to provide some more evidence on the complex relationship between trade openness, foreign direct investment, economic growth and pay inequality by utilising a combination of different Theil Indices of pay inequality. The paper utilises the Johansen Cointegration and Granger Causality methods. Our findings yield that higher economic growth resulting from trade openness comes with higher pay inequality.

The returns from individual account pension plans are subject to fluctuations in capital markets. This increases income uncertainty for the beneficiary and exposes individuals to the risk of fluctuations in the economy in general and the stock market in particular. A minimum pension guarantee is a way to avoid this pitfall by providing a minimum annuity regardless of the actual investment performance of individual accounts. In this article, we present a cost analysis of a minimum benefit guarantee mechanism for the voluntary Individual Pension System in Turkey. We examine the cost estimates and the probability of providing guaranteed payments under various economic and demographic assumptions.i ssr_1401 39..62

line with neo-liberal developments, private pension schemes have reached higher proportions in social security systems all over the world. However, it is a fact that disadvantages of women (i.e. lower level of wage, intermittent work life, and higher life expectancy) have negative consequences on private pension schemes in terms of retirement income compared with traditional pay-as-you-go systems. Turkey, in line with the current trend, introduced a privately managed individual pension scheme, the Individual Pension System in 2003. This study (conducted in 2008 -2009), using the actual data of 102,724 participants (sampled from a total of 1,457,704) provided by the Pension Monitoring Center, examines the effects of social variables (i.e. age, occupation, province, marital status, income, social security and education) on regular contributions of individuals to the system and analyzes the gender gap by using the generalized linear model. Özet Kadınların hem aile içinde hem de emek piyasasında değişen rolleri bu yüzyılda yeni bir sosyal politika oluşturmanın en önemli konulardan biridir. Neoliberal gelişmelerle birlikte özel emeklilik planları tüm dünyada sosyal güvenlik sistemleri içinde daha yüksek bir paya ulaştı. Ancak, kadınların dezavantajları (daha düşük ücret düzeyi, kesikli iş yaşamı ve daha uzun yaşam beklentisi vb.) geleneksel dağıtım sistemleri ile karşılaştırıldığında emeklilik geliri anlamında özel emeklilik sistemlerinde olumsuz sonuçlar doğurur. Türkiye bu mevcut trendle birlikte 2003 yılında özel sektör tarafından yönetilen emeklilik planı Bireysel Emeklilik Sistemini oluşturdu. Emeklilik Gözetim Merkezi'nin sağladığı toplam 1,457,704 kişiden örneklem olarak alınan 102,896 katılımcıya ait verileri kullanan ve 2008 -2009 döneminde gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma genelleştirilmiş lineer model kullanarak sosyal değişkenlerin (örneğin yaş, meslek, şehir, medeni durum, gelir, sosyal güvenlik kurumu ve eğitim gibi) bireylerin sisteme yaptıkları düzenli katkı payları üzerindeki etkilerini ve toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğini incelemektedir.